Search results

1

Sport a polityka. Olimpijskie medale sportowców niemieckich (1896-2012)

100%

Andrzejewski M.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2013

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issue 2(347)

233-248

EN

German athletes came first in the medal tally of the Summer Olympic Games only once, in 1936 in Berlin. However, the team of the FRG, GDR or Germany came first in the medal tally of the Winter Games five times. In the all-time tally German athletes hold the third position, overtaken only by teams from the USA and Russia (USSR). This shows that for over a century Germany has played a leading role in the Olympic Games and is a sport power.

2

Coping with Stress and Pain in Hard and Soft Adventure Mountain Athletes

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Próchniak P.

Roczniki Psychologiczne

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2020

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vol. 23

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issue 2

153-172

EN

Several scales were used to assess the levels of coping with stress and pain of 97 Polish hard adventure mountain athletes (Mage = 30.50, SD = 9.45), who climb in winter using mountain ice axes, harnesses, hooks or ropes in high mountains, and 103 Polish soft adventure mountain athletes who summer hike in low mountains (Mage = 28.30, SD = 6.50). The results indicated significant differences between soft and hard adventure climbers in the ways climbers react to stress. The hard adventure climbing group had significantly higher means on the Preventive Coping, Proactive Coping, Task-Oriented Coping, Diverting Attention, Reinterpretation of Pain, Ignoring Pain, Coping Self-Statements and Behavioural Strategies than the soft adventure mountain athletes, but lower means on Emotion-Oriented Coping, Catastrophising and Praying/Hoping compared to the soft mountain athletes group. This study also examined the factor structure of the coping scales in the climbers’ samples. The results suggested that the coping scales contain the following three factors: Passive-Oriented Coping, Future-Oriented Coping and Appraisal-Oriented Coping. The extracted factors discriminate between soft and hard adventure mountain athletes. The hard adventure mountain athletes had significantly higher means on the Future-Oriented Coping and the Appraisal- Oriented Coping, and a lower mean on Passive-Oriented Coping than the soft mountain athletes group.

3

Preventive echocardiographic examination in athletes and workers – Quadricuspid aortic valve and atrial septal aneurysm in a young basketball player

100%

Wierzbowska-Drabik K., Marcinkiewicz A., Kasprzak J. D.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2015

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vol. 28

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issue 1

180-182

EN

Ensuring safety of young athletes and employees who perform hard physical work within the scope of their professional duties, with a special focus on prevention of a sudden cardiac death at sports fields or during hard physical work is one of the most important tasks, which demands joint effort of cardiologists and sport physicians or occupational physicians, who qualify patients for a job or a sport discipline. Apart from hypertrophic and arhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, coronary anomalies and aortic dissection belong to the most frequent causes of dramatic complications during competitive exercise or work with an increased energy expenditure. Although a detailed medical history and a physical examination combined with 12-lead ECG assessment may significantly improve the safety in competitive sports, adding echocardiography examination gives a detailed and noninvasive insight into the heart morphology and function. Therefore, in our opinion, it should constitute a standard part of the evaluation of candidates for competitive sports. The practice indicates that beyond subjects with severe heart diseases and those classified as normal, there is a group of individuals with abnormalities which should be more closely monitored, but are not contraindications against professional sports or work with an increased energy expenditure. We describe the case of a young female with a diagnosis of rare congenital aortic valve disease, quadricuspid valve, with mild regurgitation and atrial septal aneurysm which was established during transthoracic echocardiography and confirmed and expanded during TEE examination.

