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EN
Ion Valjan is the literary pseudonym of Ion Al. Vasilescu (1881-1960), famous lawyer, playwright, writer of memoirs, publicist and politician. Dramatic author in the line of Caragiale, he was the manager of The National Theatre in Bucharest between 1923 and 1924, and general manager of theatres between 1923 and 1926. He wrote drama, he collaborated with Sburătorul, Vremea, Rampa, being appreciated by the exigent literary critique of the inter-war period. After the war, in 1950, he was involved in a political trial, accused of high treason, espionage for Great Britain, and got sentenced to 15 years imprisonment, where he died. Valjan is the author of the only theatrical show, played in a communist prison, Revista Piteşti 59. Ion Valjan’s memoirs, With the Voice of Time. Memories, written during the Second World War, represent a turn back in time, into the age of the author’s childhood and adolescence, giving the contemporary reader the chance to travel in time and space, the end of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the past century projecting an authentic image, in the Romanian version of a Belle Epoque, interesting and extremely prolific for the Romanian cultural life. Also, evoking his childhood years spent in cities by the Danube (Călăraşi, Brăila, Turnu-Severin), Valjan unveils the harmonious meeting of different peoples and their mentalities, which transform the Danube Plain into an interethnic space of unique value.
EN
This paper regards the analysis of commercial names found in the north of Maramureș, a county with a multi-ethnic population, consisting of Romanians, Hungarians, and Ukrainians in the north of Romania, on the border with Ukraine, and where the percentage of people going abroad is big. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the relationship between ethnicity and the language used commercially, but also the causes behind the mother tongue abandonment in the onomastics of the public space in Maramureș. The corpus consists of names of businesses, shops, products seen on the field or on specialised websites. The analysis is done from a lexical-semantic, typological and socio-cultural viewpoint, emphasising the denominator’s mindset when he resorts to a language internationally used in order to name a new business, and also how the name reflects the identity of an ethnic group or the acceptance of alterity. Since the Romanian EU integration, there are no more linguistic boundaries to speak of, because in Maramureș, in areas with an active emigrant majority, names in English, Italian, and French or hybrid denominations formed with Romanian notions and foreign terms can be found on the frontispiece of firms. It is likewise in the villages belonging to minorities, but here a greater attachment to their mother tongue is noticed, due to the position individuals have in society. Thus, an interdependency relationship is established between language and society, especially between language and community.
EN
As a « relational concept », alterity can only be defined in opposition to what sociologists call a « referential group », an entity which dictates political, religious or cultural norms in a concrete society. Our article will first explain the difference between simple « diversity » and real « alterity », which is perceived as a potential source of threat by the majority society. Using concrete figures from 19th and 20th century Quebec novels, we will illustrate various types of alterity and the general evolution of Canadian mentality in relation to various minorities.
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REPÈRES, MUTATIONS, PERFORMANCES

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EN
Beyond methods and models, concepts and hypotheses, comparative literature deals not only with concordia discors, but also with coincidentia oppositorum. What shall be termed here the CD EFFECT (The Concordia Discors Effect) is almost everywhere discernible. Texts and images, graphs and maps, diagrams, atlases, dictionaries, encyclopedias - are the “triumph” of balance and harmony. All these corpora are the result of an “infinite” succession of macro-linguistic operations, of micro-literary mechanisms, of protocols of cultural macro-trends, of Euro-Atlantic and Asian mentality macro-fluxes. It is a hypothesis the present study submits to the test of Popper’s refutability.
EN
The question of the possibility of a phenomenological sociology is of the utmost importance today. In this paper, techniques in transcendental-genetic phenomenology are introduced as applicable to sociological work. I introduce the concept of recoil, a habit of thought which negatively determines protentions and expectations concerning types sedimented in far retention. Recoil is seen to be an important element in the theory of alterity in social life, including the understanding of alters as invisible. Finally, arguments in favor of the use of the epoché in sociological work is given, as the epoché allows us to engage with the experience of the subject of study without a latent invidious comparison to a naturalistic substructure.
