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Legionowa „odyseja”. Z ziemi włoskiej i stepów zaporoskich do wolnej Polski. Czerwiec – listopad 1918

100%
Nowakowski „Bułgar” L., Nowakowski K.
Sowiniec
|
2013
|
issue 43
117-153
EN
The memoirs of Ludwik Nowakowski, aka ‘Bulgar’, the legionary who was incorporated into the 90th Austrian Infantry Regiments stationed on the Italian front after his refusal to take an oath. After the regiment was redeployed to the Ukraine, the legionary made an agreement with other Poles who served in this regiment to bring the divisions of this regiment to Poland. An improvised armoured train and two other trains, 60 coaches each, covered 1230 km in 18 days from Kryvyi Rih in Ukraine to Zagorz near Sanok. The way lead through areas in a revolutionary turmoil where the Polish-Ukrainian war was beginning. These divisions formed the basis of the 14th Infantry Regiment of the Polish Army which was being organised.
2
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Organizacja „Wolność” – konspiracja i kombatanctwo

86%
Giza J.
Sowiniec
|
2013
|
issue 43
81-102
EN
The article is devoted to the Polish underground military activities which occurred in the regiments of the Austro-Hungarian Army. The regiments were formed and augmented in the Austrian partitioned lands known as Galicia, the illo tempore province of the Habsburg empire. The beginnings of the underground movement date back to the Autumn of 1916 when on the Russian front, in the Pantyr Pass there was the first underground meeting of some of the officers of the 20th Austrian Infantry Regiment, called by Col. Stanisław Bergman. The underground activities developed since the Spring of 1917 on the Italian front where the aforementioned regiment was transported. Very soon these activities started to affect other divisions of the imperial and royal army. Captain Jerzy Dobrodzicki who had this rank at that time, became the leader. A significant rise in the activities of the movement occurred in the Autumn of 1917 when after the so-called oath crisis in the Polish Legions many legionaries were incorporated into the imperial royal army by way of punishment and the news of Józef Piłsudski’s detainment reached the patriotically-minded Polish officers who were forced to serve in the Austrian army. In April 1918 in Kraków there was a meeting of emissaries from the Italian front with the representatives of the Polska Organizacja Wojskowa [POW – the Polish Military Organisation]. Due to the agreement with the commanding officer of the POW, Colonel Edward Rydz-Śmigły, the underground movement was called organizacja “Wolność” [the “Freedom” Organisation]. In late October 1918 the “Freedom” Organisation, thanks to their members in the garrison divisions, contributed to the organisation of successful coups in Galicia at that time (among others in Tarnów, Kraków, Wadowice and Nowy Sącz) and in the Italian front, among the infantry regiments with a Polish majority. In the independent Poland in 1936 the former members of the “Freedom” Organisation decided to establish an organisation for veterans. The general assembly was prepared. The assembly was called to Kraków on 6 June 1937. The following year saw the establishment of the Związek Organizacji „Wolność” [the Union of the “Freedom” Organisation] which gained all rights which were granted to other organisations of veterans in the Republic of Poland.
3
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Powstanie Legionów Polskich oraz Naczelnego Komitetu Narodowego w sierpniu 1914 roku. Zapomniany sukces politycznej elity Galicji

86%
Drozdowski M.
Sowiniec
|
2014
|
issue 45
21-49
EN
The aim of the article is to present the events of the end of July and the fi rst weeks of August 1914 which led to the creation of two parallel structures: the Polish Legions and the Supreme National Committee, providing political and organizational infrastructure to the former. This topic has already been repeatedly tackled by Polish historians. Most studies, however, focused on the person of Jozef Piłsudski, as well as on the military aspect of the history of Polish Legions. However, this article presents the political aspect of the events in question, including the attempts to answer two important questions about the genesis of the Polish Legions, ie. who and under what circumstances came up with the idea of creating the Legions as regular military units being a part of the armed forces of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and at the same time having a national, Polish character.
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