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EN
As an innovative dramatist, Gombrowicz, strangely, expresses little interest in avant-garde theatre and drama of his epoch. More often, though, he refers to traditional form of performance and world classics, especially to Shakespeare's dramas which he exploits to replicate in the theatre Shakespearian gesture and his brilliancy. To achieve that Gombrowicz quotes or cryptoquotes Shakespeare, imitates the form and construction of his works, taking advantage of the overlap of home drama structures and the drama of power, generation gap, the technique of “theatre in theatre,” and ultimately the fundamental moral and metaphysical questions. Gombrowicz's concept of man as an eternal player is also adopted from Shakespeare. What mediates between Gombrowicz and Shakespeare's plays is Polish romantic drama, especially “Balladyna”, seen as “Macbeth” motifs replica, and 19th c. middle-class drama. In this way Gombrowicz brings Shakespearian issues closer to our times and to modern concept of man in order to once again pose the same great philosophical questions.
EN
Gombrowicz is an incomparable writer not only because of his literary creation, but also because of his way of confronting the entire Polish cultural and emotional heritage. His novel Transatlantic as well the Diaries are works in which, with all the harshness and wit, Gombrowicz questions Polish national myths and destroys the myth surrounding the figure of exiled writer stripping it of the splendor of suffering and sacrifice.
EN
This article sheds light on Witold Gombrowicz’s relationship with his German publisher Günther Neske and on his attempt to join another publishing house Piper & Co. Verlag in particular. The article discusses a so far mistakenly presented aspect of history of his German reception. Zybura’s research is generally based on the unpublished correspondence, part of the bequest of the German Slavist Heinrich Kunstmann (1923–2009) held at the Willy Brandt Center for German and European Studies at the University of Wrocław.
Pamiętnik Literacki
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2019
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vol. 110
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issue 1
191-210
PL
Powszechnie znany jest fakt, że Witold Gombrowicz debiutował w 1933 roku, za sprawą "Pamiętnika z okresu dojrzewania". Zapomina się przy tym jednak, że debiut ten okupiony był serią (przed)literackich niepowodzeń. To właśnie jedno z nich stanowiło inspirację dla artykułu, w którym autor, po pierwsze, opowiada historię rękopisu, rzekomo spalonej w Zakopanem „powieści złej”; po drugie zaś, na kanwie ustaleń ze śledztwa literackiego, stara się dowieść powodów, dla których powątpiewa w ów akt zniszczenia i odpowiedzieć na pytania: co dalej z tą wiedzą czynić? czy – a jeśli tak, to gdzie? i jak? – możemy dziś zbliżyć się do kart „powieści złej”, podejść bliżej, niż chce tego dla nas we "Wspomnieniach polskich" Gombrowicz i w swojej książce o nim, mający udział w omawianym epizodzie, Tadeusz Kępiński.
EN
It is common knowledge that Witold Gombrowicz made his debut in the year 1933 with his “Pamiętnik z okresu dojrzewania” (“Memoirs from the Period of Maturing”), while it is forgotten that this debut was obtained at the price of a series of (pre)literary failures. One of such failures is an inspiration for writing this article, the author of which firstly tells the story of a manuscript of Gombrowicz’s “bad story” allegedly burnt in Zakopane, and secondly, as based on the settlement of a literary investigation, he is trying to prove the reasons that he doubts into this destruction and answering the questions about what can be done with the knowledge; whether—provided that is the case, where and how—we may approach the pages of the “bad story,” even closer than the writer wants us to in his “Wspomnienia polskie” (“Polish Memories”) and Tadeusz Kępiński, who took part in the discussed situation, in his book about Gombrowicz.