4

Energy expenditure of athletes' endurance and strength in the light of the Polish energy intake standards

100%

Frączek B., Grzelak A., Klimek A. T.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2019

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vol. 32

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issue 1

1-13

EN

Objectives The purpose of the study was to estimate training energy expenditure (TEE) and daily energy expenditure (DEE) in the Polish elite athletes engaged in endurance sports and power sports, and to compare their levels with the Polish energy intake standards. Material and Methods The study sample consisted of 30 athletes (15 women and 15 men) whose energy expenditure was estimated based on heart rate monitoring. Results The mean values of DEE obtained for women engaged in endurance sports (WE – women endurance) and power sports (WP – women power) were 3201±533 kcal and 3217±554 kcal, respectively. In the group of male athletes, the respective values were 4518±717 kcal for endurance athletes (ME – men endurance) and 4459±837 kcal for power athletes (MP – men power). The mean values of TEE for female athletes were 819±240 kcal (WE) and 1047±248 kcal (WP). Those obtained for male athletes were significantly higher: 1440±675 kcal (ME) and 1337±331 kcal (MP). Conclusions Unlike the demands of particular sport disciplines, an athlete’s sex proved to be a factor causing significant differences between the TEE and DEE of athletes representing different sport disciplines. Individual athletes were found to differ significantly in their demand for energy, which in some cases was considerably different from what energy intake standards propose. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(1):1–13

5

The Formation of Circus Culture in Lviv (Lemberg) (The Late 18Th-Mid-19ThCentury)

84%

Pospelov O.

Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie

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2021

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vol. 2(30)

125-140

EN

In the article, the process of the formation of Circus culture in the Western Ukrainian lands in the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries, during the time that they were a part of the Habsburg Empire, is researched. Based on the materials of the periodical press of the studied period, it describes the Circus troupes, Acrobats and the Magicians, which visited Lviv, and their artistic cast and repertoire. The performances in the city from the leading European troupes, and artists have been described in chronological order. The processes of the evolution and the diversification of the circus genres and performances have been tracked, and the features of the development of Circus Art described throughout this period have been determined. An attempt was made to analyze the perception of circus performances in the society, and to determine the status and place of the Circus in the cultural space of that time.

6

Exchange Punches, Not Bullets: Reconciliation through Combat Sports

84%

Mickelsson Blomqvist T., Hansson E.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

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2021

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vol. 21

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issue 1

47-55

EN

Background. While sport is often considered a vehicle for peace, the evidence for this notion is weak. There is also a vast difference in the way in which sports have been studied.Problem and aim. In light of the conflict between Ukraine and Russia, the current study investigated reconciliatory attitudes among Ukrainian athletes when facing Russian and non-Russian opponents. The aim was to explore whether sport and competition can unite combat sports athletes despite them coming from countries in conflict. Method. One hundred and fifty-six Ukrainian athletes in several different types of combat sports were recruited and divided into two groups according to whether or not they faced a Russian opponent. The groups then answered questions in regard to reconciliatory attitudes, sociopolitical hostility and aggression. Their answers were analyzed in an ANOVA and with subsequent moderation analysis with the PROCESS macro v3.1. Results and conclusions. We found that, in general, competition influenced reconciliatory attitudes in a positive way. Moreover, the effect was predicted by physical aggression, verbal aggression and anger. Additionally, hostility moderated the relationship between pre- and post- reconciliatory attitudes. However, neither nationality nor sociopolitical perception of Russia influenced reconciliatory attitudes. These findings might have implications for future research on combat sports, such as identifying individuals suitable to reconcile and the fostering of positive attitudes (peace) despite political conflict

