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EN
This article aims to present social work as a practice protecting the rights of people suffering from the processes of marginalisation. It takes as its point of departure two models of advocacy structuring multiple types of activity in this field, ranging from work with particular individuals to political engagement at the macro level. The next part offers a discussion of the results of a quantitative study (CAWI and CATI interviews) conducted among social workers from local social welfare centres in the Wielkopolska region. In the light of analysis of the obtained data, the practice of advocacy in social work emerges as one focused on providing direct assistance in the form of financial and non-financial benefits. The declared level of acceptance to facilitating collective action and macro practice of social work was lower. The results also reveal the attitudes of social workers to social rights and social problems.
Research in Language
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2019
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vol. 17
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issue 1
21-37
EN
Goodwin and Innocenti (2016) have contended that giving reasons may be a form of enactment, where a claim is supported by the very activity of making the claim. In my view, the kind of interaction that these authors are considering should be analysed as a form of advocacy, and therefore as an exercitive speech act. In this paper I will suggest that acts of advocating, qua illocutions, institute a normative framework where the speaker’s obligation to justify cannot be redeemed by a mere “making reasons apparent”. In general, giving reasons is part of the procedure in virtue of which the advocate’s authority to exert influence is recognised by their addressees. This illocutionary effect should be distinguished from other perlocutionary consequences.
EN
This study examines how the media and journalists are used in lobbying processes. To explore the topic a systematic review of the literature in peer-reviewed journals published between January 2000 to June 2018 was undertaken. The findings of this paper indicate that lobbyists and interest groups engage with a plethora of various strategies and systematic methods when influencing or trying to advocate the work of journalists and media organisations. The findings shed the mystery of lobbyists and interest group’s communicative attempts. This study increases the knowledge of the relationships between journalists and lobbyists in lobbying processes. Based on the literature review, the paper presents a categorised model of media influencing strategies in lobbying process.
EN
Article explores the issue of security in the National Foresight Programme 2020 in Poland. This programme has evolved in the first decade of the 21st century in order to provide scenarios for state modernization in the context of technological and economic changes until 2020. In this programme thousands of experts were engaged. One of the crucial problems raised during NFP 2020 was security. In this paper I analysed several problems: importance of the security issue in NFP 2020, methodology of foresight and its usage in analysis of security threats in contemporary Polish strategies of development.
PL
The Polish Senate approved the election of Dr Adam Bodnar for the position of Ombudsman on 7th of August 2015. It happened because of the social campaign "Adam Bodnar Citizens' Ombudsman," which was held by a non-governmental organization called Citizens Network Watchdog Poland. This text is a detailed description of this campaign on the basis of data collected from qualitative research. The author has prepared a basic SWOT analysis of this case study. This article is an example of a successful advocacy campaign, which was conducted by a non-governmental organization and has led successfully to exert real influence on the decisions of politicians, who themselves decide who will be the new Ombudsman for the term 2015-2020. This article was written in cooperation with Citizens Network Watchdog Poland for the program Pracademia.
EN
This paper provides a comparative analysis of current Finnish and Scottish think tanks and reviews how think tanks in these countries have evolved, how think tanks seek to influence decision making and engage with their stakeholders. To address the ways of influence this paper looks how Finnish and Scottish think tanks describe themselves and how they use publications in their advocacy. Conducted content analysis indicates that usually registered association based Finnish think tanks are generally more research-focused organisations, who overall deploy more research publications for advocacy than the company based Scottish think tanks. Findings also reveal that the number of think tanks in both countries has greatly increased in the last two decades due to the political challenges with European Union and national politics. The paper provides a new approach to study think tanks in national contexts.
EN
Far from being of interest only to argumentation theorists, conceptions of speech acts play an important role in practitioners’ self-reflection on their own activities. After a brief review of work by Houtlosser, Jackson and Kauffeld on the ways that speech acts provide normative frameworks for argumentative interactions, this essay examines an ongoing debate among scientists in natural resource fields as to the appropriateness of the speech act of advocating in policy settings. Scientists’ reflections on advocacy align well with current scholarship, and the scholarship in turn can provide a deeper understanding of how to manage the communication challenges scientists face.
