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Czeladź, animals, Nazi occupation, memories, everyday lifeThe article describes everyday life in Czeladź, one of the towns of Zagłębie Dabrowskie, during the Second World War. The reconstruction of the role animals played in this town (both as farm and draft animals and as household pets) is primarily based on memories collected by the author during interviews with the oldest residents of the city.
EN
Miles Olson is the author of two books: The Compassionate Hunter’s Guidebook: Hunting from the Heart and Unlearn, Rewild: Earth Skills, Ideas and Inspiration for the Future Primitive. The paper consists of a critical analysis and an ethical evaluation of Olson’s particular version of anarcho-primitivism and ideological assumptions of his concept of “rewilding”. The question of hunting and the motives for Olson’s rejection of veganism are analyzed in detail.
EN
The article presents a reflection on the presence of animals in the Holocaust and in the narratives that underpinned it. The starting point of this consideration is the book by a Polish literary scholar – Piotr Krupiński „Why did the Geese Shriek?” Animals and the Holocaust in Polish Literature of the 20th and 21st Century. The author juxtaposes the book with the comic book Maus by Art Spiegelman and the nazi propaganda film The Eternal Jew. The article raises questions about, among others, suffering of animals, a human–animal dualism in the context of the Holocaust, zoomorphism, and controversies over the so called animal holocaust. The author points out that we should remember the human is also an animal, especially at the time of the reflection on the Holocaust, which reveals the issue of “community of death”.
PL
Zwierzęta składane w ofierze(na podstawie noweli Iwana Szmielowa Słońce umarłych) Artykuł zawiera analizę najtragiczniejszego dzieła Iwana Szmielowa – „epopei” Słońce umarłych, opisującego ostatnie chwile wojny domowej w Rosji. Tragizm opowieści, wybrzmiewający w tytule, narasta stopniowo i nasila się wraz z rozwojem akcji, realizując się w motywach przetrwania-umierania oraz zbliżającej się apokalipsy. W obrazie ginącego świata zwierzęta odgrywają wyjątkową rolę, są pierwszymi stworzeniami, które składane są w ofierze – niezależnie od tego, czy są to ptaki (paw, orły, jastrząb, gołębie itp.), czy zwierzęta domowe (koń, krowa, pies, kot). W zrozumieniu ich losów szczególną funkcję pełnią zoonimy, które pozwalają na personifikację każdego ze zwierząt i podkreślają wartość życia wszystkich stworzeń.
EN
Animals for Sacrifice(on Ivan Shmelev’s Novel The Sun of the Dead) The article analyzes the most tragic work of Ivan Shmelev about time at the end of the Civil War in Russia, about the “epic” The Sun of the Dead. The tragedy of the story that is in its title gradually grows and intensifies in accordance with the dynamics of the plot action, realized in the motives of survival-dying and impending apocalypse. In the picture of the dying world, animals have an exclusive role, they are destined to be the first to go for sacrifice, whether they are birds (peacock, eagle, hawk, pigeons, etc.) or domestic animals (horse, cow, dog, cat). In the development of their characters, a special function is performed by zoonyms that allow each of them to be personified and to emphasize the value of the life of any being.
EN
The article presents the problem of animal death in the perspective of contemporary posthuman research in the field of animal studies. Manifestations of animal characters were discussed on the example of works by a contemporary Polish writer – Krystyna Kofta. Selected topics from Kofta’s works (Kot, Syf and Pawilon małych drapieżców) serve to illustrate the relationship between the fate of a woman and an animal as victims of patriarchal culture.
PL
W artykule omówiono historię polowania na Białorusi oraz system tradycyjnych wyobrażeń o polowaniu, które jest ściśle związane zarówno z kategorią potocznej, jak i mitologicznej świadomości. Pokazano, że zajęcie to przenika kompleks mitologicznych wyobrażeń i wiąże się ono z magicznymi praktykami. Zaznaczono szczególny charakter wzajemnych związków myśliwych z siłami i istotami nie z tego świata. Myśliwi, pozostając częścią społeczeństwa, w wielu przypadkach są obdarzani demonicznymi cechami charakteru oraz porównywani do kategorii osób „wiedzących”, do czarodziejów.
EN
The article reviews the history of hunting in Belarus and reveals the system of traditional ideas about hunting, which is closely related to the categories of everyday and mythological consciousness. It demonstrates that this craft is infused with a complex of mythological representations and is associated with magical practice. One also notes a special character of the relationship of hunters with foreign forces and beings. Hunters, while remaining a part of society, are in some cases endowed with demonic characteristics and equated with the category of “knowledgeable”, with sorcerers.
EN
Hunting and ReligionOn the Religious Significance of Hunting Practices from the Perspective of Animal Studies The main aim of the article is to consider the presence and function of religion (in most cases, the Christian religion) in the broadly conceived hunting practices at the turn of the 21st century, as well as the presence of religious motivation and ideological commitment in the hunters’ community from the perspective of religious studies inspired by the empirical research into the human-animal relationship (known as animal studies). The hunting narrative is shown, on the one hand, as eagerly seeking legitimacy and support from institutional religion (evidenced by the patron saints of hunting, the hunting ceremonial that has close parallels in the church ceremonial, and the argument in favour of “ecological balance” and “nature management” based on theological sources) and, on the other hand, as disguising an unethical and religiously unacceptable element of the arbitrary taking of life and inflicting pain without a shadow of empathy or without respecting the right to existence of what is a vulnerable being, even more so because it is devoid of human tools and rationality. The author’s examination of the issues leads to the discussion of the hunters’ religious mythologizing of their own status which draws on the ancient origin of hunting practices in prehistoric times: a period when the human-animal relationship was not yet marked by dualistic division and ontological asymmetry. The paper ultimately aims at the analysis of the way hunting is presented in religious studies research, of the difference between the implications of hunting activities for the human-animal relationship in premodern tribal communities (which practised subsistence hunting) and contemporary industrialized ones, and of the possibility of granting religious subjecthood to animals which stems from the return to the non-dichotomous, relational and dynamic view of the world typical of hunter-gatherers’ times.
EN
In the past three hundred years zoological gardens have undergone a series of profound conceptual and organisational changes. This article provides a brief historical outlook on the evolution of zoos from royal menageries to modern facilities, focusing on its most striking aspect – the gradual transformation from bare exhibitions of animal species into representations of whole habitats. The author presents a few main historical factors leading to that change and outlines possible paths of future development.
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