Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 10

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  ancient Church
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
1
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Kontrowersje wokół męczeństwa w starożytnym kościele – stanowisko Tertuliana

100%
Kubiszewska E.
Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe
|
2012
|
vol. 31
229-242
EN
Tertullian in his works referred to controversial issues which had happened during persecution of the first believers of the Christ. The Christianity required from its followers even martyrdom, for which they received a priceless prize: the eternal life. The martyrdom was not ordered but was a free choice and sprang from the willpower of God. Carthaginian firmly objected to the escape during persecution. From conducted analysis of his texts can be seen that his view on this subject changed. In the period of the Catholic faith he supported the escape but converting on Montanizm disregarded it, because given that persecution originated from God, it could not be nothing bad. Particularly he condemned clergymen shirking the martyrdom as it was them that should be a model for faithful and a support in heavy moments of doubt. Carthaginian was a rigorous opponent of buying himself out from the martyrdom. According to Tertullian, since the Jesus laid down his life for all people, there was no price which could equal this act and redeem the man back from the martyrdom. Such a way of avoiding persecuting was unworthy to follow by faithful of Christ.
2
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Postawa ubogiego wobec ofiarodawcy i jego daru w nauczaniu starożytnego Kościoła (I-III wiek)

86%
Wygralak P.
Vox Patrum
|
2012
|
vol. 57
763-772
EN
The article deals with the problem of the responsibility of a poor person for the received gift. Analysis of selected writings of Christian antiquity reveals that every poor person who asks the rich for assistance is responsible to God for the received gift. All those who appeal to the benevolence of the rich and extort their help will answer at God’s judgment. In turn a poor person who is in real need is God’s altar. The alms given to the poor are a sacrifice that the rich offer on the altar of God himself. This confers a supernatural dimension upon alms. Moreover, between the benefactor and the recipient the relation of a reciprocal exchange of goods is established. The poor person who is supported with material goods by a rich person reciprocates with spiritual gifts: intercessory prayer and gratitude that continue even after the benefactor’s death. Thus, the rich person who receives the spiritual gifts benefits more than the poor person because in return for perish­able material goods he is given eternal life.
3
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Motywy działalności charytatywnej w Kościele starożytnym

81%
Müller A., Kalbarczyk A.
Teologia Praktyczna
|
2019
|
issue 20
9-20
EN
The article gives a systematic justifi cation of charitable activity following the teaching of many Church Fathers on this issue – from Cyprian of Carthage onward – contained in their orations and writings on almsgiving and works of charity. The ancient Church used numerous biblical texts to justify charity, and in many of them we can fi nd a direcThe article gives a systematic justifi cation of charitable activity following the teaching of many Church Fathers on this issue – from Cyprian of Carthage onward – contained in their orations and writings on almsgiving and works of charity. The ancient Church used numerous biblical texts to justify charity, and in many of them we can fi nd a direct appeal for individual commitment to charitable acts. Albeit such a motivation makes diakonia a form of righteousness by works, which is unacceptable to Protestants, in the teaching of the Church Fathers one also discovers lines of argumentation focused on the addressees of charity and based on Christian anthropology. Apart from arguments of this type there are also modes of justifi cation of charity connected to institutional diakonia which was likely to be driven by the pressure of interreligious competition, pursuit of prestige by Church dignitaries and their desire to exert a personal infl uence over the life of the Church and society. 
PL
Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia w sposób systematyczny uzasadnienie dobroczynności, jakie dawało wielu ojców Kościoła – począwszy od Cypriana z Kartaginy – w swoich mowach i pismach na temat jałmużny i uczynków miłosierdzia. Kościół starożytny posługiwał się licznymi tekstami biblijnymi dla uzasadnienia dobroczynności. W wielu z nich znajdziemy bezpośrednie wezwania do indywidualnego zaangażowania charytatywnego. Taka motywacja czyni jednak z diakonii formę sprawiedliwości z uczynków, która jest nie do przyjęcia dla protestantów. Niemniej w nauczaniu ojców Kościoła znaleźć można również takie linie argumentacji, które zwrócone są przede wszystkim w stronę adresata dobroczynności, oparte na chrześcijańskiej antropologii. Obok takiej argumentacji spotkać można także uzasadnienia związane z diakonią instytucjonalną, w ramach której do działalności charytatywnej mogła pobudzać presja międzyreligijnej konkurencji, a także chęć zdobycia prestiżu u dostojników kościelnych i wywierania osobistego wpływu na życie Kościoła i społeczeństwa.
4
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Postawa męczenników wobec państwa i władzy państwowej według Tertuliana

