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RUCH UKRAIŃSKI A FORMOWANIE POLSKIEJ ADMINISTRACJI NA WOŁYNIU W LATACH 1919–1921 (W ŚWIETLE DOKUMENTACJI TOWARZYSTWA STRAŻY KRESOWEJ)

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Gladyshuk S.

Rocznik Przemyski

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2015

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vol. 51

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issue 3(18): Historia

149-164

EN

This article is devoted to the Ukrainian movement and forming Polish administration in Volhynia in the years 1919-1921. At that time provisional administration of the Second Polish Republic operated there, starting the process of integration of that area with the Polish state. The Straż Kresowa (Eastern Borderland Guards) was set up in Volhynia with the task of establishing contact with local people. The Ukrainian movement in Volhynia at that time was not uniform. Some locals wanted to collaborate with the new authority if granted the right to freely develop nationally, culturally and religiously. Another social group was hostile towards Polish government. The latter was influenced by Bolshevik propaganda or supported independent Ukraine. Eventually the policy of the administration and the radical stand of part of society led to progressive Polish-Ukrainian confrontation.

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W sprawie zakresu pojęciowego terminów „Wołyń” i „Małopolska Wschodnia” w związku z ustawą z dnia 26 stycznia 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej — Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, ustawy o grobach i cmentarzach wojennych, ustawy o muzeach oraz ustawy o odpowiedzialności podmiotów zbiorowych za czyny zabronione pod groźbą kary

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Jastrzębski R.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2018

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issue 3(146)

159–167

EN

The opinion refers to the conceptual range of the terms “Volhynia” and “Lesser Eastern Poland” in relation to the Act of 26 January 2018 amending the act on the Institute of National Remembrance — Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes Against the Polish Nation, the act on war graves and cemeteries, the act on museums and the act on the liability of collective entities for acts prohibited under a penalty. The author analyses the terms from the legal-historical perspective, paying particular attention to the history of the Polish lands in the nineteenth century and the period of the Second Republic of Poland (1918–1939). Based thereon, the author is of the opinion that the terms have had and still have an established meaning, despite the lack of a legal defi nition. They refer to the territories of the four voivodeships of the Second Republic: Lwow (Lviv), Stanisławow, Tarnopol and Wołyń (Volhynia) voivodeships. The author’s refl ections are based among others on the established views of the Polish science of administrative law from before the Second World War, the legislation of the Polish State, the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court in the years 1926–1938, as well as the jurisprudence of the voivodeship administrative courts in Opole (2005) and Poznan (2007).

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Історіографія проблеми українсько-польських відносин на Волині в контексті національної політики російського уряду в 1795–1862 роках

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Denysiuk W.

Rocznik Przemyski

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2014

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vol. 50

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issue 3: Historia

67-91

EN

The author has attempted to collect and systematize the opinions of various historians on the issue of Polish-Ukrainian relations in Volhynia in the context of the national politics of the Russian government between 1795 and 1862. Presenting different phases of the tsars’ politics towards the Poles and Ruthenians until the outbreak of the January Uprising, he has shown the evolution of opinions of Russian, Polish and Ukrainian historians on that issue over the centuries from the nineteenth century until modern times.

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Teatra wołyńskie – uzupełnienia i noty

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Komorowski J.

Pamiętnik Teatralny

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2017

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vol. 66

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issue 4(264)

142-157

EN

The authorial supplements to the book Teatr i widowiska na Wołyniu do 1863 roku z przydaniem Ziemi Kijowskiej (Warsaw, 2016) that are being published here contain: a new source document regarding the history of theatre at Krzemieniec; an itinerary of Wojciech Bogusławski’s travel through Volhynia in 1819; two unique theatre posters from the repository of historical archives in Kiev; theatrical contexts of the activities of young “dissidents” of the 1830s and 1840s known as bałaguli or baragoły; an account of a fire in the circus at Berdyczów in 1883, illustrated with a woodcut after a drawing by a renowned Polish painter, Michał Elwiro Andriolli.

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Datowanie materiałów kultury trypolskiej ze stanowiska Myrogoszcza 15 odkrytych w 2017 roku

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Verteletskyi D., Bardetskyi A.

Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego

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2018

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vol. 39

117-127

EN

This article is devoted to the issue of dating materials from Trypillian culture discovered in Myrogoszcz site 15 in 2017. An interesting object at the site was the ditch, which was explored. Among others, there were fragments of pottery from the Trypillian culture and a fragment of animal bone that was used to established radiocarbon dating (date 4450±35 BP) uncovered there. In the vicinity of the ditch, a cluster of human bones was found.

6

To the History of the First Comprehensive Ethnographic Expeditions in Ukraine

100%

Dovhaljuk I.

Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)

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2023

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vol. 33

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issue 3

222 - 233

EN

In 1896, the first private village local history museum in Ukraine and Eastern was opened in the town of Horodok. Its founder and owner was the Ukrainian socio-political and cultural figure, diplomat, philanthropist Baron Theodor von Steinheil. A few years after its opening, the museum became an important center for studying of the traditional culture of the Ukrainian historical and cultural region – Volyn. This was achieved by inviting leading scientists of various fields to work in the museum, as well as by using the latest approaches in the work of the museum (for example, the use of a phonograph to collect exhibition material). Among such innovations, for the first time in Ukraine, was the holding in 1899 and 1900 of two complex ethnographic expeditions with the aim of a large-scale, multifaceted study of Volyn: its history, archeology, ethnography, folklore, flora, fauna, geology, etc. The study presents the list of the participants of the expeditions led by Theodor von Steinheil, traces the routes taken by the researchers, considers methodological groundwork in conducting complex field researches, analyzes the achievements and shortcomings of such expeditions taking into account the conclusions of Theodor von Steinheil himself, observes the further history of complex ethnographic expeditions in Ukraine.

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O sąsiedztwie polsko-ukraińskim. W reakcji na film „Wołyń” Wojtka Smarzowskiego

100%

Makaro J.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2018

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issue 50

EN

On Polish-Ukrainian neighbourhood. In reaction to Wojtek Smarzowski's movie 'Volhynia'The article attempts at answering the question whether the movie “Volhynia” (pl. Wołyń) translates into the Polish-Ukrainian relationship and, if yes, how? Does Smarzowski’s work play bigger role in the construction of the relation between the nations or rather in the construction of one nation’s certain identity project? In the search of the data necessary to provide an answer, I have conducted a content analysis of the discourse created after the movie premiere as well as a questionnaire study among the students of the social sciences. The conclusions arising from the performed analyses are ambiguous-on the one hand, historical events determine the view of the neighbours; on the other hand, Volhynia understood as a memorial appears not be included in the modern Ukrainianness. Hence, it seems that the most accurate ascertainment is that while in certain social circles the movie “Volhynia” became a factor activating particularly intensive observation of the neighbour (or mutual observation), in others it did not evoke any change in the attitude towards the Ukraine and Ukrainians. O sąsiedztwie polsko-ukraińskim. W reakcji na film „Wołyń” Wojtka SmarzowskiegoCelem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy, i ewentualnie jak, film „Wołyń” przekłada się na relacje polsko-ukraińskie? Czy dzieło Smarzowskiego większą rolę odgrywa w budowaniu relacji miedzy narodami, czy raczej w budowaniu pewnego projektu tożsamościowego jednego narodu. W poszukiwaniu danych niezbędnych do udzielenia odpowiedzi przeprowadzono analizę zawartości dyskursu wytworzonego po wejściu filmu na ekrany oraz przeprowadziłam badanie ankietowe wśród studentów nauk społecznych. Wnioski jakie płyną w prowadzonych analiz są niejednoznaczne – z jednej strony zaszłości historyczne determinują postrzeganie sąsiadów, z drugiej strony Wołyń rozumiany jako miejsce pamięci wydaje się być bytem nie wchodzącym we współczesną ukraińskość. Tym samym najtrafniejsza okazuje się konstatacja, że film „Wołyń” stał się czynnikiem aktywizującym postrzeganie sąsiada (a nawet wzajemne sąsiadów) w niektórych kręgach społecznych szczególnie intensywnie, by w innych nie wywołać w postawach wobec Ukraińców i Ukrainy żadnej zmiany.

