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EN
Anorexia nervosa, which is one of the forms of eating disorders, can be considered as a manifestation of a long and very complex process of self-destruction. Although its genesis is usually associated with puberty problems, it is rarely a rapid phenomenon. It should be treated rather as a kind of epilogue of one’s personal history. Malnutrition and weight control appearing in its context are in fact a manifestation of an attempt to cope with the hardships experienced by individual. Therefore, the anorexia nervosa is not just a problem of weight or eating habits, but it’s a way of manifesting the internal problem of the individual. Its form, defined by the otherwise valid canons of beauty or success, and consolidated by behaviours learned during the use of slimming diets, is revealed, however, in connection with specific personality traits. That is why the importance of people with this disorder, to a large extent, of tendencies to self-destructive behaviour, leading more or less consciously to self-destruction and in extreme cases to death, is emphasized. The article deals with the problem of anorexia nervosa as a manifestation of self-destructive tendencies and the issue of factors and mechanisms conditioning the occurrence of self-destructive behaviour from the perspective of selected psychodynamic concepts, indicating the importance of the issue for the care and educational processes.
EN
The aim of the present study was the analysis of differences in intra and interpersonal perception in families with girls suffering from Anorexia Nervosa and families with healthy controls. Research was conducted among the group of 30 families with AN girl and 30 families with healthy girl. The perception of oneself and family members was investigated with the Semantic Differential Technique constructed by the author of the study. Differences were found in the self-perception and perception of a father between girls with AN and healthy girls (girls with AN have negative self-perception). No significant differences were found in self-perception of mothers and fathers and in perception of their daughters in both family groups.
EN
Psychiatric disorders are characterized by a range of specific cognitive distortions. One of the most interesting cognitive phenomena is Thought-Shape Fusion, which occurs when thinking about eating certain types of food increases a person’s estimate of their shape and/or weight, elicits a perception of moral wrongdoing, and/or makes the person feel fat. TSF can be induced experimentally in healthy volunteers, but it is especially associated with eating pathology. It may be that thought–shape fusion is both a direct expression of the core psychopathology and also serves to maintain it. In patients for whom thought–shape fusion appears to be a barrier to changing the core psychopathology, direct techniques for addressing thought–shape fusion may be very useful.
EN
The objective of this study was to identify coping strategies that infl uence body attitudes in women with anorexia nervosa (n = 34). We used the BAT, the FRS and the Brief COPE. Coping strategies based on focus on and venting of emotions, positive reframing and seeking instrumental social support were predictive factors for the negative appreciation of body size. Seeking emotional social support, positive reframing and use of instrumental support constituted a risk profi le for development of lack of familiarity with one’s body. Denial, focus on and venting of emotions, seeking instrumental social support positive reframing and humour are predictors of general body dissatisfaction. Emotion-oriented coping had an adverse effect on body attitudes and body experience among patients with anorexia
EN
Purpose: To analyze the content of websites according to their pro-ana subject matter, in order to better understand their significance in the pathogenesis, symptoms and treatment of anorexia. Materials and methods: In the study, 50 websites including pro-ana sites were analyzed. The material was evaluated for inclusion of content promoting behavior typical of people with eating disorders. Results: Sixty percent of analyzed sites were blogs, which are individuals’ online diaries, and 34 percent were Internet forums. Access to 78 percent of the analyzed pages was unrestricted. Eighty-two percent of sites included the so-called thinspirations, which are pictures, songs and videos inspiring the viewer to be thin. Stories of weight loss and related problems were present on 69 percent of the sites. Other features were advices on radical diets, recipes, nutritional supplements, drugs and sets of exercises that help in weight loss. Conclusions: Pro-ana websites contain texts and images influencing body image. They may confirm the belief that pro-ana is an attractive way of life. A thorough analysis of the content of these pages makes it clear that their message may negatively affect the treatment of patients with anorexia
EN
Aim. The main aim of the research is to identify and evaluate the quality of life of patients with an eating disorder – anorexia nervosa. In an analytical and descriptive way, the authors determine the level of various areas of life of patients who suffer from anorexia nervosa. Methods. The subjects of the study were participants suffering from anorexia nervosa. Based on qualitative research through unstructured interviews, the authors carried out causal case individual investigations, which they classified according to anamnesis, diagnostic tools and areas, which they evaluated based on the statements of the participants. Results. The analysis shows that anorexia nervosa affects different areas of life. It is a lifelong problem that has a huge impact on the physical, psychological, and spiritual side of a person. Conclusion. The study deals with the various elements of anorexia nervosa, which ultimately affects a person for life. Through definitions and interpretations of the authors' research results, we can confirm that it has multi-problematic consequences for the categorised areas of an individual's life, for the family and the groups in which they live.
