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THE INSTITUTION OF MUSEUM, MUSEUM PRACTICE AND EXHIBITS WITHIN THE THEORY OF POSTCOLONIALISM – PRELIMINARY RESEARCH

100%

Michalik M.

Muzealnictwo

2018

vol. 59

28-33

The article contributes to considerations on the exhibits of colonial origin that exist in Western culture, and on the institution of museum with regard to the terms of postcolonial theory. Moreover, it addresses practical issues concerning museum’s policy towards artefacts of non- European origin. I referred to the basic concepts used in the theory of postcolonialism, such as: otherness, hybridity, mimicry, the Third Space, and to the interpretation of collectibles – “semiophores” (carriers of meaning) – as named by Krzysztof Pomian. I presented issues related to museum exhibitions, and the existence of museums in countries affected by colonialism, using the examples of: the return of Maori heads (mokomokai) from French museums to New Zealand, permanent exhibitions of the Cinquantenaire Museum in Brussels and the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, activities of the AfricaMuseum in Tervuren, and the temporary exhibition in Berlin – “Deutscher Kolonialismus: Fragmente seiner Geschichte und Gegenwart” from 2017. The problems that have been examined reveal the hybrid structure of “semiophores” coming from outside Europe, which makes both their reception by the viewer and the way of their presentation by the museum difficult. The article helps to realise that displaying the “otherness” of the non- European cultures is quite a challenge for curators, similarly as the concept of such institution like museum must be for these cultures. This results in creation by the museum of the so-called Third Space. The soonest research should give an answer to the question asked by Professor Maria Poprzęcka: To what extent history of art co-created the massive structure of cultural supremacy and intellectual and artistic domination, which found its institutional and material form in museums that were being erected all over the world.

KOREA: KLUCZ DALEKIEGO WSCHODU (1905) AND WACŁAW SIEROSZEWSKI’S VIEW OF KOREA

67%

LEE Y.-M.

International Journal of Korean Humanities and Social Sciences

2017

vol. 3

127-146

Celem pracy jest dokonanie przeglądu poglądów na temat Korei Wacława C. Sieroszewskiego (1858-1945). Ten znany polski pisarz wyjechał do Korei to jest tak zwanego imperium Daehan (大韓帝國) jesienią 1903 r. Następnie opublikował książkę o Korei: Klucz Dalekiego Wschodu (1905) (KDW). Biorąc pod uwagę, że większość dzienników z podróży do Korei została napisana przez amerykańskich, brytyjskich, francuskich i niemieckich pisarzy z tak zwanych „mocarstw zachodnich”, KDW stanowi cenne źródło informacji.

본 논문은 폴란드 작가 바츠와프 쉐로셰프스키 (Wacław C. Sieroszewski, 1858~1945)의 저서 『극동의 열쇠 한국 (Korea : Klucz Dalekiego Wschodu)』(1905)에 나타난 한국 인식을 검토하려는 목적에서 집필되었다. 『극동의 열쇠 한국』은 19세기 말과 20세기 초에 양산된 서양인들의 한국견문록 중 거의 유일하게 폴란드인이 작성한 책으로, 대다수의 한국 관계 문헌이 미국, 영국, 프랑스, 독일 등 소위 서양 열강 여행자들의 것임을 고려할 때 상당히 희소성 높은 자료라고 평가할 수 있다. 서양인들이 한국을 바라보는 방식은 18세기 후반에 시작된 서구 세계의 변화와 함께 달라졌다. 가령 17~18세기의 유럽인들은 한국에 관한 지식이 극히 빈약하였으나, 한국을 섣불리 무시하거나 경멸하지는 않았던 것 같다. 그 이유는 당시 세계 질서에서 아시아가 차지하고 있었던 우월한 지위 때문이라고 생각된다. 그들은 서구 문명보다 중국 문명을 높이 평가하였고, 경제적으로도 아시아에 의존하고 있었던 것이다. 반면 19세기 이후 ‘서구의 시대’ 에 출간된 한국 관계 문헌들은 한국에 대한 비하를 기본 자세로 삼았던 듯하다. 『극동의 열쇠 한국』도 마찬가지이다. 저자 쉐로셰프스키의 모국 폴란드는 당시 유럽에서 가장 허약한 나라 중 하나였으나, 그가 한국을 보던 눈은 서양 강대국 출신 사람들의 그것과 별다른 차이가 없었던 것으로 판단된다. 쉐로셰프스키는 끊임없이 한국과 일본을 대비시켰다. 1903년 10월 한국에 오기 전 일본에 체류하면서 대단히 긍정적인 인상을 받았기 때문이다. 그는 어떤 점에서는 일본이 유럽보다 낫다고 할 만큼 일본에 매료되었다. 그리하여 오직 일본만이 한국을 위하여 바람직한 개혁을 시행할 것이라고 확신한 반면, 같은 유럽 국가인 러시아의 지배욕에 관해서는 (폴란드가 러시아의 지배를 받고 있었던 것도 이유가 되겠지만) 조금도 호응하지 않았다. 즉, 그는 일본을 동아시아에서 서양의 대체자로 간주한 것인데, 이 또한 미국, 영국, 프랑스, 독일 등지에서 한국을 보러 왔던 이들의 입장과 흡사한 것으로 해석된다.

The aim of this paper is to review Wacław C. Sieroszewski’s (1858-1945) view of Korea. He, well-known Polish writer, traveled to Korea, i. e., Daehan Empire (大韓帝國), in fall of 1903, and published Korea: Klucz Dalekiego Wschodu (1905). Considering that most of travelogues of Korea were written by American, British, French, and German, so-called “Western powers,” KKDW was a pretty valuable book.The author believes that Western view of Korea was notably changed around the late eighteenth century. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Europeans did not ignore or belittle Korea and Korean. They regarded Korea as a rich and well-systemized country, and Korean as an intelligent nation, although they had very little knowledge of Korea. On the other hand, generally speaking, they degraded Korea and Korean in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and Sieroszewski was one of them. Poland was one of the weakest countries in Europe, but his view was not different from that of American, British, French, and German authors.Sieroszewski was favorably impressed by Japan before he came to Korea in October, 1903, and, as a result, he constantly compared Korea and Japan. He even wrote that Japan was better than Europe in some ways. He truly believed that Japan was the only country to carry out a desirable reform for Korea. Meanwhile, he never approved the Russia’s imperialist ambition for Korea. He considered Japan as an agent of the West. In conclusion, his idea of Korea and the East was quite similar to that of other contemporary Western travelers.

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1 International Journal of Korean Humanities and Social Sciences

1 Muzealnictwo

1 LEE Y.-M.

1 Michalik M.

1 2018

1 2017

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THE INSTITUTION OF MUSEUM, MUSEUM PRACTICE AND EXHIBITS WITHIN THE THEORY OF POSTCOLONIALISM – PRELIMINARY RESEARCH

KOREA: KLUCZ DALEKIEGO WSCHODU (1905) AND WACŁAW SIEROSZEWSKI’S VIEW OF KOREA