EN
Sustainable development is continuous process of change requiring painful choices resting on political will. This paper examines the developments needed to engage with sustainable development in the field of political science through the following: the reform in political science programmes to cope with the need for sustainable development in terms of governance, advocacy and other related issues; the need to use a holistic approach in education; the re-examination of the prevailing ideologies and market-oriented economies; the introduction of education for sustainable development at the Faculty of Political Science of Notre Dame University - Louaize in terms of a global approach of education, curricula design, teaching and implementation.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the activities of foreign scientific centres of the Polish Academy of Sciences on the examples of three out of six operating centers: the center in Vienna, Paris and the Polish Science Contact Agency PolSCA PAN in Brussels. The authors of the article combine their own experiences of the former directors of the centers: in Vienna, Paris and Brussels to reflect critically on the place and role of these centers in the scientific-research area. They point to centers’ enormous and diverse potential for disseminating and promoting the achievements of scientists, not fully recognized and used by the scientific community. Taking into account the specifics of each institution, the authors describe the ways of optimal use of their cultural and social capital, and identify common structural problems they encountered during their tenure. The article consists of the following elements: an introduction, an extensive authorial analysis of each station's activities, prepared in the form of a case study and a summary with conclusions
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2022
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vol. 15
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issue 26
131-156
FR
L’affaire Google Shopping a fourni des leçons importantes qui vont au-delà de l’application du droit de la concurrence. Les «outils d’activation et de découverte» créent une couche qui sert de passerelle vers l’écosystème d’Internet. Par conséquent, d’une part, ils jouent un rôle clé pour assurer l’ouverture de l’écosystème d’Internet et, d’autre part, ils exercent une influence primordiale sur les expériences des consommateurs et leurs processus cognitifs, qui à leur tour déterminent les transactions des consommateurs en ligne. Les outils d’activation et de découverte, tells que l’adoption de méthodes de conception basées sur les sciences comportementales appliquées (par exemple: la conception de l’expérience utilisateur (EU) et la conception de l’interface utilisateur (UI)), créent des défis mondiaux au carrefour du droit de la concurrence, du droit de la consommation et de la réglementation des plateformes. Dans le même temps, compte tenu de la complexité de l’économie des plateformes, certains phénomènes de marché pourraient être particulièrement difficiles à identifier et à traiter, alors qu’une adaptation rapide et efficace est un facteur essentiel pour les acteurs du marché. Cela place le plaidoyer pour la promotion d’un environnement concurrentiel au centre de l’attention également au niveau national, en particulier là où un double régime d’application du droit rend possible une approche multifocale.
EN
The Google Shopping case has provided significant lessons that reach beyond antitrust enforcement. ‘Enabling and discovery tools’ create a layer that serves as a gateway to the Internet ecosystem. Therefore, on the one hand, they play a key role in ensuring the openness of the Internet ecosystem, and on the other hand, they exercise a primary influence on consumer experiences and their cognitive processes, which in turn determine online consumer transactions. Enabling and discovery tools, such as adopting design methods based on applied behavioural sciences (for example: user experience design (UX) and user interface design (UI)), create global challenges at the crossroads of antitrust, consumer law and platform regulation. At the same time, in light of the complexity of the platform economy, some market phenomena might be particularly difficult to identify and address, while fast and efficient adaptation is an essential factor for market players. This brings advocacy – the promotion of a competitive environment – into the focus also at the national level, particularly where a dual enforcement regime makes a multifocal approach possible.
EN
The article offers a critical review of The Gift of Languages. Paradigm Shift in U.S. Foreign Language Education by Fabrice Jaumont & Kathleen Stein-Smith, published by TBR Books in 2019. The book, fitting in the general category of instruction manuals and motivational materials, has been written in support of the cause of the advocates of the paradigm shift in foreign language learning in the United States. Focusing on the need to expand the L2 skills among US elementary, high school, and college students by means of the systematic implementation of two-way Dual-Language Immersion programs in K-12 and secondary public education, the monograph contributes to the mission of the Center for the Advancement of Language, Education and Communities. The CALEC, a non-profit organization with international membership and worldwide reach, focuses on promoting multilingualism and cross-cultural understanding by supporting language communities in creating programs of education in languages and cultures. The present article offers a review of this important, albeit popular, publication as a document testifying to the transformations of the American culture in the Age of Globalization.