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EN
Central to Ghosh’s oeuvre is the idea that the nation is a fiction whose boundaries are continuously being reimagined and redrawn. Nationalism creates binary divisions, and projects a kind of “false” history which would buttress its own interest. The ideology of modernity and its various avatars, like Western geographical and ideological expansionism, modernist knowledge production strategies, and racism, create a Manichaean dialectic between the self and its other. Ghosh’s engagement with the frequency of boundary-crossings within and outside India, challenges the essentialist definitions of nations and societies. Ghosh‘s endorsement of the syncretism and humanism that downplay cultural differences explains his antipathy towards nationalism and its divisive epistemology. Despite his celebration of cultural pluralism, an acute sense of the sameness of man across “looking glass borders” and temporal divides underlies his work. Questioning the authoritarian and coercive actions of the postcolonial nation state, Ghosh pines for the Nehruvian utopia of a secularist, democratic national unity which assimilates Indian diversity in a syncretic whole. Based on an ethically conceived solidarity, this feeling of communitarianism would provide an ideal alternative to religious and ethnic chauvinism and “Majoritarianism”, as well as political dispersal and the religious/ethnic violence rampant in contemporary Hindu nationalism. Ghosh distrusts the nationalist political and official discourse of a faceless and dehumanizing statist machinery detached from the actual lives of people. In The Shadow Lines, Ghosh thematizes the migrations of people(s), the importance of connections between the past and the present, the changing status of nation-states, the fluid nature of boundaries, intercultural communication beyond nationalism, the spread of Western modes of production, and encounters between different cultures – all of which are the fallout of globalization.
EN
In postmodern outlook, the boundary between the different divisions made inside the mind is blurred. It is the Other of one’s self that indirectly defines the identity of a character or makes it abject. The purpose of this study is to recognize the adjustment identity of Blanche in “The Streetcar Named Desire” in diverse social contexts. The identity of Blanche is under surveillance through some key elements in the postmodern bedrock. The chains of signifiers that are produced by the considered character distinguish the mayhem of the mind that is trying to find a new identity in the altered social context. The study aims to unravel the desire for the Other or the hidden alter that is trying to adapt itself to the new environment while the character is unraveled as abject for the others in the special context. The dangling state of Blanche’s mind is exposed through multiple features of the concepts to embody the blurring border between the Other and the self.
EN
“Far from being unitary or monolithic or autonomous things, cultures actually assume more elements, alterities, differences, than they consciously exclude.” (Said 15). Building on gender studies discourse, the present paper builds on Said’s view of cultural experiences at large as stated in the quotation above and attempts to illustrate what was at stake in the (trans)cultural relationship between space, place and textuality in the making of the Romanian romantic novel.
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EN
In this essay, I aim to study comedy and humour from an ethical perspective. My main proposal is that comedy and humour can be understood alternatively in the light of ethics, and in one sense, they actually begin, more effectively, with an ethical sensibility. Effective comedy and humour initiate through an ethical sensibility called “hospitality”; ideally, they are preceded by this ethical openness. I will argue that it is this pre-original ethical hospitality and openness that can give rise to more effective moments of comedy, humour, carnival, festivity and also laughter, opening the Self to the Other in order to be able to enter into a disinterested humorous (dialogic) experience. Hospitality is of prime importance here because it turns out to be part and parcel of comedy as it also underlies the ethics of alterity. I therefore suggest that the thoughts of both Emmanuel Levinas and Mikhail Bakhtin can give rise to a fruitful study of ethics, comedy and humour. I will “reduce” socio-political complexities of our daily life-world to comic moments through Bakhtin, and then expose the reader to a Levinasian simplicity and ethical openness that actually takes place before effective comedy and humour can begin. In this essay, I mainly have literary/critical aims, and to fulfil that aim, I will briefly discuss two Shakespearean works and contextualize my thesis. The matter of studying comedy, humour and ethics in a broader cultural, social and/or philosophical context is open for other thinkers.