EN
The study aimed at searching for the relationship between the locus of control and coping with stress in women with anorexia nervosa. The results of 72 women, including 26 ones suffering from anorexia and 46 healthy ones, constituting the control group, were analysed. In the study, the Delta Questionnaire for sense-of-control assessments by Drwal was used alongside the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) by Endler and Parker. Women with anorexia nervosa are different from healthy ones in that their external locus of control is significantly stronger. When coping with stress, women with anorexia nervosa use the emotional style significantly more frequently than healthy ones, whereas they use the task-oriented style and the avoiding style in the form of seeking support from other people significantly less frequently. In the group of women with anorexia, the external locus of control correlates positively with the emotional style and the avoiding style in the form of undertaking substitutive activities, and it correlates negatively with the lie scale. The results can constitute the basis for further analyses aiming at searching for interrelations between the locus of control and other dimensions of the psychosocial functioning of women with eating disorders.
PL
Celem podjętego badania było poszukiwanie związków między poczuciem umiejscowienia kontroli a sposobami radzenia sobie ze stresem u kobiet z jadłowstrętem psychicznym. Analizie poddano wyniki 72 kobiet, w tym 26 z anoreksją oraz 46 zdrowych, stanowiących grupę kontrolną. W badaniu wykorzystano Kwestionariusz do Pomiaru Poczucia Kontroli (Delta) Drwala oraz Kwestionariusz Radzenia Sobie w Sytuacjach Stresowych (CISS) Endlera i Parkera. Kobiety z jadłowstrętem psychicznym odróżnia od zdrowych istotnie wyższe zewnętrzne poczucie umiejscowienia kontroli. W sytuacjach stresowych istotnie częściej niż zdrowe wykorzystują styl emocjonalny, istotnie rzadziej natomiast stosują styl zadaniowy i unikowy w formie poszukiwania wsparcia u innych. W grupie kobiet z anoreksją zewnętrzne umiejscowienie kontroli koreluje dodatnio ze stylem emocjonalnym i unikowym w postaci angażowania się w działania zastępcze oraz ujemnie ze skalą kłamstwa. Badanie może stanowić podstawę dalszych analiz, mających na celu poszukiwanie związków między poczuciem umiejscowienia kontroli a innymi wymiarami psychospołecznego funkcjonowania kobiet z zaburzeniami odżywiania.
EN
Scientific reflections on information literacy have emphasized that young people must develop information competences related to using the Internet. Among various approaches, in the generic approach, catalogues of competences are constructed and treated as lists of desired behaviours and skills. The article aims to criticize this approach and its characteristic fetishization of theoretical categories; because of fetishization, these catalogues of competences fail to reflect social reality. The article presents the practices of female bloggers of the pro-ana movement: young girls who consider anorexia not a disease but a lifestyle. Using the method of content analysis, the author analysed 561 blog entries on 15 blogs and compared the collected data with a model catalogue of competencies created based on the literature. Perceived from the perspective of the generic approach, female pro-ana bloggers may be considered informationliterate. This implies that this approach is deficient as the pro-ana movement negatively impacts both healthy and ill girls. The analysis indicates that proponents of the generic standpoint should distinguish the so called competent negative uses.
