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EN
The article is devoted to the possibilities authors have today to publish their works. They give up the traditional path, inevitably associated with judgement and selection carried out by a commercial publishers and opt for an alternative route: a vanity press (vanity publishing) or a self-publishing platform. Not so long ago it became possible to self-publish e-books alongside (or instead of) paper books. The growing significance of this phenomenon is unequivocally evidenced by the tendencies observed in recent years on the Polish book market: a rise in the number of registered publishing entities and number of published works (including first editions) as well as a decrease in the total output and average number of copies published. Self-publishing increasingly becomes a conscious choice: authors want to be sure that their works will be published, they want to have a bigger say in shaping its substantive and editorial form and — using their own ideas, time and money in publicity activities — to achieve fame and fi nancial success.
EN
This paper concerns the process of negotiating author and reader roles in the blogosphere. The starting point of this article is the theory of Roland Barthes that the death of the author is necessary for the birth of the reader. This idea notably responds to changing relations between the author and the reader in the new nedia era. The exemple of the blogosphere allows us to see that the roles of the author and the reader are not pre-defined and the filed of their "laws" is negotiated (two models of negotiations are described in this paper). In the blogosphere, wkich is an exemple of participatory culture, knocking the author off his pedestal does not result in the reader replacing the author, as R. Barthes would like. On the empty pedestal, after dumping the author, the reader does not appear - but communication does.
Stylistyka
|
2016
|
vol. 25
47-57
EN
The author is looking for traces of subjectivity in the scientific texts of an eminent Polish linguist. As the determinants of individual style, she recognizes certificates of reading (not only what the author reads but also how he reads), recognizing that the figures of the intertextual relationship (references, quotations, allusions, polemics) allows one to define the personality of the subject. She is interested in the plane of reflection, which manifests itself in the attitude of the scholar to the values of contemporary culture, to the change in the ideals of science, to the place and tasks of the choices of humanists and scholars (methodology, issues, forms of expression). She also finds features of individuality in the preferences of the author in the structure of his speech – composition, construction, syntax, lexis.
EN
The purpose of the article Feminine Voice of Men. Wincenty Kosiakiewicz’s “Z dzienniczkakobiety” [From the Diary of a Woman] is to examine how the male author imitates the woman’spersonal diary. The analysis and interpretation of Z dzienniczka kobiety illustrate the problemof creating female figures and imitating the femininity of their writing by the authors at the turnof the centuries. Gabriela Zapolska’s Z pamiętników młodej mężatki [From the Diaries of a YoungMarried Woman], used as a counterpoint, allows for gaining a broader, two-sex perspective on the issueof femininity of writing and for presenting the differences between the manners in which women’spersonal diaries are stylized by male and female authors. This paper seeks to answer the questionabout the reasons and consequences of adopting a female perspective in the text.
EN
The main subject of the review is Mykola Ilnytskyi’s book Reading and Re-reading…, which is very important research on Ukrainian literature in contemporary humanities. The book includes four chapters in all of which fundamental interests of the researcher are described. Mykola Ilnytskyi reviews the classic texts of Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Franko ( chapter 1 ), and the literature of the first part of the 20th century ( chapter 2 ), as well as contemporary texts ( chapters 3, 4 ). This book is not an extensive view of the history of literature of the 20th century. Its main peculiarity is the delivery of important fragments and episodes of literary history. The essays combine a liberal understanding of the subject and an unobtrusive interpretation of the texts, which reflects the unique ethical culture of the researcher. Mykola Ilnytskyi is clearly aware of the multiplicity of meanings offered byfiction, and therefore does not insist on his own right to the truth, but only offers well-founded and personally verified versions of literary plots.
EN
Guzek Mariusz, Niechciana obecność autora – filmowy przypadek Václava Havla [The Unwanted Presence of the Author – Václav Havel in Film]. „Przestrzenie Teorii” 32. Poznań 2019, Adam Mickiewicz University Press, pp. 115–128. ISSN 1644-6763. DOI 10.14746/pt.2019.32.5. Václav Havel had his views on film, participated in the life of the new wave artist community, had walk-on parts, wrote screenplays, and at the end of his life, made one picture based on his own stage drama Leaving. For Havel, film was a part of a larger cultural challenge, appointed by the Central European character of the second half of the 20th century. In his plays and essays, he discussed the topics of enslavement, lies and resistance to these, constructing a kind of antinomical model of self-power. Repeatedly, the starting point of his work was the Czech reflections included in the theoretical texts of Jan Ivo Osolsobě or the aesthetic manifestos of Karel Teige. As a film director, he created a show of allusions, absurdity and exaggerations, by entering the entire catalogue of experiences, thoughts and techniques of being a “citizen of culture” into diagetic meaning.