EN
This article tries to elaborate some insights from Michel de Certeau’s works on personalism, alterity and education. The aim is to add a poorly known voice to the contemporary debate around pedagogy and personalism. De Certeau’s original account of personhood, based on the movement of ‘alteration’ rather than on ‘identity’, is presented as original and useful to enrich the contemporary educational debate. The article firstly analyses two texts where Certeau deals specifically with the role of alterity in educational contexts. The uncanny and ungraspable movement of ‘alteration’ will be shown as fundamental in the person’s formation. Secondly, it will be argued that such account of alterity is rooted in Certeau’s interpretation of the Christian tradition. Finally, it will be maintained the possibility of conceiving education itself as a process of ‘alteration’.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest rozwinięcie pewnych spostrzeżeń zaczerpniętych z prac Michela de Certeau dotyczących personalizmu, zmienności i edukacji, aby włączyć jego słabo znane stanowisko w bieżącą debatę poświęconą pedagogii i personalizmowi. Obecna w pismach de Certeau oryginalna idea osoby, opierająca się nie na „tożsamości”, a na ruchu „przemiany”, zaprezentowana jest w niniejszym artykule jako innowacyjna i ubogacająca dla bieżącej debaty o edukacji. Na początku przeanalizowane zostają dwa teksty, w których de Certeau poświęca szczególną uwagę roli zmienności w kontekście edukacyjnym. Niesamowity i niepojęty ruch „przemiany” zaprezentowany zostanie jako fundamentalny dla formowania się osoby. W drugiej kolejności wykazane zostanie, że takie podejście do zmienności zakorzenione jest w tym, jak de Certaeu interpretuje chrześcijańską tradycję. Jako ostatnia rozwinięta zostaje możliwość pojmowania samej edukacji jako procesu „przemiany”.
EN
The article deals with the subject of knowledge about Serbia and the Serbs in Poland at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. This knowledge was reconstructed on the basis of travel reports, memoirs, notes published both in the press and the books. The collected materials allow us to observe the slow evolution of the representations of the Serbs. The first reports and news can be counted as exotic presentations in the orientalizing mode of the Balkans, but over time new motifs were emerging, highlighting certain similarities between the Poles and the Serbs, such as history, slavic origin, and peculiar combative features of character. The aim of this article is to present to contemporary audience the unknown images and perceptions of the Serbs in the Polish press.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje temat wiedzy o Serbii i Serbach w Polsce na przełomie XIX i XX wieku. Wiedza ta została zrekonstruowana na podstawie opisów podróży, wspomnień, notatek publikowanych zarówno w ówczesnej prasie, jak i książkach. Zebrane materiały pozwalają zaobserwować ewolucję w przedstawianiu Serbów. Pierwsze relacje można zaliczyć do przedstawień egzotyki w nurcie orientalizacji Bałkanów, jednak z czasem pojawiają się nowe motywy podkreślające pewne podobieństwa między Polakami i Serbami, np. historię, słowiańskie pochodzenie oraz specyficzne wojownicze cechy charakteru. Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie współczesnemu odbiorcy nieznanych ówczesnych obrazów i percepcji Serbów w polskiej prasie.