EN
the incidence of possible diagnose and core symptoms of ADHD between the patient and the control group. The second objective was to compare the incidence and describe the specific manifestation of ADHD core symptoms in individual diagnostic subgroups of eating disorders (ED). Sample and settings. ADHD symptoms were assessed by self and other-report forms of a BAARS questionnaire. 133 ED female patients were diagnosed according to the ICD-10 criteria during admission. The control group consisted of 93 healthy female students. Hypotheses. First, authors expected higher occurrence of ADHD in the group of patients compared to the healthy control group. Second, authors expected that the individual diagnostic subcategories of ED will differ in the occurrence of core ADHD symptoms. And third, we assumed that the result obtained by the selfreport forms of the BAARS will correspond to the other-report forms. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistic-22 and program R. Authors used chisquared test for group comparison and multiple linear regression. Results. Using self-report questionnaire of current symptoms 61 (46%) of ED patients were detected as likely having ADHD compared to 22 (24%) from a healthy control group, 37 (28%) of ED patients were identified with the high probability of ADHD diagnose compared to 12 (13%) from a healthy control group with significant differences. Comparison of the results between individual diagnostic subcategories of ED points to significant differences between patients with AN and BN. These findings are taken into account in the individualization of the pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approach. Study limitations. Due to a small sample size of atypical forms of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) authors had to limit the comparison to the AN and BN diagnostic subgroups.
CS
Cíle. Porovnat výskyt předpokládané diagnózy ADHD a symptomů ADHD u skupiny pacientek léčených s poruchou příjmu potravy a kontrolní skupiny. Porovnat výskyt jádrových symptomů ADHD v jednotlivých diagnostických subkategoriích PPP. Hypotézy. Ve skupině pacientek léčených s PPP je ve srovnání s kontrolní skupinou vyšší výskyt předpokládané dg. ADHD. Pacientky léčené s PPP budou mít ve srovnání s kontrolní skupinou vyšší zastoupení jádrových symptomů ADHD. Jednotlivé diagnostické subkategorie PPP se mezi sebou liší v zastoupení a typu jádrových symptomů ADHD. Participanti a postup. Výzkumný soubor byl tvořen 133 pacientkami a 93 respondentkami kontrolní skupiny. Byly administrovány dotazníky BAARS-IV a SCOFF. Statistická analýza dat. Data byla zpracována v programech SPSS, verze 22.0 a v jazyce R. Pro srovnání meziskupinových rozdílů byl použit chí-kvadrát test. V případě očekávaných četností menších než 5 byl použit Fisherův exaktní test. K odhadu velikosti bodových rozdílů mezi kontrolní a pacientskou skupinou byla použita vícečetná lineární regrese. Výsledky. Do pásma se zvýšenou pravděpodobností přítomnosti ADHD spadalo 61 (46 %) pacientek s PPP a 22 (24 %) respondentek z kontrolní skupiny. Do pásma s vysokou pravděpodobností přítomnosti dg. ADHD, spadalo 37 (28 %) pacientek a 12 (13 %) respondentek z kontrolní skupiny. Zjištěné rozdíly jsou signifikantní. Porovnání výsledků mezi jednotlivými diagnostickými subkategoriemi PPP poukazuje na signifikantní rozdíly mezi pacientkami s mentální anorexií a mentální bulimií. Prezentované výsledky slouží jako východisko k adaptaci komplexní péče o tyto pacienty. Limity studie. Pro nízký počet pacientů s atypickými formami PPP jsme analyzovali výsledky získané od pacientů s MA a MB.
EN
The aim of this study is to present a case report based on the Rorschach protocol of an adolescent patient with anorexia nervosa, demonstrating hypervigilant experiencing and distorted thinking patterns. Based on the psychological characteristics of adolescence and quantitative research on the monitoring of eating disorders with the Rorschach test, the key variables of the applied method and their expected configuration are defined. The case study presents anamnestic data of a seventeen-year-old patient with anorexia nervosa and information about the context of the psychological diagnosis performed. The protocol contains 37 responses collected according to the rules of the Comprehensive System. The scoring is done according to the Comprehe nsive System rules and includes the scales used in previous studies. The scoring system for barriers and penetrations is also newly used. In addition to assessing agreement with the expected configuration of variables (introversion; high PTI, Wsum6, Mp; low H and Hd; high dysphoric experiencing, aggression and S), particular attention is paid to the dynamics of the protocol and the importance of partial variables in the overall protocol picture, focusing on distorted thinking, body theme and aggression. The case study offers insight into the dynamics of hypervigilant and fantasy-distorted experiences of body themes. In addition to the limitations of the idiographic approach to personality, the limitation is the absence of other patient protocols reflecting the disease's development