PL
In this article aspects of ethical concept of copyright are discussed on the basis of the historical material and methodological approach, according to which copyright is included in the scope of civil law.
EN
Representatives of the Polish punk-rock scene were careful observers of political, social and economic unrest in the world since the late 1970s and in the 1980s. A large part of the texts, written at that time, aptly commented on the tragic events in the world. Unfortunately, some of them haven’t lost their validity, like the song by KSU entitled ‘Liban’ [‘Lebanon’], or by the band ‘Brak’ [‘The Lack’] entitled ‘Na Bliskim Wschodzie wszystko w porządku’ [‘In the Middle East Everything’s All Right’]. After 1989, more songs, referring to various old or new threats in the world, were written. Songs, produced within the punk scene, describe the problems of political, economic and social nature, which remain unresolved. Authors, such as Maciej Augustyn, Krzysztof Grabowski, Kazik Staszewski not only point to the genesis of security problems in the world, but sometimes predict the consequences of such events in a broader perspective. Surprisingly, anticipations of some authors who are not political scientists or sociologists, come true more frequently than scientific analyses made by security experts. Suffice it to say that almost at the same time when Fukuyma guaranteed that happiness of humanity would be manifested in liberal democracy, Staszewski and Grabowski warned people of imminent wars, crises, a new division of the world and exploitation.
EN
Mawlid is a poetic literary work about the birth and life of the Muhammad, the Messenger of God. Mawlid by Mirza Safvet-beg Bašagić is one of the most signifi cant mawlids written in the Bosnian language. The text of the Mawlid is analyzed from the perspective of literary pragmatics. The paper takes into consideration the relationship between the author and narrator in the text and voice management in the Bašagić’s Mawlid.
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EN
The paper presents the results of the analysis of issues concerning the distribution in Poland. Distribution, in the context of the copyright law, is the compensation for the reproduction of works used with permit by private individuals for the personal purpose. Depending on the form of the exploitation of work or the subject of right (authors, performers, publishers or producers of phonograms and video recording), the fee should be paid. Fees for the use of protected works are collected from users based on the license agreements. Collective societies involved in the collect and division of the fees for the use of works within the permitted personal use. Article 23 of copyright law established the principle for unpaid permitted private use. There is no claim for payment of remuneration to the collective society or to users, if the works are copied within its own personal use. Exploitation of the works on the statutory license for private use is permitted, therefore, in connection with eg. common interests. Moreover, the relationships established through the internet are not excluded. Specificity is the fact that nowadays the reprographic fee of media is borne by entities that are themselves do not use of the works and do not encroach on the symptoms of copyright as an exclusive right. Holders of reprographic equipment, who are already established in the field of reproduction of works for personal use by third parties are obliged to pay, through the organization of collective management of copyright and related rights, duties amounting to 3% of the proceeds of this account on behalf of authors and publishers, unless the reproduction is carried out under an agreement with an eligible (eg. the author or publisher). Reprographic fees, so-called copyright levies or fees, which are counted towards to the blank media and copying machines are paid by all customers. Fees are paid by producers and importers of copying devices and blank media. In the field of reprographic fees, copyright is obsolete and should be complemented with modern audiovisual equipment, including tablets, smartphones etc.
PL
Apart from historical studies and monographs, cultural initiatives are an important way of commemorating the Greater Poland Uprising of 1918-1919. Among such undertakings, literary works and products of visual arts are predominant. The greatest number of those are created on round anniversaries of this armed effort. One of their prominent features is realism, as they are intended for the broadest audience.  
PL
The present paper constitutes a qualitative discursive investigation of the nineteenth century case reports from ophthalmology derived from a specialist American medical journal, and focuses on citation as well as on authorial and patient’s presence. Regarding the first aspect, the present study generally confirms the results of the previous research, i.e. significant subjectivity, directness and informal character of the texts at hand. However, it also provides another insight into the scholarly communication in the nineteenth century, focusing on how patients are positioned therein, which has not received significant attention in the literature of the subject. Additionally, the paper offers an overview of the studies on specific aspects of scientific prose of the nineteenth century, including the medical context, as well as attempts to show the relation between the texts analysed and the context of their production and functioning, following the tradition of Genre Rhetorical Studies.