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Eine bandkeramische Bestattung aus Baїv bei Luzk in Wolhynien

88%

Bardec’kyj A. B., Dębiec M., Saile T.

Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

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2013

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vol. 65

253–261

EN

This paper presents an analysis of the burial of the Bandkeramik culture discovered in Baїv in 1939. It provides a new reconstruction and accurate description of the vessel, which was a part of the grave goods. Detailed analysis of the ornamentation

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“This Emigrant Fate of His”: On Włodzimierz Odojewski’s Short Story Collection …i poniosły konie

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Dudka E.

Tematy i Konteksty

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2020

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issue 1

498-518

EN

Włodzimierz Odojewski is one of the most famous émigré writers who still deals with the topic of emigration, even in his books published long after hisboth symbolic and real return to the homeland. Significant extension and dwelling on the said topic can be observed in the book …i poniosły konie […and the horses bolted]. The aim of this paper is to provide an interpretation of the short stories gathered in the volume (published in 2006) from the perspective of the biographical context, the rest of Odojewski’s writings, as well as his opinions on various aspects of exile. Such interpretation reveals a more existential and internalized dimension of emigration but also its universal meanings. Thus, emigration is considered to be a metaphor of human fate.

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Anthropology of fear. Ukrainian massacres of the Polish population in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, 1943‑1944

75%

Komoński E.

Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

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2013

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vol. 48

EN

The Polish population of Volhynia and Eastern Galicia was gripped by fear of ethnic cleansing at the hands of Ukrainian nationalists in the years 1943‑1944. This fear varied in form and intensity depending on the perceived aims which ranged from their physical extermination to simple eviction. This article attempts to analyse the fundamental determinants of Polish defensive actions in response to those fears.

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Postpamięć i świadkowie zastępczy a współczesne opisy tzw . konfliktu polsko‑ukraińskiego z okresu II wojny światowej

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Syrnyk J.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2017

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issue 47

215-240

EN

This article presents the general problem of the postmemorial character of parts of contemporary historiography. An illustration of this issue is the preliminary analysis of descriptions of Polish‑Ukrainian relations during World War II. The analysis is based on tropes derived from genocide studies. Several research hypotheses were formulated on this basis. They require further verification. This is, among others, the question of introducing the concept of ‘social postmemory’ and showing its relation to historical policy. Promising seems to the perception of the connection between post‑memory, discursiveness, and eristic. The issue of intergenerational dialogue on the past and memory has also emerged in the background of deliberations. In the article, an ethno‑historical variant of practicing history has also been criticized in an indirect way.

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Zwei runde Spondylusklappen aus der bandkeramischen Siedlung von Rovancì in Wolhynien. Ein Beitrag zu Tausch und Status im frühen Neolithikum

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Bardec’kyj A., Dębiec M., Saile T.

Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

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2016

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vol. 68

183-192

EN

On the Bandkeramik (LBK) settlement of Rovancì in Volhynia two round valves of Spondylus gaederopus were discovered during a rescue excavation carried out in 2009. In the upper part of each of the artefacts two artificial holes with traces of suspension (grooves) can be observed. The two medallions were unearthed in the left longpit of an LBK longhouse. The find might be interpreted as depot or cenotaph. It substantially increases the extent of the Early Neolithic Spondylus long-distance exchange network. Furthermore, items made of Spondylus were apparently one of the commodities demonstrating status in Bandkeramik societies.

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Obecność salezjanów na Wołyniu

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Żurek W. W.

Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne

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2011

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vol. 96

251-306

EN

Wanda Mamertyna Jasieńska from Tudorów (poviat Równe in Volhynia) died of cancer 22 January 1935 in Warsaw. Three months before her death she bequeathed her landed estate of over 200 hectares in Tudorów to the Salesians of St Jacek Province, whose provincial superior was the Rev. Tomasz Kopa. In return, the Salesians were supposed to organise an educational institution which could run gardening courses for young people. Wanda lived with her mother in Żytomierz. When she was 16 - in 1886, she married Władysław Konstanty Wincenty Jasieński, the landowner from Tudorów, whose land estate she inherited after his death and after paying off the incurred debts. They had no children. After the death of her mother Alina in 1914 in Żytomierz, Wanda did not divide her mother’s inheritance to give one part of it to her sister Wieńczysława Regina, who repeatedly claimed her part of the property. At that time Józef Bronikowski from Równe started visiting Wanda. He became her and her husband’s confidant. In 1926 Wanda endowed his family with a land of about 20 hectares along with a house and outbuildings, and when her husband Władysław died in 1929, Bronikowski took control of Wanda’s landed estate in Tudorów. During Wanda’s incurable disease, Bronikowski isolated her on purpose and he not only managed the property, but also decided about Wanda’s treatment excluding her family or anybody whom she knew. Finally, a few months before she died, he influenced sick Wanda, whose sanity was doubtful, to make a will. According to Wanda’s family, Bronikowski terrorised the sick woman in the last months of her life. He did not let anyone visit her and he controlled her private correspondence for his own purposes. The departed Wanda Jesieńska was buried in her land in Tudorów, where according to her wish, a chapel for Salesian pastoral work was to have been built. The Salesians could take over the land that was given to them by Wanda only after the death of the land agent, Józef Bronikowski, who was to manage it at his own discretion without any intervention from both the family and the Salesians who were inheritors. He was not even obliged to submit any reports and accounts of the property management It is interesting that the departed Wanda did not bequeath anything to her only sister, Wieńczysława. She made a small bequest to her sister’s children, servants in the manor house, charitable purposes and the National Museum in Krakow. A privileged position of Bronikowski and humiliating position of the inheritors who did not have the right to make use of the property bequeathed to them during Bronikowski’s life indicates that the will was made to bring advantages to Bronikowski whose property management made a substantial contribution to his income. When Wanda’s will became legally binding, the family took measures to invalidate it. The case was first examined in Równem, then in the Court Appeal in Lublin and finally in the Supreme Court in Warsaw. The Salesians in the person of provincial superior from Krakow, who were endowed with a doubtful bequest, did not support the family’s endeavours. The Second World War prevented Wanda’s family from pursuing further claims concerning the inheritance. Also, Brokikowski was deprived of the right to the property income when Volhynia became a part of the Soviet Union after the Second World War.

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[Recenzja]: Вікторія Білик, Оксана Карліна, Жива спільнота в імперському світі: Луцька греко-унійна єпархія кінця XVIII – першої третини XIX століть, Видавництво Українського Католицького Університету, Львів 2018, s. 304, ISBN 978-617-7608-10-2

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Wodzianowska I.

Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne

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2021

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vol. 115

583-585

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The Role of the Volhynian Massacres in the Building of Narratives about Ukrainians on the Polish Internet

75%

Krakowska K.

Zoon Politikon

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2018

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issue 9 Special Issue

67-90

EN

This work is an analysis of historical motives – with special consideration for the problematic nature of the Volhynian Massacres – in the discourse regarding Ukrainians and Ukrainian immigrants in Polish social media. It was realized using CAQDAS tools on the basis of the materials collected in autumn 2016.

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Engineer Leonard Szutkowski – Manager of the State Quarries in Janowa Dolina in Volhynia

63%

Durka J.

Polish Biographical Studies

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2020

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issue 8

5-31

EN

An in-depth analysis of Leonard Szutkowski’s biographical documents shows that he was an outstanding patriot who devoted most of his professional life to the economic development of Poland. He was born into a landowning family, did his military service in the tsarist army, and escaped from Bolshevik captivity. In independent Poland, he did not continue his military career but worked in the state administration as an engineer responsible for road works. He continued his engineer’s work during the Polish-Bolshevik war. Later, he managed the quarries in Janowa Dolina in Volhynia and made them a model enterprise on a European scale. He paid the highest price for his attitude to life. Until now many aspects of his activity have been unknown. Only the archive search in Ukraine made it possible to gain knowledge about views and details of his socio-political activity. The research employed a biographical method based on the analysis of personal documents. Scientific studies on particular topics related to Leonard Szutkowski were also taken into account. The research was supplemented by an analysis of press materials from the period in question.

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Diecezja włodzimierska do końca XVI wieku

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Mironowicz A.

Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski

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2013

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vol. 4

13-24

EN

The history of the orthodox eparchy of Volodymyr-Brest is little known in the Polish scientific literature. In 1086 the eparchy played an important role in shaping religious identity of the Belarusians and Ukrainians living in the area. A study on the history of the Volodymyr-Brest eparchy (one of the eldest within the lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) constitutes a significant factor in perceiving historical and national awareness of today's Belarusians and Ukrainians. Yet, another argument in favour of the subject is a symbiosis of the lot of the eparchy with the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish Crown. The Christian mission in the contemporary eparchy of Volodymyr has been conducted since the governorship of Volodymyr was established, i.e. in 992. During that time the eparchy encompassed the lands of Volhynia, Polesia, Podlahia, Brest, and the lands of Czerwień Towns with Halych, Przemyśl, Belz and later Lvov. The area of the orthodox eparchy of Volodymyr-Brest is difficult to specify for borders of orthodox eparchies, established before 1596, have been of hypothetical nature until today. It is worth highlighting that a territorial structure of these eparchies was basically built in the 14th century. However, the borders used to change in the following centuries. These changes can be recognized via an analysis of the borders of particular eparchies. At first, one can assume that the borders used to be congruent with the state and administrative borders inside the country. The terrains of administrative units were identical with the borders of eparchies. Nevertheless, an exact determination of these borders demands an incorporation of particular administrative and property changes which took place in the 16th century. In case of the Volodymyr-Brest eparchy, a decisive factor in determining its territory is research on the changes of state affiliation of given parts of the eparchy. The shaped area of the Volodymyr-Brest eparchy lasted till the end of the 16th century.

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System of Party Guidance of Local Councils in the Ukrainian SSR (on the Example of Lutsk City Council)

63%

Bortnikova A.

Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

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2021

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vol. 37

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issue 1

541-558

EN

The purpose of the article is to analyze the forms, mechanisms and procedures for exercising comprehensive control of the Communist Party over the activities of local governments, in particular the Lutsk City Council in 1939–1990. The source of the article consists of the dokuments from the State Archives of the Volhynia region, press publicatiions, and the memories of the events’ participants. It has been proved that the nature of activity, function and order of formation of local self-government institutions in the territory of Volhynia determined the totalitarian political regime of the Soviet Union with a one-party political system. Based on a study of the problem of political and legal consolidation of the institute of local councils, it has been found out that in the Soviet period it was actually implemented an undemocratic state model of local self-government when local councils at constitutional level were recognized by state authorities. Much attention has been paid to the specifics of the formation of local selfgovernment bodies. It has been shown that these were not elections in the ordinary sense, but in fact voting in advance of the candidates for election by the party bodies and at the same time a manifestation of citizens’ loyalty to the dominant political regime. The process of control of the CPSU over self-government institutions in cities was monitored through a system of measures and procedures that included: selection of candidates for deputies on political, social-class, gender grounds, etc., nomenclature principle of selection of city council leadership, their executive committees and other structural units, practice of holding joint meetings of party committees and executive committees, system of co-optation of representative government institutions, and seats of local representative offices.

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Kwestia wołyńska w perspektywie historycznej, politycznej i perspektywie pamięci

63%

Syrnyk J.

Dzieje Najnowsze

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2018

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vol. 50

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issue 2

PL

W pierwszej części artykułu zarysowano teoretyczne ramy funkcjonowania różnorodnych opisów przeszłości w teraźniejszości. Wyróżniono trzy perspektywy narracyjne: naukową, perspektywę pamięci oraz perspektywę polityczną. Postawiono tezę, że perspektywy te bardzo często funkcjonują w swoistym przemieszaniu, a dominującą rolę w perspektywie naukowej odgrywa paradygmat etnohistoryczny. Druga część pracy dotyczy przyczyn istniejących w środowisku naukowym nieporozumień w zakresie interpretacji wydarzeń na Wołyniu i Galicji Wschodniej w latach 1943–1944. The first part of the article outlines a theoretical framework for the functioning of various descriptions of the past in the present. Three basic narrative perspectives are distinguished here: the scientific perspective, the perspective of memory, and the political perspective. A thesis has been put forward that in different texts these perspectives are often mixed up, and a dominant role is played by an ethnohistorical paradigm. The second part of the study

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Szlachta wołyńska wobec agresji tureckiej na Rzeczpospolitą w 1621 roku

63%

Kupisz D.