PL

Tło. Chociaż sport jest często uważany za narzędzie wprowadzania pokoju, niewiele istnieje na to dowodów. Istnieje również ogromna różnica w sposobie badania sportu.Problem i cel. W świetle konfliktu między Ukrainą a Rosją w niniejszym opracowaniu badano postawy pojednawcze ukraińskich sportowców wobec rosyjskich i nierosyjskich przeciwników. Celem pracy było zbadanie, czy sport i współ-zawodnictwo mogą łączyć rywalizujących sportowców pomimo pochodzenia z krajów będących w konflikcie. Metoda. Zrekrutowano stu pięćdziesięciu sześciu ukraińskich sportowców uprawiających kilku różnych rodzajów sportów walki i podzielono ich na dwie grupy w zależności od tego, czy zmierzyli się z rosyjskim przeciwnikiem, czy nie. Następnie grupy te odpowiadały na pytania dotyczące postawy pojednawczej, wrogości społeczno-politycznej i agresji. Ich odpowiedzi były analizowane w systemie ANOVA z późniejszą analizą moderacyjną za pomocą systemu PROCESS macro v3.1 Wyniki i wnioski. Autorzy stwierdzili, że ogólnie rzecz biorąc, konkurencja wpłynęła pozytywnie na postawy pojednawcze. Co więcej, efekt ten był przewidywany w przypadku agresji fizycznej, agresji werbalnej i złości. Dodatkowo wrogość moderowała związek pomiędzy postawami przed- oraz popojednawczymi. Jednak ani narodowość, ani socjopolityczne postrzeganie Rosji nie wpłynęło na postawy pojednawcze. Wyniki te mogą mieć implikacje dla przyszłych badań nad sportami walki, takich jak identyfikacja osób odpowiednich do wspierania pozytywnych i pojednaczych postaw (pokoju) pomimo konfliktów politycznych.

7

ACTN-3 and ACE genotypes in elite male Italian athletes

84%

Massidda M., Corrias L., Scorcu M., Vona G., Calò M. C.

Anthropological Review

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2012

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vol. 75

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issue 1

51-59

EN

The ACE I/D and the ACTN-3 R577X polymorphisms are the most studied genes associated with elite athlete status, even if this association has been often conflicting. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the ACE and the ACTN3 genotypes and elite performance in Italian male athletes. The ACTN-3 R577X and the ACE I/D genotype distributions of 59 elite male Italian athletes practicing gymnastics (G; n = 17), 100 m-400 m running (R; n = 12), and playing soccer (S; n= 30) were compared with controls from Italian (C; n = 31) populations. For ACE distribution, athletes did not differ from controls (G, χ2 = 0.37, df = 2, p = 0.82; R, χ2 = 1.90, df = 2, p = 0.45; S, χ2 = 1.48, df = 2, p = 0.47) and the DD genotype was at very high frequency in all groups (G = 53%, R= 50%, S = 60%, C = 45%). For ACTN-3 distribution, elite gymnasts showed a significant difference from controls (χ2 = 6.57, df = 2, p = 0.03), showing an absence of XX genotype. Soccer players and runners did not differ from controls in ACTN-3 genotype distribution (R, χ2 =0.43, df = 2, p = 0.80; S, χ2 = 1.25, df = 2, p = 0.53). Even if the ACE DD genotype is often positively associated with elite sprint/power athlete status, its high frequency in Italian populations eliminates the possibility of its exclusive association in Italian athletes. The results of ACTN3 genotypes suggest that RR genotype of ACTN-3 gene is a determinant of elite gymnasts status but it is not the key factor for achieving a top-level performance in soccer or track events.

8

A comparative analysis of the short-term memory of martial arts’ athletes of different level of sportsmanship

84%

Romanenko V., Podrigalo L., Cynarski W. J., Rovnaya O., Korobeynikova L., Goloha V., Robak I.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