EN
In one way or another, the other plays an important role in educational settings. Over the last few decades, the recourse to philosophical phenomenology has proved to be helpful for the discussion of this topic. Coming from this thematic direction, this article focuses on the other in its constitutive function for the construction of identity. Both within the phenomenologist Bernhard Waldenfels’ theory of responsivity as well as in the pedagogue Wilfried Lippitz’ theory of alterity, the other is a structural part of the self. It will be shown that within these theories the possible dangers of an encounter with the other cannot be addressed in an adequate way. However, this is especially important in educational contexts. Therefore, with regard to the philosophies of Jean‐Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, I would like to present two additional phenomenological approaches from which the pedagogical discussion can benefit. Both Sartre and Beauvoir put great focus on possible obstacles regarding the en‐ counter with the other. Whereas Sartre identifies negativity as an essential part of human existence, Beauvoir enriches these thoughts with an ethical component. Against the background of these philosophies, the other comes into view as a possible source of both objectification and empowerment. Lastly, the article shows that an implementation of these considerations in teacher training can lead to a deeper understanding of the constitution of identity and the inherent possibilities of any interaction with the other.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu są sądy i obserwacje odnoszące się do muzyki, z jaką w obcych krajach stykały się podróżujące kobiety, a którą postrzegały jako pewną osobliwość. Tak szerokie ujęcie problemu badawczego – opisy muzyki są bowiem zjawiskiem raczej rzadkim – ma swoje uzasadnienie: śpiew oraz gra na instrumentach stanowiły element wyższego wykształcenia dziewcząt, wskutek czego krytyka literacka zezwalała kobietom formułować sądy na ten temat. Opinia publiczna nie miała nic przeciwko temu, aby pisarki wydawały spontaniczne i emocjonalne opinie, i wręcz domagała się irracjonalności jako typowo kobiecej cechy. Przed badaczami kultury otwiera się zatem wielce obiecujące pole badawcze.Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań można zauważyć, że doświadczanie inności nie ogranicza się do doświadczenia egzotyczności, lecz pojawia się już w chwili kontaktu z muzyką obcego kraju lub innego wyznania. Friederike Brun, Ida Hahn-Hahn oraz Louise Mühlbach, których teksty składają się na korpus niniejszego przyczynku, formułowały opinie raczej uwłaczające i bardzo osobiste. Brak w ich ocenach ostrożnego i zdystansowanego podejścia do obcości jako tego, co nieznane i inne; obcość percypowana jest jako zjawisko negatywne, przywołujące negatywne konotacje. Uzupełnieniem lub alternatywą takich osądów jest twierdzenie, iż to, co obce, jest także zacofane.Pisarki rezygnowały z odwoływania się do opracowań naukowych, przykładowo Louise Mühlbach przeniosła do świata fikcji wyniesioną z lektury wiedzę o egipskich instrumentach, zawodowych śpiewaczkach i tekstach piosenek, przedstawiając ją jako nabytą na drodze własnego doświadczenia. Niemieckie pisarki starały się zaprezentować czytelnikom właśnie takie spontaniczne i bezpośrednie opisy, jakich się po nich spodziewano. Było to posunięcie błędne, co mocno krytykowali już w XIX wieku niektórzy badacze; także dzisiaj uznamy je za ogromny nietakt; zarazem jednak był to również efekt powszechnych wówczas wyobrażeń na temat płci.
EN
The subject of this paper are the impressions and judgements made by 19th century female travellers regarding music heard abroad and regarded as alien. There is a wellfounded rationale for this slightly untypical scholarly interest – although descriptions of music are rare in the literature, singing and playing an instrument were a part of girls’ education; therefore, literary critics would be inclined to accept accounts of this particular field. Moreover, public opinion did not only concede to female authors’ spontaneous and emotional judgements, but actually demanded a flair of irrationality as an ingredient of female characteristics. Cultural research may therefore have a promising new field ahead.It is striking that the sensation of alterity is not restricted to the experience of the exotic, but can occur the moment the traveller is confronted with music of another denomination or another European country. In the writings of Friederike Brun, Ida Hahn-Hahn or Louise Mühlbach, which are the main sources for this paper, we are faced with rather derogatory and highly individual judgements. Strange was not understood as unusual, which should be treated with caution and observation, but was seen as negative and tied to negative associations. Alternatively, or as a consequence, it could be regarded as backward. Since women were careful not to refer to academic sources, Louise Mühlbach fictionalized her knowledge of Egyptian instruments, professional female singers or song texts as drawn from experience, although it can be proven to have been acquired by reading. German female writers were eager to offer to the public the very spontaneous judgements and ‘unvarnished’ descriptions they expected. This resulted in blunders that were already heavily criticized by some scholars of the time and may sound embarrassing to us, but was – also – due to the generally prevailing gender-specific determinations.
