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Semantic transfers in the domain of FOODSTUFFS

100%
Kowalczyk A. Z.
Linguistics Beyond and Within
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2019
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vol. 5
90-102
EN
In recent literature scholars have worked out a number of new categories of meaning development such as zoosemy, plantosemy and foodsemy. This paper focuses on the mechanism of foodsemy, a new category of metaphorical extension proposed by Kleparski (2008), and in particular on the cases of metaphorical extension that are targeted at human beings and their various qualities. Most frequently, the process discussed here involves the projection of attributive features and values, sometimes positive, yet most frequently negative ones, associated with members of the macrocategory foodstuffs onto the macrocategory human being. The purpose here is to outline a limited number of metaphorical transfers involved in the conceptual macrocategory foodstuffs targeted at such subcategories of the microcatergory female human being as attractive female human being, immoral female human being and female breasts. For some language users it may sound somewhat unnatural, and hence unacceptable, to name a female person mutton with the intended metaphorical sense ‘a prostitute’, tomato applied in the transferred sense ‘attractive, but not a very wise female’ or peach, which denotes an ‘attractive female, especially in American English’. However, cases of foodsemy are nothing else, but instances of metaphorical conceptualizations, which are considered to be pervasive, unconscious and automatic. They are also universal, though different lexical items in different languages may acquire different metaphorical senses.
2
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Wrażliwość zapisana w algorytmach? Między technomorfizacją człowieka a antropomorfizacją maszyny

63%
Krzysztofek K.
Kultura Współczesna. Teoria. Interpretacje. Praktyka
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2018
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vol. 103
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issue 4
24-40
EN
Observing our life in the modern world of today’s technology, the author is wondering whether we are facing sensitization or desensitization of technology users. The problem is discussed in the context of technomorphization of humans on the one hand, and anthropomorphisation of machines on the other. In the analysis the sociological approach is confronted with other perspectives, particularly the cognitive and anthropological ones, which are inevitable in HMI (human-machine interaction) studies. The author concludes by trying to answer a number of questions: Are we truly experiencing technomorphization? Is it only bringing us harm, or does it also have something useful to offer? Can the technology support sensitivity? And finally, will the machines themselves not turn out to be pre-programmed for sensitivity in the future?
3
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Dog naming strategies in Beijing, P. R. China

63%
Slaměníková T.
Acta onomastica
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2021
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vol. 62
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issue 2
419-434
EN
China has been experiencing a boom in pet ownership since the beginning of the new millennium. The notable number of dog walkers, strolling along the streets and in public parks, are an obvious sign that dogs are one of the most often sought-after companion animals. One of the first steps associated with having a dog is usually the selection of a suitable name. This paper examines how the growing phenomenon of dog breeding is reflected in the Chinese onomastic system. First, it provides the general linguistic characteristics of the dog names, i.e. describing the repeatedly occurring word-formation patterns and thematic categories of the lexical items used to create dog names, as well as addressing the issue of the motives behind the names. Second, it examines whether dog naming practices in China follow the existing conventions described in relation to other languages. The results of the analysis indicate that, unlike the situation observed in Western languages, Chinese dog names seem not only to exhibit signs of anthromorphization, but also to preserve the pre-modern practice of name selection based on the dog’s physical and mental qualities or reflecting the circumstances under which the dog came to the family, and thus represent a unique combination of earlier and modern-day dog naming practices.
CS
Od začátku nového milénia lze v Č íně pozorovat rostoucí oblibu domácích mazlíčků. Mezi nejvyhledávanější společníky patří bezesporu psi. Tento článek zkoumá, jak se rostoucí fenomén chovu psů odráží v čínském onymickém systému. V první řadě se věnuje lingvistické struktuře psích jmen, volbě lexikálních prostředků a motivaci výběru psího jména. Zároveň si klade otázku, zda se pojmenovávání psů v čínštině řídí stejnými principy, jaké byly zaznamenány v jiných jazycích. Výsledky provedeného výzkumu naznačují, že obdobně jako v západních jazycích lze i u čínských psích jmen pozorovat tendenci k antropomorfizaci. Zásadní rozdíl nicméně přestavuje skutečnost, že si zároveň do značné míry zachovávají předmoderní praxi výběru jména na základě fyzických a mentálních vlastností psa či okolností příchodu do rodiny, a představují tak jedinečnou kombinaci dvou různých pojmenovávacích zvyklost
4
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Odpowiednie dać rzeczy… imię. Socjoonomastyczna analiza imion nadawanych przedmiotom

63%
Myszka A.
Perspektywy Kultury
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2024
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vol. 44
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issue 1
95-114
EN
The article addresses the issue of a kind of “social advancement” of objects surrounding humans. A notable aspect of anthropomorphizing objects is the attribution of singular unit names to them. The study examines the rationale behind the emergence of such names, provides illustrative examples across various domains (e.g., automobiles, toys, computers, musical instruments, and household appliances), delves into the motivational factors driving their adoption (predicated on the nature of the referent), and scrutinizes the linguistic mechanisms employed in their formulation. The nomenclature attributed to objects, which uniformly exhibit informal, single-designator characteristics, evince a salient emotional resonance. The primary genotypical material underlying these designations, predominantly comprises personal names, albeit they may also originate from appellatives and other categories of proper nomenclature. The principal function of such appellations is not to denote, but rather to articulate emotions.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje zagadnienie swoistego „społecznego awansu” przedmiotów otaczających człowieka. Jednym z przejawów antropomorfizowania rzeczy jest nadawanie im imion jednostkowych. W artykule analizowano przyczyny powstawania takich nazw, pokazano ich przykłady (imiona samochodów, zabawek, komputerów, instrumentów muzycznych i sprzętu AGD), omówiono motywację nazewniczą (zależną od typu desygnatu), przeanalizowano środki językowe wykorzystywane do ich tworzenia. Imiona nadawane rzeczom łączy to, że są nieoficjalne, jednodesygnatowe, silnie nacechowane emocjonalnie. Ich tworzywem genetycznym najczęściej są imiona osobowe, ale mogą one być tworzone również od apelatywów i innych klas nazw własnych. Główną funkcją tych onimów nie jest desygnacja, ale wyrażanie emocji.
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