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2020

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vol. 20

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issue 3

18-24

EN

Problem. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the short- term memory of martial arts players and involved 45 participants in the martial arts (taekwondo, karate, judo, sambo, Greco-Roman wrestling) with different levels of skill. Material and Method. The 1st group included 17 male athletes, average age 16.88±0.48, who were general athletes and novice sportsmen. The 2nd group was 14 strong, aged 19.50±2.43, athletes of First Class Sportsman (regional champion) rank while the 3rd group of 14 was aged 19.57±0.40 and had a high degree of training and experience, being Candidate Masters of Sport (national rank) and Masters of Sport (national champion) rank. Their short-term memory was tested using the «TestSTMemory» computer application and their heart rate was monitored at the same time. To note the heart rate (HR) a BT4.0& ANT+ HR monitor was used. Results. It was found that results depend on levels of skill. During the later stages of the test the HR of novice sportsmen was notably higher. In carrying out the test the First Class Sportsman athletes showed a lower number of accurate clicks. Masters athletes completed the test much faster, and the average duration of their attempts in the 3rd stage of testing was shorter. These athletes also made far fewer errors during the 1st/2nd stages of testing. A lower rate of average and minimum HR was found in Masters athletes as compared with the First Class Sportsman group. The Masters athletes carried out the test with increased efficiency, i.e. the amount of correct clicking was higher, than with novice sportsmen. During the 2nd/3rd phases they made significantly fewer errors. Masters athletes carried out the final stage of the test faster than the novice sportsmen. The reduction in the initial, average and minimum HR in Masters athletes displays how the organism is activated to promote economy and higher psychological stability. This hypothesis is confirmed by the HR results during the 2nd/3rd test phases. Conclusions. The results obtained confirmed greater stress adaptation among novice sportsmen. Masters athletes had a higher level of short- term memory and a greater ability to process information

PL

Problem. W pracy przedstawiono analizę porównawczą pamięci krótkotrwałej zawodników sztuk walki, w której wzięło udział 45 uczestników sztuk walki (taekwondo, karate, judo, sambo, zapasy grecko-rzymskie) o różnym poziomie umiejętności. Materiał i metoda. W pierwszej grupie znalazło się 17 sportowców, średnia wieku 16,88±0,48 lat, którzy byli sportowcami na średnim poziomie zaawansowania i początkującymi. Druga grupa liczyła 14 bardziej zaawansowanych zawodników w wieku 19,50±2,43 lat i składała się z zawodników I klasy (mistrz regionu), natomiast trzecia grupa liczyła 14 zawodników w wieku 19,57±0,40 lat, posiadających wysoki stopień wyszkolenia i doświadczenia, będących Candidate Masters of Sport (ranga krajowa) i Masters of Sport (mistrz kraju). Ich pamięć krótkotrwała była badana za pomocą aplikacji komputerowej “TestSTMemory”, jednocześnie monitorowane było tętno. Do pomiaru tętna (HR) wykorzystano monitor BT4.0&ANT+ Wyniki. Stwierdzono, że wyniki zależą od poziomu umiejętności. Na późniejszych etapach testu tętno początkujących sportowców było znacznie wyższe. W trakcie przeprowadzania testu sportowcy pierwszej klasy wykazywali mniejszą liczbę poprawnych wyborów. Zawodnicy klasy Masters ukończyli test znacznie szybciej, średni czas trwania prób w 3 etapie testu był krótszy. Zawodnicy ci popełniali również znacznie mniej błędów podczas 1 i 2 etapu testów. Mniejszy wskaźnik średniego i minimalnego tętna został stwierdzony u zawodników Masters w porównaniu do Sportowców Pierwszej Klasy. Zawodnicy Masters przeprowadzili test z większą wydajnością, tzn. ilość poprawnych kliknięć była większa niż u początkujących sportowców. Podczas fazy 2 i 3 popełnili znacznie mniej błędów. Zawodnicy Masters przeprowadzili ostatnią fazę testu szybciej niż początkujący sportowcy. Zmniejszenie początkowego, średniego i minimalnego tętna u sportowców Masters pokazuje jak organizm jest aktywowany w celu promowania wydajności i wyższej stabilności psychicznej. Hipoteza ta jest potwierdzona przez wyniki tętna podczas 2/3 fazy testu. Wnioski. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdziły większy stres adaptacyjny wśród początkujących sportowców. Mistrzowie sportowi mieli wyższy poziom pamięci krótkotrwałej i większą zdolność do szybkiego przetwarzania informacji. Zawodnicy Masters wykazali się wyższym stopień sprawności intelektualnej oraz najlepszą zdolnością do mobilizowania i oszczędzania funkcji organizmu