72%
Kubiszewska-Krasowska E.
Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe
|
2014
|
vol. 35
|
issue 2
137-147
EN
Tertullian held a rigorous opinion about the attitude of martyrs towards the state and people in power. He analyzed the cases of Christians involving in the social life of pagans. Among others, he discussed the issue of military service, the work of teachers and government officials as well as the relationship of Christians to the emperor. The necessity to kill in case of soldiers, to participate in pagan ceremonies and work in government positions were all associated with violation of Christian principles. The faithful were obliged to pray for the well-being of the emperor and of the Roman Empire. Christians’ aversion towards the state increased during their persecutions. They were not good government officials because, due to their faith, they were unable to fully execute all commands and were sentenced to martyrdom in consequence. It can be concluded that Tertullian encouraged withdrawal from the life of the state in order to remain faithful to God.
5
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Motywy i formy żydowskich prześladowań pierwotnego Kościoła (I-II w. po Chr.)

72%
Wróbel M. S.
The Biblical Annals
|
2013
|
vol. 3
|
issue 2
421-438
EN
The persecutions of Jesus and the members of the ancient Church are well attested by Christian (New Testament, early patristic) and Jewish (early rabbinic) sources. The present article, using these sources, tries to answer the question: what are the motifs and forms of Jewish persecutions in the time of Jesus and after His death in the early Christian communities? In the center of this polemic is the person of Jesus and new optics of issues crucial for Judaism such as: monotheism, the observance of Torah, the Temple, election, covenant and relation to the new believers from the pagan world. The persecutions have the forms of verbal (insults, derisions, slander) and physical (excommunication from the Synagogue, proceedings at courts, flogging, imprisonment, murders) attacks. The author puts the emphasis on the polemic aspects of the relation between the Synagogue and the Church in the early stage of their development. The battle for the identity of the true Israel (verus Israel), between two religious communities, leads to hostility and separation. Taking this issue into consideration is the basis for authentic dialogue between Judaism and Christianity today.
6
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Powody wędrówek duchowieństwa w świetle postanowień późnoantycznych zgromadzeń biskupich (IV, V wiek)

72%
Wojcieszak M.
Studia Pelplińskie
|
2022
|
vol. 56
451-468
EN
The paper addresses the reasons why the late-antique clergy (4th – 5th century) moved from place to place in the light of ecclesiastical normative texts promulgated at episcopal assemblies of the Roman Empire. At times this mobility had its reasons in the canon law and sometimes in either personal ambition, prestige, disagreement with excommunication, or in various scandals. Canons established by synods and councils were our main source. The collections of normative texts are abundant and from this it is possible to reconstruct the parts of a wider picture of clerical disciplinary issues and of the many problems besetting Christians at that time. The question of clerical mobility needs further research, especially in the analysis of other late antique sources.
PL
W artykule zajęliśmy się przyczynami wędrówek późnoantycznego duchowieństwa (IV, V w.), które pojawiały się w kościelnych tekstach normatywnych ustalanych na zgromadzeniach biskupich Cesarstwa Rzymskiego. Poruszyliśmy kwestie powodów wędrówek osób duchownych podzielone na te zgodne z prawem kanonicznym i wszelkie inne wynikające z powodów czy to ambicjonalnych, prestiżowych, niezgadzania się na ekskomuniki, czy to różnych skandali. Kanony ustalane przez synody i sobory były naszym głównym źródłem. Kolekcja tekstów normatywnych jest bogata i można na jej podstawie odtwarzać fragmenty obrazu dyscypliny duchowieństwa (i wielu problemów nękających ówczesnych chrześcijan) w interesującej nas epoce. Temat wędrówek potrzebuje dalszych badań, zwłaszcza w analizie innych późnoantycznych źródeł.
7
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Znaczenie pielgrzymek dla chrześcijan epoki późnego antyku w relacji św. Paulina z Noli (354/355-431)