Kwartalnik Historyczny

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2021

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vol. 128

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issue 2

577-599

EN

In 1621, the Commonwealth was forced to make a strenuous military effort to repel the Turkish-Tatar invasion. On a national scale, it has already been the subject of historians’ interest; thus, the article aims to present less known aspects of the preparations for the war with Turkey, seen from the perspective of the nobility living in a specific region. In this case, in the Province of Volhynia, one of the territories directly threatened by military actions. The source material made it possible to prove that its inhabitants made a military effort in 1621 on a much larger scale than previously thought: they set up a regiment of the poviat, private and voluntary troops, a contingent from the entail of Ostrog, and finally, they participated in a mass levy of troops at Gliniany. Comparing the collected data with the number of the Commonwealth’s permanent armed forces deployed against the Turks proves that they do not always include all units that ultimately took part in the battles.

PL

W 1621 r. Rzeczpospolita została zmuszona do podjęcia olbrzymiego wysiłku militarnego w celu odparcia najazdu turecko-tatarskiego. W skali ogólnopaństwowej był on już przedmiotem zainteresowania historyków, toteż celem artykułu jest ukazanie mniej znanych aspektów przygotowań do wojny z Turcją, widzianych z perspektywy szlachty zamieszkującej określony region. Przedmiotem rozważań stało się w tym przypadku województwo wołyńskie, jedno z terytoriów bezpośrednio zagrożonych działaniami wojennymi. Materiał źródłowy pozwolił dowieść, że jego mieszkańcy podjęli w 1621 r. wysiłek militarny na skalę o wiele większą niż dotąd sądzono: wystawili pułk wojska powiatowego, oddziały prywatne i wolontarskie, kontyngent ordynacji ostrogskiej, a na koniec stawili się na pospolitym ruszeniu. Porównanie zgromadzonych danych z komputami wojsk Rzeczypospolitej, wystawionych wówczas przeciw Turkom dowodzi, że nie zawsze obejmują one wszystkie jednostki, które ostatecznie wzięły udział w walkach.

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RUCH UKRAIŃSKI A FORMOWANIE POLSKIEJ ADMINISTRACJI NA WOŁYNIU W LATACH 1919–1921 (W ŚWIETLE DOKUMENTACJI TOWARZYSTWA STRAŻY KRESOWEJ)

Історіографія проблеми українсько-польських відносин на Волині в контексті національної політики російського уряду в 1795–1862 роках

Teatra wołyńskie – uzupełnienia i noty

Datowanie materiałów kultury trypolskiej ze stanowiska Myrogoszcza 15 odkrytych w 2017 roku

To the History of the First Comprehensive Ethnographic Expeditions in Ukraine

O sąsiedztwie polsko-ukraińskim. W reakcji na film „Wołyń” Wojtka Smarzowskiego

Eine bandkeramische Bestattung aus Baїv bei Luzk in Wolhynien

“This Emigrant Fate of His”: On Włodzimierz Odojewski’s Short Story Collection …i poniosły konie

Anthropology of fear. Ukrainian massacres of the Polish population in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, 1943‑1944

Postpamięć i świadkowie zastępczy a współczesne opisy tzw . konfliktu polsko‑ukraińskiego z okresu II wojny światowej

Zwei runde Spondylusklappen aus der bandkeramischen Siedlung von Rovancì in Wolhynien. Ein Beitrag zu Tausch und Status im frühen Neolithikum

Obecność salezjanów na Wołyniu

The Role of the Volhynian Massacres in the Building of Narratives about Ukrainians on the Polish Internet

Engineer Leonard Szutkowski – Manager of the State Quarries in Janowa Dolina in Volhynia

Diecezja włodzimierska do końca XVI wieku

System of Party Guidance of Local Councils in the Ukrainian SSR (on the Example of Lutsk City Council)

Kwestia wołyńska w perspektywie historycznej, politycznej i perspektywie pamięci

Szlachta wołyńska wobec agresji tureckiej na Rzeczpospolitą w 1621 roku