9

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРОЯВІВ ОСОБИСТІСНОЇ ТА РЕАКТИВНОЇ ТРИВОЖНОСТІ У СПОРТСМЕНІВ ПОЖЕЖНО-ПРИКЛАДНОГО СПОРТУ

84%

Краснокутський М.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2015

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issue 1(45)

156-163

EN

The article states that the fire-applied sport is an extreme sport. The fire- applied sports is a sport which consists of a set of various techniques used in firefighting practice. The fire-applied sport aims to develop vital in the rescue of quality - strength, endurance, reaction time, the ability to withstand heavy exercise and work in smoke at high temperatures. One of the exercises of fire-applied sport where people can test their spirit and willpower are climbing the ladder first assault on the second, then the third and finally the fourth floor of training tower. The beginners should gradually pick up the load, because they just cannot overpower those loads that can withstand trained athletes, because this sport is designed so that everyone overcome all his fears and become man really needed other people. All types of exercises include elements of different sports: volleyball, football, athletics, gymnastics and others. To predict sports reliability of an athlete you need to pay attention to the study of anxiety level, as an extremely high level of its undesirable and even threatening the subject’s safety. The aim of the article is to study of the features of anxiety athletes of fire-applied sports. The method of research is the method «studies of anxiety» (by Ch. D. Spielberg, adapted version by Y.L. Hanin) aimed at identifying personality traits and situational anxiety. The article states that today we distinguish anxiety as an emotional state (situational anxiety) and as a stable trait (personal anxiety).The notion of situational and personal anxiety of personality is considered. The results of the study of anxiety athletes of fire-applied sports are given. 102 athletes of fire-applied sports participated in the study. They are divided into three groups on the basis of efficiency sports activities. The study distinguishes the features of expressed levels of anxiety in the groups. Thus, the 1st group of athletes with more than 5-year- experience have the lowest level of reactive anxiety. The largest number of athletes with a high level of anxiety recorded in the 3rd group. In the terms of competition these athletes cannot effectively control their condition and suggest pre-start errors already from start. Therefore, it appears necessary to introduce remedial techniques aimed at reducing anxiety in reactive less experienced athletes. Too high and too low anxiety are undesirable in terms of the competitive activities of fire-applied sport athletes.

10

Eastern martial arts in the Bielsko-Biala voivodeship between 1975 and 1998

67%

Kulpiński J.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

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2020

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vol. 20

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issue 2

1-9

EN

The Background. Between 1975 and 1998 the Bielsko-Biala voivodeship existed in southern Poland with its capital in Bielsko- Biala. It was established on 1 June 1975 following the introduction of a new administrative division in Poland. The area of the voivodeship was 3704 km2. It was divided into 18 towns and 59 communes, and it consisted of the present-day districts of Wadowice and Zywiec entirely, parts of Bielsko-Biala, Cieszyn, Oswiecim and Sucha Beskidzka, and a small part of the district of Chrzanow. Problem. The author’s intention was to discuss three sports disciplines as examples of the processes and to present the multifaceted activities that were reflected in the Bielsko-Biala voivodeship during the period under discussion. Methods. The main method used in the paper was an analysis of sources obtained from the State Archive in Katowice, using information obtained from chronicles, magazines, newspapers and publications, as well as reports from and memories of inhabitants of the Podbeskidzie region. The problematic layout was adopted in the study. Results. The study complements the existing knowledge of the history of physical activities in the period from 1975 to 1998, in particular concerning the activities of Far East Sports (judo, karate Kyokushin and kick-boxing) clubs and organizations in the Podbeskidzie area. Conclusions. The main objective of those in charge of physical culture in Bielsko-Biala was to supplement the weak human resources and base facilities as quickly as possible. These objectives were to be met by plans to promote physical culture through the improvement of youth sport, the organization of instructor courses and the care of the so-called leading disciplines. In the case of the Bielsko-Biala voivodeship, these included football, Nordic skiing, biathlon, weightlifting, boxing, judo, Kyokushin karate, kick- boxing (slightly later: in 1993 – section in Jaworz), archery and chess. At the time, it was the headquarters of physical culture management – the Glowny Komitet Kultury Fizycznej i Turystyki [the Main Committee of Physical Culture and Tourism] (and its equivalents) – that decided which disciplines to include.