CS
Cílem studie je prezentovat případovou studii založenou na protokolu Rorschachovy metody adolescentní pacientky s mentální anorexií, demonstrující hypervigilantní prožívání a zkreslené vzorce myšlení. Na základě psychologických charakteristik věku dospívání a kvantitativních výzkumů sledujících poruchy příjmu potravy s využitím Rorschachovy metody jsou vymezeny klíčové proměnné v aplikované metodě a jejich očekávaná konfigurace. Případová studie prezentuje anamnestická data 17leté pacientky s mentální anorexií a informace o kontextu provedené psychologické diagnostiky. Dále je prezentován protokol zahrnující 37 odpovědí získaných v souladu s pravidly Komprehenzivního systému. Vyhodnocení je provedeno v souladu s požadavky Komprehenzivního systému a navíc zahrnuje škály reflektované v předcházejících studiích. Nově je konzultován také skórovací systém Bariér a Penetrací. Vedle zhodnocení shody s očekávanou konfigurací proměnných (introverze, pozitivní PTI, zvýšené Wsum6, Mp a dysforické prožívání, snížené H a Hd, zvýšená agrese a S) je pozornost zvláště věnována dynamice protokolu a významu dílčích proměnných v celkovém obrazu protokolu s důrazem na zkreslené myšlení, téma těla a agresivitu. Případová studie přináší pohled na dynamiku hypervigilantního a fantazií zkresleného prožívání tělesných témat. Vedle omezení vyplývajících z idiografického přístupu k osobnosti je limitem absence dalších protokolů pacientky reflektujících vývoj onemocnění.
PL
Artykuł podejmuję problematykę funkcjonowania młodych dziewcząt należących do internetowej subkultury pro-ana. Ukazuje ich cechy i zachowania anorektyczne – świadczące o nieprawidłowym stosunku do jedzenia i własnego ciała, a mogące prowadzić do rozwoju pełnoobjawowej anoreksji. Wiedza ta wydaje się szczególnie istotna dla klinicystów i badaczy zajmujących się zaburzeniami odżywania oraz pedagogów i psychologów pracujących z dorastającą młodzieżą.
EN
This article presents the case of young girls who are members of pro-ana internet subculture. It aims to describe their character traits and anorectic behavior indicating an abnormal approach to eating and perception of their own body which may lead to developing full-symptom anorexia. This knowledge may be especially important for the clinicians and eating disorders specialists as well as pedagogues and psychologists working with adolescents.
EN
The major purpose of the studies was to search for the relations between the sense of coherence and its dimensions on the one hand, and preferences of basic values in women with eating disorders on the other. The studies made use of the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-R2) by Schwartz and the Life Orientation Questionnaire (SOC-29) by Antonovsky. 40 women with anorexia nervosa and 40 with bulimia nervosa were included within the study, according to the criteria ICD-10. There were statistically significant differences in the sense of coherence and preference of basic values in women with anorexia and bulimia as well as in the structure of relations between them. The obtained results confirm the validity of the differentiation of the studied women due to the form of an eating disorder. The knowledge of the value system of women with eating disorders may have a significant importance in explaining the general immunity resources and adaptive possibilities.
PL
Zasadniczym celem podjętych badań było poszukiwanie zależności między poczuciem koherencji i jego wymiarami a wartościami podstawowymi u kobiet z zaburzeniami odżywiania. W badaniu wykorzystano Portretowy Kwestionariusz Wartości (PVQ-R2) Schwartza oraz Kwestionariusz Orientacji Życiowej (SOC-29) Antonovsky’ego. Badaniami objęto 40 kobiet z anorexia nervosa oraz 40 z bulimia nervosa według kryteriów badawczych ICD-10. Istotne statystycznie różnice wystąpiły w poczuciu koherencji i hierarchii wartości podstawowych u kobiet z anoreksją i bulimią oraz w strukturze powiązań między nimi. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają zasadność dokonanego zróżnicowania badanych kobiet ze względu na postać zaburzeń odżywiania. Znajomość hierarchii wartości u kobiet z zaburzeniami odżywiania może mieć istotne znaczenie w wyjaśnianiu ogólnych zasobów odpornościowych i możliwości adaptacyjnych.