58%
Wojcieszak M.
Studia Pelplińskie
|
2020
|
vol. 54
329-344
EN
In this article we engaged in the issue of importance of pilgrimages for christian from late-antiquity period in the eyes of christian erduite, Paulinus of Nola. Paulinus of Nola was a poet and senator. He held the office of suffect consul in 377 AD and governor of Campanina in 381 AD. Then, after emperor Gratian’s death and many private causes, like the death of his brother and death of his child, Paulinus converted to a Christian faith and started an ascetic life in Nola. The rich source collection of his writings has not survived, but we tried to present a picture slice of life of a christian society in the IVth and Vth century. We discussed the importance of pilgrimages in a christian life, incentives for them, ways of treating pilgrims in holy places and the most popular directions of pilgrimages. Unfortunately, many issues are not mentioned by Paulinus, such as the dangers of travel or he was writing about some issues briefly, such as the relics and cult of it, which was related to the pilgrimages (relics were often some kind of souvenir from pilgrimage). The subject itself requires further researches, especially in analysis of other christian authors from the late-antiquity period.
PL
W artykule zajęliśmy się kwestią znaczenia pielgrzymek dla chrześcijanina z epoki późnego antyku widzianych oczyma chrześcijańskiego erudyty Paulina z Noli (zm. 431r.). Poruszone zostały zagadnienia ważności pielgrzymki w życiu chrześcijańskim, zachęty do nich, sposoby podejmowania pielgrzymów w miejscach świętych oraz najpopularniejsze kierunki peregrinatio i przywożone z nich relikwie lub pamiątki. Kolekcja źródeł Paulina z Noli nie jest bogata, jednak spróbowaliśmy zaprezentować wycinek obrazu z życia chrześcijańskiego społeczeństwa w IV i Vw. Wielu kwestii Paulin niestety nie porusza, jak np. niebezpieczeństwa podróży lub czyni to pobieżnie jak w kwestii relikwii. Sam temat wymaga dalszych badań, zwłaszcza w analizie innych późnoantycznych chrześcijańskich autorów.
8
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Społeczność Kościoła Afryki rzymskiej w relacji św. Augustyna