EN
My aim is to contextualise and reflect on the ambivalences of Gombrowicz’s view of the interwar Polish Jews both in his satirical short story The Brief Memoir of Jakób Czarniecki (1933), focused on the mechanisms of the exclusion of Jews from the Polish society, as well in his later controversial declarations in The Diary and in Polish Memories. During the interwar period, assimilated Jews represented a significant part of Polish cultural life: Gombrowicz’s colleagues, reviewers, readers, friends, and his publisher were Jews. The Polish writer was linked with the assimilated creative intelligentsia by a dynamic of enchantment and disenchantment: on the one hand, he observed its typical neurosis of mimicking the Gentiles; on the other hand, he esteemed Jews’ open-mindedness and creativity, considering them as potential allies in this fight against the Polish Form. My hypothesis is that deep penetration of Jewishness into 20th-century Polish culture and society offered Gombrowicz some living models not only for Czarniecki’s story but also for his philosophy of Form.
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This article presents the influence that Witold Gombrowicz’s work has had on Polish cinema. It covers several generations of directors, for example, Andrzej Munk (born in the 1920s), Roman Polański and Jerzy Skolimowski (born in the 1930) as well as Agnieszka Holland, Piotr Szulkin and Marek Koterski (born in the 1940s and 1950s), and discusses the topic of film adaptations of his books (Jerzy Skolimowski’s Ferdydurke and Jan Jakub Kolski’s Pornografia [Pornography]). The article shows that Polish cinema uses Gombrowicz’s works most of all by taking up the issue of life’s authenticity and inauthenticity as well as to demythologize Polish tradition and history. As for esthetics, it employs Gombrowicz’s favorite style, i.e. the grotesque.
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Anty-Gombrowicz i Różewicz

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EN
This article deals with Tadeusz Różewicz’s opinions of Witold Gombrowicz’s creations. The author compares both writers’ views on literature, especially poetry and theater. He states that Różewicz has created a character who can be called “Anti-Gombrowicz”. The author reveals how Różewicz thought up this peculiar concept and then tried to release himself from it.
EN
As David Damrosch claims in his work World Literature. National Context (2003), literature should not be perceived only from a national, limiting, perspective. A literary text always balances between the culture of its origin and the culture of the receiver, it is “connected to both cultures, circumscribed by neither alone”. This is particularly true for the texts of authors in exile. The article of Silvana Mandolessi, now translated into Polish, is an attempt to analyse the Diary of Witold Gombrowicz (in Argentina known as Argentinian Diary) in the context of two cultures: the national culture of the writer (Polish) and the his adopted nationality (Argentinian). Mandolessi claims that in the Diary the tension between these two cultures and spaces is significant. She refers to the notion of “speculative border intellectual” (introduced by Abdul JanMohamed) that combines two cultures into a new syncretic form. It should be emphasized, however, that a critical attitude towards both cultures is maintained. Mandolessi analyses the work of Witold Gombrowicz from this new combined perspective as a piece of travel writing as well as an example of the typical heterotopia (a term borrowed from Michel Foucault). For Mandolessi continuous displacement constitutes a generative background for the Diary. Mar de Plata, Cordoba, Santiago del Estero – all these areas of the Argentinian province are heterotopias in a way that Gombrowicz’s description cumulates in one place various spaces which sometimes are not compatible, similarly to the theatrical stage that contains series of strange scenes. For Mandolessi the function of heterotopias created by Gombrowicz is a compensatory one.
EN
The author of the article presents Berlin through the eyes of Witold Gombrowicz by means of the writer’s bio-topography of the city. From 1963 to 1964 the Polish writer spent some time in Berlin at the invitation of the Ford Foundation. The article at hand is divided into two sections which are also the main points on the map of Gombrowicz’s bio-topography, namely the Hansa district where the writer lived and Cafe Zuntz at Kurfurstendamm where he tried to set up a meeting point for writers. As he penetrates the city and uncovers layers of this palimpsest, Gombrowicz essentially penetrates and uncovers his own self. The places he visits and lives in shape and reflect his biography, Gombrowicz’s apartment in Berlin does not only take on an aspatial-material but also a metaphysical dimension, essentially turning the apartment into a philosophical and ideological issue. Gombrowicz as a Polish-Argentinian exile writer is deprived of his shelter not only in a physical but also in a metaphysical sense – he is an alien in Berlin. By reading diff erent signs of the city, Gombrowicz notices cracks in the city’s surface – he perceives Berlin as a place that tries to hide its own bloody history. The Hansa district with its modern buildings is an unsuccessful attempt at disguising this past. Instead Gombrowicz is attracted to older houses that carry their history (for example the house of G. Grass). He perceives Berlin as a kind of Lady Macbeth, a city that constantly tries to wash its hands but cannot get rid of the blood.