PL

Tło. W latach 1975-1998 istniało w południowej Polsce województwo bielskie ze stolicą w Bielsku-Białej. Zostało utworzono 1 czerwca 1975 r., w wyniku wprowadzenia w Polsce nowego podziału administracyjnego. Obszar województwa wynosił 3704 km2. Dzieliło się na 18 miast i 59 gmin, a w jego skład w całości wchodziły obecne powiaty: wadowicki i żywiecki, częściowo bielski, cieszyński, oświęcimski i suski oraz skrawek powiatu chrzanowskiego. Problem. Zamierzeniem autora było wykazanie na przykładzie trzech dyscyplin sportowych procesów oraz przedstawienie wielopłaszczyznowej działalności, które miały swe odbicie w województwie bielskim w omawianym okresie. Metody. Główna metoda, jaką zastosowano w publikacji, polegała na: analizie źródeł uzyskanych w Archiwum Państwowym w Katowicach, oraz na podstawie informacji uzyskanych z kronik, czasopism, dzienników beskidzkich oraz publikacji, a także protokołów oraz wspomnień z relacji mieszkańców Podbeskidzia. W opracowaniu przyjęto układ problemowy. Wyniki. Opracowanie uzupełnia istniejącą wiedzę z zakresu historii fizycznej w okresie 1975-1998, w szczególności dotyczącą działalności klubów sportowych i organizacji sportów dalekowschodnich (judo, karate Kyokushin i kick-boxingu) na terenie Podbeskidzia. Wnioski. Głównym celem władz bielskiej kultury fizycznej było szybkie uzupełnienie słabego zaplecza kadrowego i bazowego. Celom tym miały służyć plany upowszechniania kultury fizycznej przez poprawę sportu młodzieżowego, organizację kursów instruktorskich i opiekę nad tzw. dyscyplinami wiodącymi. W przypadku województwa bielskiego były to m.in. piłka nożna, narciarstwo klasyczne, biathlon, podnoszenie ciężarów, boks, judo, karate Kyokushin, kick-boxing (nieco później: w 1993 r. – sekcja w Jaworzu), łucznictwo i szachy. W ówczesnych realiach to centrala zarządzania kulturą fizyczną, czyli Główny Komitet Kultury Fizycznej i Turystyki (i jego odpowiedniki) decydowały o tych dyscyplinach.

11

Initial Considerations for Height Categories as a Replacement of Weight Categories in Senior Taekwondo Athletes

67%

Kazemi M., Hetherington A., Ahmadi F., Duncan S.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

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2022

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vol. 22

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issue 3

6-11

EN

Background. Taekwondo (TKD) like many combat sports utilizes weight as a measure to categorize competitors. In an attempt to gain advantage over opponents, athletes practice rapid weight loss to qualify for the lowest weight class possible. This practice is routine despite being fundamentally dangerous to the health of athletes. Height is a measurement that cannot be exploited for competitive advantage and has the potential to be a healthier alternative for sport classifications. Purpose and aim. This study evaluated the relationship between weight and height categories in classifying competitive senior TKD athletes for the potential of using height as a healthier grouping method. Methods. The height and weight of 118 male (n=83) and female (n=35) athletes were measured by either physical measurement during weigh-in at the Canadian National Taekwondo Championships (n=31) or following Covid-19 restrictions, athletes (n=87) were given an online survey for height and weight. The athletes were categorized by sex and senior Olympic weight category. The athletes were then grouped by 4 proposed height categories based on CDC height weight growth charts. Results. We found that 80.72% of male athletes remained within ±1 category when categorized by height and 94.29% of female athletes remained within ±1 category when categorized by height. Conclusions. Height categorization does little to disrupt current competition cohorts while disincentivizing unhealthy rapid weight loss practices in TKD athletes and providing more equitable competition by matching athletes of similar height and reach.