58%
Wojcieszak M.
Studia Pelplińskie
|
2019
|
vol. 53
557-581
EN
This article presents selected remarks that St Augustine made on the late-classical Christian community of the Church in Roman. Looking at the writings of the bishop of Hippo we can analyse a certain section of Roman society in the African province, especially the question of the confessional relations in the Church structures of those days. However, this is not a complete image and we are able to deal only with some selected topics here. This is due to the fact that the collection of the Augustine sources is very complex and despite the numerous studies on this subject, new doubts and questions still arise. The paper contains a study of the African clergy, the liturgical rite, the laity in general and its ecclesiastical functions as well as the religious tensions caused by heresies and schisms. Undoubtedly the subject itself requires further research, yet the conclusions presented in the article allow us to say that despite the economic problems in the third century, the crises, the usurpations of power and, above all, the heresies, the schisms and the opportunistic conversions, the African Church in the time of St. Augustine was developing well. The charismatic bishop of Hippo was doing his best to tackle all these difficulties with the support of his clergy.
PL
W artykule tym zaprezentowane zostały wybrane uwagi na temat późnoantycznej społeczności chrześcijan Kościoła Afryki rzymskiej w relacji św. Augustyna. Odwołując się do dzieł biskupa Hippony, mogliśmy zanalizować pewien wycinek obrazu społeczeństwa rzymskiego w prowincji afrykańskiej dotyczący kwestii stosunków religijnych w ówczesnych strukturach kościelnych. Nie jest to obraz pełny, zajęliśmy się w tym miejscu tylko wybranymi zagadnieniami, ponieważ kolekcja źródeł Augustyna jest nader bogata i mimo wielości opracowań na ten temat, wciąż można odkrywać nowe zagadnienia czy problemy, bądź też analizować opracowane już na nowy sposób. W powyższym artykule zajęliśmy się kwestiami związanymi z duchowieństwem afrykańskim, przebiegiem liturgii, ogólnie pojętym laikatem i jego służbą kościelną oraz stosunkami religijnymi, zawężonymi do zagadnień herezji i schizm. Sam temat podjęty przez nas w artykule wymaga dalszych badań, jednak przedstawione powyżej wnioski pozwalają stwierdzić, że mimo problemów z gospodarką w III wieku, kryzysami, uzurpacjami, a nade wszystko z herezjami, schizmami i koniunkturalnymi nawróceniami, Kościół afrykański w czasach św. Augustyna rozwijał się dobrze, a próby walki z problemami podejmował charyzmatyczny biskup Hippony, wspierany przez hierarchię kościelną. 
9
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Świeccy fundatorzy instytucji dobroczynnych w Kościele starożytnym

58%
Wójcik M.
Vox Patrum
|
2002
|
vol. 42
327-337
EN
Charitable activities go back to the very beginning of Christianity, but charity institutions were founded since the fourth century. In 321 A.D. the Church was granted testament factio passiva which allowed lay people to cede their property to the Church. In many cases there is no certainty about who the founder of a charity was. However, it is certain that the first founders were bishops. The earliest information about lay founders date back to the first half of the fourth century in the East and the end of the fourth century in the West. The historical sources of the following centuries are more numerous. Also, imperial constitutions, many of which were issued by Justinian, were the proof of charities founded by lay people and they functioned as a safeguard of the instructions concerning charitable activities. Lay founders were given a legal guarantee to run the charity they founded. However, the legal status of the charitable institutions of that time is still a matter of argument.
10
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Świętowanie w chrześcijaństwie w IV–V wieku

26%
Komarnicki K. F.
Studia Redemptorystowskie
|
2013
|
issue 11
201-229
EN
Human time, no matter to what culture or religion a man belongs, is filled with celebrations that give rhythm to his life and help him capture the essence of his existence. Also Christianity over the centuries worked out various forms of specific celebration. The goal of this text is to look at the character of celebrate in the fourth and fifth centuries and to determine how the Christian writers wrote about the celebration. The first sources that author considered are two ancient texts of Socrates of Constantinople (Socrates Scholasticus) and Sozomen (Salminius Hermias Sozomenus) with the same names: Historia Ecclesiastica. In both works there are little chapters, in which appear the mention of the celebration, the majority of them is associated with Feast of the Passover and The First Council of Nicaea, others occur mainly on the margins of the narrative. This is because the history of the Church is here treated primarily as ‘political’ history, shaped by the decisions of great personages of the Church. The most important conclusion that emerges from these two texts is the observation that the differences in the way of celebration are not a source of division, but most of all divisions for doctrinal reasons manifest themselves in a separate celebration. The second source is The Travels of Egeria, also called The Pilgrimage of Aetheria (Itinerarium Egeriae), a letter describing the author’s travel to the holy places. In her report Egeria devotes much attention to the description of those involved in the celebration of subsequent festivals. The modern reader is struck by the generosity of crowds gathered in prayer and their vivid faith that motivates them to make long prayers going for hours. Celebration of Christians in the fourth and fifth centuries was an expression of a vivid faith. Their religion permeated life in all dimensions, and determined the essence of who they were. It was touching the inexpressible, the main aim was above all communion with Christ and the Church. Originally Christians celebrated entirely in the community of the Church, which gives a more or less clear framework to all that can be considered for celebration.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.