EN
In the present article Vitold Gombrovich’s views represented in The Diary and in the supplement essay Senkevich are considered. The author proves that psychological and cultural Slavonic basis has a special part in the writer’s conscience. The system of the judgments about Fedor Dostoevsky’s works and historical
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2019
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vol. 73
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issue 1-2 (324-325)
501
PL
Relacja Brunona Schulza i Witolda Gombrowicza widziana oczyma francuskiego badacza literatury.
EN
Relation between Bruno Schulz and Gombrowicz as seen by the French literary scholar.
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Artykuł jest omówieniem oryginalnego ujęcia nudy w opowiadaniu Witolda Gombrowicza Zdarzenia na brygu Banbury. Znużenie ogarniające załogę tytułowego statku, równoznaczne z egzystencjalnym impasem, zostało przedstawione jako efekt ścierania się dwu niemożliwych do pogodzenia dążeń – typowo ludzkiej troski o utrzymanie czystości i porządku oraz pragnienia wyjścia poza ustalone granice prawa czy tożsamości, które wzmaga się wraz z doznaniem bliskości i intensywności pozaludzkiego świata. Nuda to siła związana ze sferą nieokiełznanej natury i nieracjonalnych popędów. Stanowi zagrożenie dla integralności ludzkiego Ja, dlatego główny bohater broni się przed nią ze wstrętem. Jednocześnie nuda to doświadczenie odsłaniające umowność reguł obowiązujących w świecie, skłaniające tym samym do wyobrażenia sobie alternatyw. Na statku Banbury rozbudzona przez nudę fantazja prowokuje marynarzy do buntu afirmującego bezwstyd i eksces homoerotycznego pożądania.
EN
This article examines the unconventional approach to boredom in Witold Gombrowicz’s “The Events on the Banbury.” The story takes place on a ship, where an overwhelming ennui, synonymous with an existential impasse, is the result of a clash between two contradictory aspirations – the human need for purity and order, and the urge to transgress the borders of law and identity, which is greatly impacted by the closeness and intensity of the extra-human world. Boredom is a force coming from the realm of unbridled nature and irrational impulses. It is a peril to the integrality of the human “I,” thus the protagonist rejects it in disgust. However, boredom is also an experience that reveals the artificiality of the existing rules and leads to imagining alternatives. On the Banbury, a fantasy produced by boredom provokes the sailors to a mutiny affirming shamelessness and an excess of homoerotic lust.
Porównania
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2023
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vol. 33
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issue 1
245-257
EN
The article presents an analysis of puberty, one of the key aspects of Jakub Żulczyk’s debut novel Zrób mi jakąś krzywdę… (2006). At the same time, he presents potential analogies with the interwar volume of Witold Gombrowicz’s Pamiętnik z okresu dojrzewania (1933), whose characters try in various ways to “grow up” to the surrounding Forms. In Żulczyk’s writings, there is something immature in almost every created character, regardless of the age or experience. The best example of this is a pair of main characters: the twenty-five-year-old David and his kidnapped teenager, a brilliant, alienated girl, locked in the world of video games. During the initiation journey, under the influence of various factors, each of them undergoes a metamorphosis, maturing, slowly crossing the boundaries of childhood. Żulczyk collides various contemporary types of immaturity, at the same time provoking the question about the condition of adulthood in today’s world.