DE
Untersuchungsgegenstand des Artikels sind Beobachtungen und Beurteilungen weiblicher Reisender des 19. Jahrhunderts über Musik, die sie in anderen Ländern hörten und die ihnen befremdlich vorkam. Für diese etwas ausgefallen klingende Thematik – Musikbeschreibungen sind eher selten zu lesen – gibt es Gründe: Gesang und Instrumentalspiel waren Bestandteile höherer Mädchenbildung, Frauen wurde von der Literaturkritik folglich ein Urteil auf diesem Gebiet zugestanden. Mehr noch: Die öffentliche Meinung billigte Schriftstellerinnen nicht nur spontane, emotionsbetonte Urteile zu, sie forderte geradezu Irrationalität als weibliches Charakteristikum ein. Die Kulturforschung hat also ein vielversprechendes Feld vor sich.Es fällt auf, dass das Gefühl von Alterität nicht auf das Erlebnis von Exotik beschränkt ist, sondern schon bei Musik einer anderen Konfession oder eines anderen europäischen Landes auftreten kann. Die Schriften von Friederike Brun, Ida Hahn-Hahn und Louise Mühlbach, die hauptsächlich untersucht wurden, kamen zu recht absprechenden und sehr persönlich gefärbten Urteilen. Fremd wurde nicht etwa als ungewohnt zunächst abwartend und vorsichtig beurteilt, sondern als negativ empfunden und mit negativ besetzten Assoziationen verknüpft. Ergänzend oder alternativ kann das Urteil, das Fremde sei zurückgeblieben, hinzutreten. Da Frauen sich hüteten, sich auf wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zu berufen, fiktionalisierte Louise Mühlbach ihr Wissen über ägyptische Instrumente, Berufssängerinnen und Liedtexte als selbsterworben, obgleich es nachweislich angelesen war. Deutsche Schriftstellerinnen waren bemüht, dem Publikum jene spontanen Urteile und ‘ungeschminkten‘ Darstellungen zu bieten, die es erwartete. Dass dies zu Fehlgriffen führte, wurde bereits im 19. Jahrhundert von einzelnen Wissenschaftlern scharf kritisiert und kann uns heute peinlich vorkommen, ist aber – auch – Ergebnis von generell herrschenden geschlechtsspezifischen Festlegungen.
Avant
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2018
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vol. 9
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issue 2
87-105
EN
This paper shows how persecution is a condition that binds each in an ethical obligation. Persecution is functionally defined here as an impinging, affective relation, one that is neither mediated by reason nor open to apology. The works of Sigmund Freud help illuminate the psychological mechanism responsible for impeding rational transparency in delusions of persecution and super-egoical moral demands. Similar to Freud who employs what Paul Ricœur has called a “hermeneutics of suspicion” to interrogate the status of a fully knowing subject, I contend that Emmanuel Lévinas’s work on the ethical subject is useful for developing a “hermeneutics of trust” in an ambivalent ontological condition that is unavoidably ethical. By thinking Freud and Lévinas together, I show how the commitment to total mastery of an unknowable ego leads to a persecutory relation, yielding moralities that are unconcerned with injuring the other in the name of that which is judged as good. In answer to this ethical dilemma, I propose that a turn toward relational ethics and an intentionality of search offers traces of a morality where differences are preserved and thus prevent the persecution of the other for one’s own moral fulfillment.
