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Neuroendocrine and behavioral response to amphetamine challenge after exposure to an organophosphorus pesticide

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Gralewicz S., Lutz P., Świercz R., Grzelińska Z., Wiaderna D.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2011
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vol. 24
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issue 3
283-291
EN
Objectives: Exposure to various stressors is known to result in sensitization to psychostimulants, a state related to the psychostimulant dependence and addiction. It has been shown in some studies that the rise in corticosterone (CORT) concentration is indispensable for both the induction and the expression of behavioral sensitization. Therefore, it might be suspected that behavioral hyposensitivity to amphetamine (AMPH) is somehow related to a reduced CORT response to the psychostimulant subsequent to the chlorphenvinphos (CVP) intoxication. Materials and Methods: The male adult Wistar rats received single i.p. injections of CVP at the doses 0.5, 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg b.w., or pure corn oil. CORT concentration was determined in samples of blood drawn from the tail vein before and then 30, 60, 180 min and 24 h after injection. The other rats were divided into two groups and tested, three weeks after the CVP injection for the effect of AMPH (0.5 mg/kg b.w. i.p.) on the serum CORT concentration. In addition, behavioral sensitivity to AMPH was assessed by measuring locomotor activity of the animals in an open-field. Results: 1) The stressor property of CVP was confirmed. The injection resulted in up to tenfold increase in the serum CORT concentration. The magnitude and duration of this response were dose-related. 2) Three weeks after the CVP exposure, the CORT response to AMPH was significantly increased. 3) The behavioral response to the psychostimulant, i.e. augmented locomotion, was significantly reduced compared to the control. Conclusions: The results confirm that CVP exposure causes behavioral hyposensitivity to AMPH. This effect, however, could not be ascribed to a diminished CORT response.
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Acute methoxetamine and amphetamine poisoning with fatal outcome: A case report

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Wiergowski M., Anand J., Krzyżanowski M., Jankowski Z.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2014
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vol. 27
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issue 4
683-690
EN
Methoxetamine (MXE) is a psychoactive substance distributed mostly via the Internet and is not liable to legal regulation in Poland. MXE has a toxicity profile similar to that of ketamine but longer-lasting effects. The paper describes a case of acute poisoning that resulted from recreational use of MXE and amphetamine and ended in death. In mid-July 2012, a 31-year old man was admitted to the clinical toxicology unit in Gdańsk because of poisoning with an unknown psychoactive substance. The patient was transported to the emergency department (ED) at 5:15 a.m. in a very poor general condition, in a deep coma, with acute respiratory failure, hyperthermia (> 39°C) and generalized seizures. Laboratory tests showed marked leukocytosis, signs of massive rhabdomyolysis, hepatic failure and beginning of acute renal failure. Despite intensive therapy, the patient died 4 weeks after the poisoning in the course of multi-organ dysfunction syndrome. Chemical and toxicological studies of serum and urine samples collected on the poisoning day at 1:40 p.m. confirmed that amphetamine and MXE had been taken earlier that day. Concentration of amphetamine in the serum (0.06 μg/ml) was within the non-toxic range, while MXE (0.32 μg/ml) was within the toxic range of concentrations. Amphetamine was also detected in the patient's hair, which suggested a possibility of its use within the last dozen weeks or so. The serious clinical course of intoxication and co-existence of amphetamine and MXE in the patient's blood and urine suggest the possibility of adverse interactions between them.
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Analytically confirmed presence of psychoactive substances, especially new psychoactive substances in a group of patients hospitalized with mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of psychoactive substances diagnosis

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Engelgardt P., Krzyżanowski M., Piotrowski P., Borkowska-Sztachańska M., Wasilewska A.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2022
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vol. 35
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issue 4
485-495
EN
ObjectivesThe study assessed the presence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in comparison to “classic” drugs in the group of newly admitted patients with mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of psychoactive substances diagnosis (section F11–19 according to ICD-10).Material and MethodsData from anamnesis and the blood and urine samples were collected from 116 patients diagnosed with mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use. All of them expressed written informed consent. Analytical confirmation was obtained by highperformance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Liquid-liquid extraction was used for sample preparation.ResultsIn the sample, 108 (93%) of 116 were positive for psychoactive substances (including 96 cases where >1 substance was found), 69% of individuals were tested positive for opioids and 67% for benzodiazepines. Eleven (9%) of 116 patient samples were positive for NPS. We detected 7 different substances. Six of them were synthetic cannabinoids: PB-22, MDMB-CHMICA, MMB-CHMICA, AB-CHMINACA, MMB-FUBINACA, THJ-2201 and one synthetic cathinone 3-CMC.ConclusionsThe prevalence and NPS profile (the predominance of synthetic cannabinoids) are similar in the group of people with addiction to psychoactive substances as in populations of people taking recreational drugs and the overdose patients admitted to the hospital.
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