PL
Artykuł przynosi analizę jednego z kluczowych aspektów debiutanckiej powieści Jakuba Żulczyka Zrób mi jakąś krzywdę… (2006), jakim jest dojrzewanie. Równocześnie prezentuje potencjalne analogie z międzywojennym tomem opowiadań Witolda Gombrowicza Pamiętnik z okresu dojrzewania (1933), którego bohaterowie na różne sposoby starają się „dorosnąć” do otaczających ich Form. U Żulczyka niemal w każdej wykreowanej postaci jest coś niedojrzałego, bez względu na wiek metrykalny czy doświadczenie. Najlepszym tego przykładem jest para głównych bohaterów: dwudziestopięcioletni Dawid i porwana przez niego nastolatka, genialna, wyalienowana dziewczyna, zamknięta w świecie gier video. W trakcie podróży inicjacyjnej pod wpływem różnych czynników każde z nich przechodzi metamorfozę, dojrzewa, powoli przekraczając granice dzieciństwa. Żulczyk zderza przy tym różne współczesne typy niedojrzałości, równocześnie prowokując pytanie o kondycję dorosłości w dzisiejszym świecie.
EN
This article offers a comparative analysis of two great biographies of two outstanding Polish writers: Klementyna Suchanow’s biography of Witold Gombrowicz and Andrzej Franaszek’s biography of Zbigniew Herbert. This study highlights both similarities and differences between the two works. Both biographies are passionate accounts based on extensive archival material, describing in detail the writing activity and private life of both authors. However, the biography of Gombrowicz is characterized by the author’s close proximity to her subject, while in the biography of Herbert the necessary distance is maintained.
PL
W artykule zestawiono ze sobą i porównano dwie wybitne biografie dwóch wybitnych polskich pisarzy: biografię Witolda Gombrowicza, napisaną przez Klementynę Suchanow, i biografię Zbigniewa Herberta, napisaną przez Andrzeja Franaszka. Przy porównaniu autor zwrócił uwagę zarówno na podobieństwa, jak i różnice między nimi. Obie prace zostały napisane na podstawie olbrzymiego materiału archiwalnego, obie opisują szczegółowo tak aktywność pisarską, jak i życie prywatne autorów, obie są napisane z wielką pasją. Jednocześnie biografię Gombrowicza cechuje bardzo duża bliskość jej autorki w stosunku do opisywanego bohatera, w biografii Herberta natomiast zachowany jest niezbędny dystans.
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Witold Gombrowicz: autobiografizm w trzech odsłonach

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PL
Artykuł jest próbą analizy trzech trybów autobiograficznego pisarstwa Witolda Gombrowicza. Pierwszy z nich, zorientowany prospektywnie, służy przede wszystkim autokreacji i rzutowaniu w przyszłość kolejnych, tworzonych przez pisarza podmiotowych autoprojekcji. Realizację tej podmiotowej strategii przynosi Dziennik, któremu przypada szczególne miejsce między autonomiczną, eksperymentalną fikcją literacką a tradycyjną narracją autobiograficzną. Drugi tryb ma charakter retrospektywny, najbardziej zbliżony do tradycyjnej autobiografii. Wyróżnia go dominacja narracji wspomnieniowej, podporządkowanej chronologicznemu następstwu zdarzeń. Spotykamy się z nią we Wspomnieniach polskich oraz w Testamencie. Trzeci tryb, wykorzystany przez Gombrowicza w Kronosie, realizuje się w postaci swoistego kalendarium czy inwentarza, nawiązującego do nieliterackich, użytkowych form osobistych zapisków, i nie mieści się w żadnym z dwóch przywołanych wcześniej strategii pisarstwa autobiograficznego, lokując się na obrzeżach zarówno narracyjnej konwencji wspomnieniowej, jak i konwencji dziennikowej podporządkowanej zasadzie eseistyczno-autoportretowej. Analiza tych trzech odmian tekstu autobiograficznego ma pokazać, że nie składają się one na żadną spójną, wieloaspektową wizję podmiotu, każdy z nich odsłania bowiem na swój sposób właściwą Gombrowiczowskiej formule autobiografizmu nieciągłość i pustkę odkrywaną w miejscu powracającego uporczywie pragnienia osobowej, mocnej obecności.
