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MtDNA analysis of early-medieval human remains from the cemetery in Grodowice (PL)

100%
Kubica-Grygiel A., Csáky V., Mende B. G.
Przegląd Archeologiczny
|
2019
|
vol. 67
291-306
EN
The genetic composition of the medieval populations of Central Europe, Poland in particular, has been poorly investigated to date. Although a few DNA datasets from Poland have been published recently, no large-scale ancient DNA study on medieval populations has hitherto been reported. This paper reports the study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and presents the first population-level human DNA study from Lesser Poland by establishing mitochondrial DNA profiles for 13 samples from the Grodowice cemetery dated to the Medieval Period (11th to mid-13th century). The medieval sequences encompass almost the entire range of Western Eurasian macro-haplogroups: H, J, U. Interestingly, there is one sample which belongs to the Asian haplogroup G. aDNA sequences were compared with a dataset of 35,203 present-day sequences of the HVR I region of mtDNA including European, Near Eastern, and Asian populations, as well as 775 ancient sequences. Analyses of population genetics were performed, including genetic distances (FST), multidimensional scaling (MDS), principal component analysis (PCA) and shared haplotype analysis (SHA). The shared haplotype analysis (SHA) showed that the medieval population from Grodowice shares the majority of haplotypes with the medieval populations from the contact-zones of today’s Slovakia and Croatia (53.85%) as well as with Hungarian conquerors (46.15%).
2
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Aurochs DNA analysis (Bos primigenius)

100%
Słomski R., Dzieduszycki A. M., Lipiński D., Szalata M., Zeyland J., Wielgus K., Frąckowiak H., Smorąg Z., Ryba M. S.
Nauka
|
2008
|
issue 4
EN
Aurochs (Bos primigenius) was a unique species lasting through Pleistocene and Holocene for about two million years. The aurochs was one of the largest animals ever to inhabit Europe. The longest the species survived in the very Central Europe (presently Poland), where in spite of being taken under quite modern protection the last aged cow died in the year 1627. The most often brought up reason for dying out of the Aurochs is hunting and pouching. Another belief is, that growing agriculture pushed them away further from human sites. The study of the ancient DNA is quite a challenge. Although more and more research centers undertake the task, there is still little knowledge on this matter. First step of analysis is finding of certified aurochs bones or teeth and isolation of DNA. That was the most important step, followed by cloning of aurochs DNA in bacterial system for further analysis encompassing DNA sequencing and comparison with the existing bovine database in search for any similarities and specific genes. Some of the results have been already published. Studies of aurochs help also understanding history of species, its relation to other species and perhaps will help preventing extinction of other animals.
3

O rygorach metodycznych analizowania kopalnego dna i skutkach ich nieprzestrzegania

88%
Witas H. W.
Archeologia Polski
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2015
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vol. 60
164-177
EN
An overview of the methods used by the authors of Chapter 5 from a monograph on analysis of the Globular Amphorae culture remains from the Koszyce site 3 (M. Kuś, A. Ossowski 2013) suggests a series of methodological objections. DNA analysis of the same material performed in accordance with generally accepted rigors of ancient DNA research raises doubts about authenticity of the published sequences and their interpretation.
4

Palaeopathology and its relevance to understanding health and disease today: the impact of the environment on health, past and present

75%
Roberts C. A.
Anthropological Review
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2016
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vol. 79
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issue 1
1-16
EN
This paper considers the discipline of palaeopathology, how it has developed, how it is studied, and what limitations present challenges to analysis. The study of disease has a long history and has probably most rapidly developed over the last 40-50 years with the development of methods, and particularly ancient pathogen DNA analysis. While emphasizing that palaeopathology has close synergies to evolutionary medicine, it focuses then on three ‘case studies’ that illustrate the close interaction people have had with their environments and how that has impacted their health. Upper and lower respiratory tract disease has affected sinuses and ribs, particularly in urban contexts, and tuberculosis in particular has been an ever present disease throughout thousands of years of our existence. Ancient DNA methods are now allowing us to explore how strains of the bacteria causing TB have changed through time. Vitamin D deficiency and ‘phossy jaw’ are also described, both potentially related to polluted environments, and possibly to working conditions in the industrial period. Access to UV light is emphasized as a preventative factor for rickets and where a person lives is important (latitude). The painful stigmatizing ‘phossy jaw’ appears to be a condition related to the match making industries. Finally, thoughts for the future are outlined, and two key concerns: a close consideration of ethical issues and human remains, especially with destructive analyses, and thinking more about how palaeopathological research can impact people beyond academia.
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