PL

Tło. Taekwondo (TKD), podobnie jak wiele sportów walki, wykorzystuje wagę jako miarę do kategoryzacji zawodników. Próbując uzyskać przewagę nad przeciwnikami, sportowcy ćwiczą szybką utratę wagi, aby zakwalifikować się do najniższej możliwej kategorii wagowej. Ta praktyka jest rutynowa, mimo, że jest zasadniczo niebezpieczna dla zdrowia sportowców. Wzrost jest miarą, której nie można wykorzystać do przewagi konkurencyjnej i może być zdrowszą alternatywą dla klasyfikacji sportowych. Cel i cel. Badanie to oceniało związek między kategoriami masy i wzrostu w klasyfikacji startujących zawodników Taekwondo seniorów pod kątem potencjalnego wykorzystania wzrostu jako zdrowszej metody grupowania. Metody. Wzrost i wagę 118 zawodników płci męskiej (n=83) i kobiet (n= 35) mierzono za pomocą pomiarów fizycznych podczas ważenia na Narodowych Mistrzostwach Kanady w Taekwondo (n=31) lub zgodnie z ograniczeniami Covid-19, zawodnicy (n =87) otrzymali ankietę online dotyczącą wzrostu i wagi. Sportowcy zostali podzieleni na kategorie według płci i olimpijskiej kategorii wagowej seniorów. Sportowcy zostali następnie pogrupowani według 4 proponowanych kategorii wzrostu na podstawie wykresów wzrostu masy ciała CDC. Wyniki. Autorzy stwierdzili, że 80,72% sportowców płci męskiej mieściło się w zakresie +/-1 kategorii przy podziale według wzrostu, a 94,29% sportowców płci żeńskiej mieściło się w przedziale +/-1 kategorii przy podziale według wzrostu. Wnioski. Kategoryzacja wzrostu w niewielkim stopniu zakłóca obecne grupy zawodów, jednocześnie zniechęcając do niezdrowych praktyk szybkiego odchudzania u sportowców z TKD i zapewniając bardziej wyrównane współzawodnictwo poprzez dopasowywanie sportowców o podobnym wzroście i zasięgu.

12

The social media activity of top athletes during the global suspension of sports competitions - based on the example of Instagram

67%

Leszczyński M., Metelski A.

Marketing i Rynek

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2021

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issue 4

10-17

PL

W marcu 2020 roku większość zawodów sportowych na świecie została zawieszona z powodu pandemii COVID-19. W tej sytuacji zapotrzebowanie kibiców na informacje o najlepszych sportowcach nie mogło być w pełni zaspokojone w sposób tradycyjny, czego wynikiem był wzrost popularności mediów społecznościowych. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja czynników wpływających na zaangażowanie fanów sportu w mediach społecznościowych, bazując na przykładzie Instagrama. Jako wskaźniki uwzględniono liczbę polubień i komentarzy, a także liczbę polubieni i komentarzy podzieloną przez liczbę followersów (właściwe wskaźniki zaangażowania). Wyniki przeprowadzonego badania pokazują jakie typy postów generowały największe zaangażowanie.

EN

In March 2020, most sports competitions in the world were suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Fan demand for information about top athletes could not be fully satisfied traditionally, that is why social media have grown in popularity. This article aims to identify the factors that affect the engagement of sports fans on social media and is based on the example of Instagram. The number of likes, comments as well as the number of likes and comments divided by the number of followers (appropriate engagement rates), were taken into account as engagement indicators. The results clearly show what types of posts generated the most engagement.

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