EN
Article 33 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (ratified by Poland in 2012) establishes that civil society, in particular persons with disabilities and their representative organizations, shall be involved and participate fully in the monitoring process. Their real representation and power were a subject to scrutiny by the UN Committee on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which prepared a general comment to article 33. In this paper, I analyse the monitoring of the Convention in Poland and ways in which persons with disabilities and their representative organizations have been involved in the process. In Poland the Convention is monitored mainly by experts and big NGOs, not without reasons and consequences. Persons with disabilities who are subject to discrimination and multiple exclusion, and therefore are in a particularly bad situation, are rarely involved in the monitoring and advocacy.
PL
Artykuł 33 ratyfikowanej w 2012 r. przez Polskę Konwencji ONZ o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych (KPON) wskazuje konieczność prowadzenia działań monitorujących jej wdrażanie przez społeczeństwo obywatelskie, w tym w szczególności organizacje zrzeszające osoby z niepełnosprawnościami. Faktyczna reprezentacja i wpływ środowiska osób z niepełnosprawnościami w myśl zasady „nic o nas bez nas” jest przedmiotem szczególnego zainteresowania Komitetu ONZ o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych, który przygotował komentarz generalny do art. 33 poświęcony tej sprawie. W artykule przeanalizowany został sposób prowadzenia monitoringu KPON w Polsce i włączenie w ten proces osób z różnymi niepełnosprawnościami w kontekście wymagań określonych przez Komitet ONZ. W Polsce monitoring KPON prowadzony jest w dużej mierze przez duże organizacje pozarządowe i grono ekspertów, co ma swoje konsekwencje. Z działań monitoringowych i rzeczniczych praktycznie wykluczone są grupy osób z niepełnosprawnościami narażonych na wielokrotne wykluczenie i dyskryminację, a więc w szczególnie trudnej sytuacji.
EN
In the context of democratic discourse, civil society is given a decisive role in the formation of power and influence on power. However, between the authorities (state and self-governing) and public organizations, as representatives of the interests of civil society, mostly subject-object relations are established, where the subject is the government. The article is devoted to finding an answer to the question: can the model of subject-subject relations between the government and civil society, where both social institutions are equal participants in the political process, have practical application? Analysis of social changes in Western Europe and Ukraine gives grounds to support the point of view of those scholars who consider civil society the basis of the state, a factor that gives a specific character to each state formation, regardless of the generality of democratic processes. At the same time, attention is drawn to the heterogeneity of civil society, which is a barrier to its consolidation and strengthening of subjectivity. There is a noticeable increase in competition between the state and civil society in terms of influencing society, as well as the manipulation of public movements by public authorities to achieve political goals. However, a fairly high level of public confidence in public organizations and the potential for their advocacy allow the use of public influence to activate the population and strengthen the position of civil society in relations with the authorities.