EN
This article is an attempt to analyse the three modes of autobiographical writing of Witold Gombrowicz. The first of the modes is prospectively oriented and its purpose is to self-create and project into the future the successive subjective self-images created by the author. Diary, which takes a particular place between the autonomous, experimental fiction and traditional autobiographical narration, brings implementation of this strategy. The second mode is retrospective in nature and the most similar to the traditional autobiography. It is distinguished by the dominance of the reminiscent narration subordinated to the chronological sequence of events. We encounter it in Polish Memories and in A Kind of Testament. The third mode used by Gombrowicz in Kronos is implemented in the form of a specific historical calendar or inventory alluding to non-literary practical forms of personal notes and does not fit in any of the two previously mentioned autobiographical writing strategies, locating itself on the edge of both; the narrative convention of memories, as well as the diary convention subject to essayistic and self-portrait principles. Analysis of these three varieties of the autobiographical text shows that they do not make up for any coherent, multi-faceted vision of the subject. Each of them reveals in their own way the “Gombrowicz-like” autobiographical formula of discontinuity and emptiness that are discovered in the place of persistently recurring desire of a strong personal presence.
EN
This paper discusses “Milonga for Gombrowicz”, an essay written by Juan Carlos Gómez in which the author begins by reflecting upon Gombrowicz’s “Diary”. As Gómez was one of the Polish writer’s closest Argentinean friends, the biographical perspective enables the text in question to be read as an intimate history of their relationship that is also shared with the public. As the analysis presented in this article shows, Gombrowicz’s work offered Gómez an opportunity to metaphorically resume their conversations which had been disrupted when Gombrowicz departed Argentina, providing him with a pretext to present his own philosophical views, and above all to convince readers that he was the only legitimate “heir” to Gombrowicz’s “throne”.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest omówienie eseju Gómeza pt. Milonga dla Gombrowicza, w którym autor punktem wyjścia do refleksji czyni Dzienniki. Perspektywa biograficzna, Gómez był bowiem jednym z najbliższych argentyńskich przyjaciół polskiego pisarza, pozwoliła spojrzeć na omawiany tekst jako na upublicznioną, choć intymną historię ich wzajemnej relacji. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że twórczość autora Ferdydurke była dla Gómeza metaforycznym powrotem do rozmów przerwanych wyjazdem pisarza, pretekstem do zaprezentowania swoich filozoficznych poglądów, a nade wszystko przekonania czytelników do tego, że to właśnie on jest jedynym „spadkobiercą tronu” po Gombrowiczu.
PL
Artykuł jest omówieniem intertekstualnych relacji między twórczością Witolda Gombrowicza a pisarstwem Jeana Geneta. Liczne komentarze Gombrowicza na temat Geneta omawiano już parokrotnie, nie wskazywano jednak konkretnych przykładów inspiracji. Autor artykułu komentuje takie przykłady i przy okazji zastanawia się nad teoretycznoliterackim zagadnieniem „intencji autorskiej”. Dodatkowy kontekst stanowi książka Jeana-Paula Sartre’a „Święty Genet”, będąca dla Gombrowicza istotnym kontekstem rozumienia tekstów Geneta.
EN
The article describes the intertextual relations between Witold Gombrowicz’s output and Jean Genet’s writings. Gombrowicz’s numerous comments about Genet have so far been repeatedly discussed, though they have missed particular examples of inspirations. The author of the paper comments such examples and simultaneously ponders upon the literary critical concept of intentio auctoris. Jean-Paul Sartre’s book “Saint Genet,” “Actor and Martyr” is Gombrowicz’s relevant context for understanding Genet’s texts and works here as an additional context.
EN
The publication of Kronos by Witold Gombrowicz was, despite the controversy, an important literary event. In this specific calendar the writer presented his life (not omitting the intimate spheres such as sexuality, health problems) against the background of historical events. This article is an attempt to show the importance of Kronos based on other works by Gombrowicz. It presents selected themes which characterized the last work of the writer. Particularly, it shows the problem of the transience of an individual against the ongoing History of mankind.
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