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EN
In this comprehensive paper, I present the thesis that the clinical biopower-which means biopouvoir according to Michel Foucault-can be countered with the help of artistic ability. In this sense, the psychiatric clinic may turn into a space of inclusion, respect, and true self-unfolding. Following Jean Dubuffet, I give a definition of art brut and analyze some works of German and Austrian outsiders of the 20th century, who succeeded in overcoming life-crises, such as childhood poverty, experiences of war, psychical illness, or social ostracism. I match the biopolitical character of psychiatry clinics against the most recent ideas of art therapy. The remainder of the article is organized in four parts: (1) Introduction: Raw Art, (2) Alterity: Beyond of Normality and Pathology, (3) Talent for Sovereignty, (4) Conclusion: The Between.
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2018
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vol. 65
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issue 7: Teologia ekumeniczna
65-74
EN
The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the specificity of self-knowledge in Fr. Dumitru Stăniloae thinking. The author present briefly two different ways of approaching the topic apart the theological one. The first one is from the field of neuroscience and the other one from linguistics. Both reveal the creative gnoseology of Fr. Dumitru Stăniloae in which the mystery of self-knowledge is related with the mystery of God and with the mystery of human existence.
PL
Celem artykułu jest podkreślenie specyfiki samowiedzy w refleksji ks. Dumitru Stăniloae. Autor krótko przedstawia dwa różne sposoby, poza sposobem teologicznym, podejścia do zagadnienia - pierwszy wywodzi się z obszaru neurobiologii, a drugi z lingwistyki. Oba ukazują kreatywną gnozeologię ks. Dumitru Stăniloae, w której tajemnica samowiedzy jest związana z tajemnicą Boga i z tajemnicą egzystencji ludzkiej.
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2021
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vol. 68
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issue 6
5-20
PL
W poszukiwaniu prawdy Bożej – nowego samozrozumienia Kościoła Po wielkiej utracie wiarygodności swojego autorytetu, struktura Kościoła katolickiego znajduje się w centralnym procesie przemian. Droga Synodalna w Niemczech jest próbą umożliwienia rozpoznania innym przejścia od obiektywistycznego do komunikatywnego rozumienia prawdy. W procesie tym nie chodzi w pierwszej kolejności o konkretne propozycje reform, które są do przyjęcia przez większość. W centrum zainteresowania pojawia się raczej pytanie o jedność wiary i hermeneutyczne procesy formułowania wiary. Die Struktur der katholischen Kirche befindet sich nach dem großen Glaubwürdigkeitsverlust ihrer Autorität in einem zentralen Transformationsprozess. Der Synodale Weg in Deutschland ist ein Versuch, die Anerkennung der Anderen neu zuzulassen von einem objektivistischen zu einem kommunikativen Wahrheitsverständnis voranzuschreiten. Bei diesem Prozess wird es nicht zuerst um konkrete Reformvorschläge gehen, die mehrheitsfähig sind. Vielmehr stehen die Frage nach der Einheit des Glaubens und nach den hermeneutischen Prozessen der Glaubensformulierung im Brennpunkt.
EN
After the great loss of credibility in her authority, the structure of the Catholic Church is in the central process of transformation. The Synodal Path in Germany is an attempt to allow others to recognize the transition from an objectivist to a communicative understanding of the truth. The process is not primarily about concrete reform proposals that are acceptable to the majority. Rather, the questions concerning both the unity of faith and the hermeneutic processes of formulating faith are in the center of attention.
DE
Die Struktur der katholischen Kirche befindet sich nach dem großen Glaubwürdigkeitsverlust ihrer Autorität in einem zentralen Transformationsprozess. Der Synodale Weg in Deutschland ist ein Versuch, die Anerkennung der Anderen neu zuzulassen von einem objektivistischen zu einem kommunikativen Wahrheitsverständnis voranzuschreiten. Bei diesem Prozess wird es nicht zuerst um konkrete Reformvorschläge gehen, die mehrheitsfähig sind. Vielmehr stehen die Frage nach der Einheit des Glaubens und nach den hermeneutischen Prozessen der Glaubensformulierung im Brennpunkt.
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