EN
The aim of the present study was to determine the styles of coping with stress in the case of people with eating disorders by means of Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) by Endler and Parker. The studies comprised 26 women with anorexia, 36 with bulimia and 46 healthy women, who constituted the control group. Persons with eating disorders use emotional style of coping with stress significantly more often than healthy ones, while using task-related style significantly more rarely. In stress-causing situations, women with eating disorders get involved in supplementary activities, while the healthy ones seek support in others. Styles of coping with stress differentiate the forms of eating disorders. Women with anorexia use task-related style in dealing with problems significantly more often. Women with bulimia prefer style connected with getting engaged in supplementary activities and seeking social support. Determining the styles of coping with problems in people with eating disorders seems especially important from the point of view of the undertaken prophylactic activities and planning as well as applying different methods and forms of therapy.
PL
Celem podjętych badań było określenie stylów radzenia sobie ze stresem u osób z zaburzeniami odżywiania z wykorzystaniem Kwestionariusza Radzenia Sobie w Sytuacjach Stresowych (CISS) Endlera i Parkera. Badaniami objęto 26 kobiet z anoreksją, 36 z bulimią oraz 46 zdrowych, stanowiących grupę kontrolną. Osoby z zaburzeniami odżywiania istotnie częściej niż zdrowe stosują styl emocjonalny w radzeniu sobie ze stresem, natomiast istotnie rzadziej wykorzystują styl zadaniowy. W sytuacjach stresowych kobiety z zaburzeniami odżywiania angażują się w działania zastępcze, zaś kobiety zdrowe poszukują wsparcia u innych. Style radzenia sobie ze stresem różnicują postacie zaburzeń odżywiania. Kobiety z anoreksją istotnie częściej wykorzystują styl zadaniowy w radzeniu sobie z problemami. Osoby z bulimią częściej stosują styl unikowy polegający na angażowaniu się w działania zastępcze oraz szukaniu wsparcia społecznego. Określenie stylów radzenia sobie z problemami u osób z zaburzeniami odżywiania wydaje się szczególnie ważne z punktu widzenia podejmowanych działań profilaktycznych oraz planowania i stosowania różnych metod i form terapii.
EN
An important role in the picture of eating disorders is played by a lack of effective stress coping styles and a low self-esteem. These factors may be of importance in the etiology of disorders and thus negatively affect the course of treatment in addition to increasing the risk of relapse and psychopathic consequences. The aim of the present studies is to identify the correlation between stress coping and self-esteem of women with eating disorders. 125 women, including 73 with anorexia nervosa and 52 with bulimia nervosa, were examined. The studies made use of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) and the Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory (MSEI). The analyses pointed to a number of significant relations between stress coping styles and self-esteem of women with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, including both its general level and self-evaluation concerning specific aspects of their functioning as well as the assessment of coherence between the picture of oneself and social desirability. The studies can be an introduction to further analyses aimed to search for the relations between different dimensions of psychosocial functioning of women with eating disorders.
PL
W obrazie zaburzeń odżywiania ważny jest brak efektywnych stylów radzenia sobie ze stresem oraz niskie poczucie własnej wartości. Czynniki te mogą odgrywać istotną rolę w etiologii zaburzeń, jak również negatywnie wpływać na przebieg leczenia oraz zwiększać ryzyko nawrotu i pogłębiania się następstw psychopatycznych. Celem prezentowanych badań jest identyfikacja korelacji między radzeniem sobie ze stresem a samooceną kobiet z zaburzeniami odżywiania. Przebadano 125 kobiet, w tym 73 z jadłowstrętem psychicznym i 52 z żarłocznością psychiczną. W badaniach zastosowano Kwestionariusz Radzenia Sobie w Sytuacjach Stresowych (CISS) oraz Wielowymiarowy Kwestionariusz Samooceny (MSEI). Przeprowadzone analizy wykazały szereg istotnych zależności między stylami radzenia sobie ze stresem a samooceną kobiet z jadłowstrętem i żarłocznością psychiczną – zarówno jej ogólnym poziomem, jak i samowartościowaniem dotyczącym szczegółowych aspektów ich funkcjonowania oraz oceną spójności obrazu siebie i potrzebą aprobaty społecznej. Badania mogą stanowić wstęp do dalszych analiz, mających na celu poszukiwanie zależności między rozmaitymi wymiarami funkcjonowania psychospołecznego kobiet z zaburzeniami odżywiania.
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