EN
Fairness has long been denied for African-Americans and other people of color when it comes to environmental injustices, or crimes committed by state governments and polluting industries/corporations. Unfortunately, polluting companies often go unpunished for their environmental misdeeds, particularly if what they do is in minority or marginalized communities. Furthermore, environmental biases in American courts, unfortunately, are still prevalent in our society today—that is, when it comes to vulnerable groups, who continue to seek environmental justice, but cannot fight back. Environmental injustice, therefore, should be considered unjust acts when it comes to polluting communities of color. Also, environmental issues are always problematic, especially in regard to climate change. In a certain sense, there is an urgent need to protect these disadvantaged communities of color from polluting corporations. Indeed, can we end this environmental cruelty? More importantly, how can we stop polluters from burying hazardous material in landfills on lands owned by Indigenous people or Native Americans? Polluting industries must also be put on notice, and we must question anyone in the energy business who is deceptive about their nasty pollution. It should be obvious that nothing will change anytime soon regarding the environmental injustice issue if we do not get involved and fight the polluters head-on, and without reservation.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza strategii podejmowanych przez ruchy miejskie w procesie reprezentacji interesów mieszkańców polskich miast. Siłą ruchów miejskich w pierwszych latach ich funkcjonowania w Polsce była ich oddolność, brak powiązań z systemem, a więc niezależność i możliwość stawiania bezkompromisowych postulatów. Z biegiem czasu podmioty te zaczęły ulegać przekształceniom, ewoluowały też wdrażane przez nie strategie reprezentacji interesów mieszkańców. Zaczynając prace badawcze nad niniejszym tekstem, autorka zakładała, że efektem analiz będzie obserwacja wyraźnego trendu od działań oddolnych do profesjonalizacji. Pogłębiona analiza zagadnienia wykazała jednak, że nie można wskazać jednolitej tendencji w kierunkach rozwoju ruchów miejskich oraz stosowanych przez nie strategiach reprezentacji interesów. Opracowanie powstało na podstawie analizy desk research, jej uzupełnieniem były indywidualne wywiady pogłębione.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyse the strategies undertaken by urban movements in the process of advocacy promoting the interests of the inhabitants of Polish cities. The strength of urban movements in the first years of their activity in Poland was their grassroots nature, lack of connections with the public policy system, and therefore independence and being able to put forth uncompromising postulates. Over time, urban movements began to undergo transformations, and the strategies of representing the interests of the residents they implemented evolved as well. When starting research on this text, the author assumed that the results of the analyses would be the observation of a clear trend from bottom-up activities to professionalisation. However, an in-depth analysis of the issue showed that there is no uniform trend in the development of urban movements nor in the strategies of advocacy for the interests applied by them. The study was based on desk research analysis; additionally several individual in-depth interviews were conducted.
16
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DOSKONALENIE ZAWODOWE ADWOKATÓW

63%
PL
Adwokat jest jednym z wolnych zawodów wykonywanych w Polsce. W odniesieniu do tej grupy zawodowej zastosowanie mają wszelkie zasady rozwoju kariery zawodowej określone w literaturze przedmiotu. Adwokaci są jednak zobowiązani ponadto, na mocy obowiązujących przepisów, do uczestniczenia w szkoleniach w celu doskonalenia zawodowego. Egzekucje tego obowiązku zapewnia katalog kar. Podkreślenia jednak wymaga, iż to nie kary powinny wpływać na koniczność samodoskonalenia się tej grupy zawodowej, lecz wysoka odpowiedzialność za interes klienta i wysoki standard świadczonych przez adwokatów usług.
EN
The lawyer is one of the liberal professions to be performed in Poland. In relation to this professional group all the rules apply to career development referred to in the literature of the subject. However, lawyers must also, pursuant to the provisions in force to participate in training to inservice training. Executions this obligation provides a catalogue of penalties. Highlight, however, requires that no penalty should affect the imperative of self-improvement this professional group, but high responsibility for the interest of the client and the high standard of services provided by attorneys.
PL
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest zgłębienie istoty tajemnicy adwokackiej, a także analiza zakresu obowiązywania tej tajemnicy w postępowaniu karnym. Tajemnica adwokacka pełni istotną rolę w procesie karnym, ponieważ gwarantuje każdemu człowiekowi prawidłowe realizowanie prawa do obrony i rzetelnego procesu. Podkreślenia wymaga fakt, iż tajemnica ta nie ma jednolitego charakteru, ponieważ występuje dualizm skutkujący występowaniem tajemnicy obrończej i tajemnicy adwokackiej innej niż obrończa. W artykule zostaną poddane szczegółowej analizie przepisy prawne i orzecznictwo dotyczące omawianego zagadnienia, a także przedstawione propozycje zmian w obowiązujących przepisach.
EN
The main aim of this article is to describe essential of legal professional privilege and analyze the scope of the binding legal professional privilege in criminal proceeding. Legal professional acts as an essential role in the criminal process to guarantee every person the correct implementation of the rights of the defence and a fair trial. The other destination of this article is pay attention to existing in a criminal action dualism, manifesting itself in distinction of legal professional privilege and bar confidential privilege. The author discuss Polish regulations and judicial decisions in the above mentioned matter. Will be also presented proposals for changes in the binding regulations.
