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EN
Objectives The nitrogen-containing xenobiotics, such as nitrates and acrylamide may potentially influence systemic redox status and contribute to the generation of oxidative stress (OS) in the human body, but there is still a lack of studies that would evaluate the various parameters assessing the oxidative-antioxidant balance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure to nitrates and acrylamide derived from daily diet and to analyze the impact of these nitrate-containing xenobiotics on the parameters of systemic redox status in healthy young adults. Material and Methods To assess nitrate and acrylamide intake in the study population, a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used. Systemic redox status was evaluated by measurement of a panel of biochemical parameters: enzymatic (glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase [GPx]) and non-enzymatic (uric acid, bilirubin and albumin), thiol/disulphide homeostasis parameters (total thiol, native thiol, and disulfide) and oxidative/ antioxidant balance indicators (total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, OS index). Results The average consumption of nitrates and acrylamide in the study population was 1.24 mg/kg b.w./day and 0.23 μg/kg b.w./day, respectively, which is within the normal value range. Of 12 measured parameters, significant differences were revealed for disulfide and total thiol levels, which were increased in the subgroup with the highest daily intake of nitrates compared to the subgroup with the lowest intake; for GPx, which was highest in the subgroup of the lowest daily intake of acrylamide; and for native thiols in the subgroup with the highest daily intake. Conclusions The intake of nitrogen-containing xenobiotics within the range considered as normal does not markedly influence redox state parameters in healthy young adults. Some significant changes were revealed only for thiol/disulphide homeostasis parameters, which may be the first line of antioxidant defense, as well as for GPx activity. Compensative mechanisms in healthy young people are efficient enough to neutralize OS induced by slightly increased exposure to nitrogen-containing xenobiotics delivered with food.
EN
Acrylamide is a synthetic chemical compound commonly used in many branches of industry. It is mainly used in the synthesis of polyacrylamides, which are widely employed in plastics, paints, varnishes, adhesives and mortars production. Acrylamide is also applied in the cellulose-paper and cosmetic industries to produce toiletries and cosmetics. The interest in acrylamide increased in 2002, when Swedish scientists showed that a considerable amount of this substance is formed during frying and baking of various foods. Studies concerning toxicity of acrylamide and its metabolite - glicydamide showed their neurotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Neverthless, in humans only neurotoxic effect of acrylamide has been clearly evidenced. Genotoxic nature of acetylamide manifests itself mainly in its metabolic conversion to the epoxide derivative glicydamide. Carcinogenic effects of acrylamide have been shown in animal studies. Epidemiological studies have not provided explicit evidence that acrylamide supplied with the diet can initiate the formation of tumors in humans. Acrylamide exposure is assessed by measuring specific compounds (adducts) formed during the reaction of acrylamide with hemoglobin and DNA. Med Pr 2013;64(2):259–271
PL
Akrylamid jest syntetycznym związkiem chemicznym powszechnie używanym w wielu gałęziach przemysłu. Stosowany jest głównie w produkcji i syntezie poliakrylamidów, które mają bardzo szerokie zastosowanie w produkcji tworzyw sztucznych, farb, lakierów, klejów i zapraw murarskich. Poliakrylamidy używane są również w przemyśle celulozowo-papierniczym i kosmetycznym, m.in. w produkcji przyborów toaletowych i składników kosmetyków. Zainteresowanie akrylamidem wzrosło w 2002 r. po doniesieniu szwedzkich naukowców dotyczącym powstawania tej substancji podczas smażenia i pieczenia niektórych produktów spożywczych. Badania dotyczące toksyczności akrylamidu, a także jego metabolitu - glicydamidu - wskazują na neurotoksyczną, genotoksyczną i kancerogenną aktywność tych substancji. Dotąd bezsprzecznie udowodniono jedynie neurotoksyczne działanie akrylamidu na organizm człowieka. Genotoksyczna aktywność akrylamidu przejawia się głównie po jego metabolicznym przekształceniu do pochodnej epoksydowej glicydamidu. Kancerogenne działanie akrylamidu zostało wykazane jednoznacznie tylko w badaniach na zwierzętach. Badania epidemiologiczne nie dostarczają niepodważalnych dowodów, że akrylamid spożywany wraz z dietą może inicjować powstawanie nowotworów u ludzi. Ocena narażenia na akrylamid dokonywana jest przez pomiary stężenia adduktów tej substancji w ustroju, czyli specyficznych związków powstałych w wyniku połączenia akrylamidu z hemoglobiną lub DNA. Med. Pr. 2013;64(2):259–271
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