PL
Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie o to, jak organizacje pozarządowe w Polsce wykorzystują media społecznościowe do realizacji interesów reprezentowanych grup społecznych. W toku wywodu przybliżono funkcje mediów społecznościowych w rzecznictwie oraz przyczyny i sposoby wykorzystania portali społecznościowych przez zagraniczne i polskie organizacje pozarządowe. Analiza literatury przedmiotu i rozmowy z polskimi organizacjami pozarządowymi prowadzą do wniosku, że organizacje korzystają z mediów społecznościowych głównie w celu informowania o swojej bieżącej działalności, zaniedbując ich społecznościowy, konwersacyjny wymiar. Wywiady pogłębione z organizacjami non profit rzucają również światło na trudności, z którymi zmagają się podmioty pozarządowe w związku z obecnością na portalach społecznościowych, oraz obrazują rolę, którą media społecznościowe odgrywają w repertuarze środków rzeczniczych w ostatnich latach.
PL
Korzeni zawodu radcy prawnego upatruje się w szesnastowiecznych zawodach syndyków i instygatorów. Stanowiska radców prawnych pojawiły się w Polsce w XIX w. Zajmowali je głównie adwokaci. Radca prawny jako nowy zawód prawniczy zaczął się wyodrębniać od adwokatury po II wojnie światowej, w okresie Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej. Sprzyjał temu wprowadzony model centralnie sterowanej gospodarki uspołecznionej. Proces wyodrębniania się zawodu radcy prawnego był długi. Formalnoprawnie pełne wyodrębnienie nastąpiło dopiero w latach 80. XX w. Jednak faktycznie zjawisko odrębności i tożsamości zawodowej prawników pracujących na radcostwach prawnych narodziło się w latach 50. Artykuł traktuje o początkach procesu wyodrębniania się grupy zawodowej radców prawnych i wskazuje na kluczowe czynniki, które do tego doprowadziły.
EN
The roots of the attorney-at-law profession are seen in the 16th-century professions of syndicates and instigators. The attorney-at-law posts appeared in Poland in the 19th century. These posts were occupied mainly by advocates. Attorney-at-law, as a new legal profession, began to separate from the advocacy after World War II, during the period of the Polish People’s Republic. It was facilitated by the introduced model of a centrally controlled socialized economy. The process of separating the attorney-at-law profession was long. The full legal separation took place in the 1980s. However, the phenomenon of the professional distinctiveness and identity of attorneys-at-law emerged in the 1950s. The article focuses on the beginnings of the process of separating the attorney-at-law profession and indicates the key factors that led to this.
|
2023
|
vol. 16
|
issue 27
111-131
FR
Les autorités de la concurrence des pays européens en développement ont encore un long chemin à parcourir avant d’atteindre les normes européennes. Bien que la législation nationale des pays qui ne sont pas membres de l’UE soit en grande partie harmonisée avec la législation européenne, c’est au niveau de l’application que les obstacles sont traditionnellement les plus difficiles à surmonter. La Serbie ne fait pas exception à cette règle. La Serbie a connu sa part de problèmes lorsqu’elle a tenté de faire respecter les règles de protection de la concurrence. Alors que certaines de ces batailles sont encore en cours, l’autorité serbe de la concurrence doit désormais également faire face aux changements rapides qui accompagnent les marchés émergents, en particulier le commerce électronique. Bien que le commerce électronique en lui-même puisse faciliter les comportements anticoncurrentiels, il semble qu’il ait également eu l’effet d’un coup de pouce dont la Commission serbe pour la protection de la concurrence (CPC) avait bien besoin pour enfin se plonger dans les divers pouvoirs d’exécution qui lui ont été confiés.
EN
Competition authorities in countries in development in Europe have a long way to go until they meet the EU standards. Although the local legislation in non-EU members is harmonized with EU legislation for the most part, the enforcement part is the one where obstacles are traditionally more challenging, and Serbia is no exception to this rule. Serbia has had its share of problems when trying to enforce rules on protection of competition, and some of those battles are still being fought, however, the national competition authority now also needs to face rapid changes that come with emerging markets, especially e-commerce. Although e-commerce itself may facilitate anti-competitive behaviors, it seems that they may also have had an effect of a much-needed nudge for the Serbian Commission for the Protection of Competition (CPC) to finally dive into variety of enforcement powers that they have been entrusted with.
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