RU
The article is dedicated to general issues concerning verbal text and communication and the analysis of the communicative structure of a literary text. In the introduction, the interest to research not only text but also the phenomenon of a more complex character – communication – is expressed. The problem of the text as a part of communication process is also discussed taking into account the verbal means. In the first part, the attention is focused on the verbal text in the aspect of communication. The characteristics of implicit parts of the communication process (an author, code, text, channel, recipient, communicative situation) is presented as well. In the third part, there is the analysis of the specific type of a complex semiotic text – a literary verbal text and its communicative comprehension in both productive and receptive aspects. The connection of the text with textual subjects is studied as well. In the last part of the text, the conclusions of presented problems are drawn.
EN
The articleʼs relevance lies in the need to understand the peculiarities of narrativity in essays. The article is written within the scope of narratology as one of the most relevant disciplines in modern philology, narrative approach to communicative strategies in essay is used. The articleʼs goal is to introduce and argumentate the concept “exogynarrator”, narrative instance in essay as a discursive practice. As a result of the research, it is concluded that ‘narrator’ as a traditional category in epic works, can be applied to a writerʼs essay conventionally: in the essay there is no actual story or narration, etc., except that it may be possible if narration turns into mediatation. It is proven that the process of meditation and the process of narration in an essay become a single entitiy. The bearer of these actions is the narrator, who in the essay acquires features of a thinker or turns into him. The introduced concept is illustrated based on the essays written by Ukrainian author S. Protsiuk.
PL
Artykuł powstał stworzony z potrzeby wszechstronnej analizy narracji w tekście eseistycznym. Autorka posługuje się narzędziem metodologicznym narratologii jako jednego z najbardziej aktualnych kierunków we współczesnej filologii oraz stosuje podejście narratologiczne wobec komunikacyjnej strategii w tekście eseju. Celem artykułu jest wprowadzenie i uzasadnienie pojęcia egzoginarratora, tzn. charakterystycznej postaci w eseju pisarza jako praktyce dyskursywnej. Na podstawie badania autorka dochodzi do wniosku, iż tradycyjna kategoria „narrator” w przypadku eseju pisarza może być stosowana jedynie z pewnym dystansem, ponieważ nie jest w nim obecna właśnie opowieść jako taka, lecz jest realizowana sytuacja opowieści przechodzącej w refleksje. Udowodniono, że proces rozważania i proces opowieści w eseju łączą się w spójną całość. Nośnikiem tych czynności jest narrator, który właśnie w eseju przybiera cechy myśliciela bądź wręcz występuje jako myśliciel. Wprowadzone pojęcie zostało przedstawione na materiale eseistyki ukraińskiego pisarza Stepana Prociuka.
Porównania
|
2018
|
vol. 23
|
issue 2
EN
The article presents transformations of the artist’s myths in electronic literature. The subject of research is the space of the Internet and literary phenomena developing with the use of digital tools. The authoress searches for the answer to the question whether and how the literary myths of the artist, derived from modernism, appear in the new technological and cultural as well as communication reality, and what new patterns of authorship appear in their place. The attitudes, observed over the last dozen or so years, have been described in the Polish Internet space on the example of the author and theoretician Zenon Fajfer, the cyberpoet and philosopher Roman Bromboszcz, as well as two group projects: the Hub of Rozdzielczość Chleba Publishing House (whose activity ended in October 2018) and Pixel Zdrój initiated and coordinated by Mariusz Pisarski. The sketch has the character of preliminary findings, which – also due to the nature of the online medium – must be subject to further modifications.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest prezentacji przemian mitów artysty w literaturze elektronicznej. Przedmiotem badań jest tu wyłącznie przestrzeń Internetu oraz zjawiska literackie, rozwijające się przy użyciu narzędzi cyfrowych. Autorka szuka odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy i jak funkcjonują w tej nowej technologicznej i kulturowej, a także komunikacyjnej rzeczywistości wywodzące się jeszcze z modernizmu mity literackie artysty oraz jakie nowe wzorce autorstwa pojawiają się w ich miejsce. Realizowane w przestrzeni polskiego Internetu postawy, obserwowane na przestrzeni ostatnich kilkunastu lat, autorka omawia na przykładach twórcy i teoretyka literatury Zenona Fajfera, cyberpoety i filozofa Romana Bromboszcza oraz dwóch projektów grupowych: działalności Hubu Wydawniczego Rozdzielczość Chleba (zakończonej w październiku 2018 roku) oraz utworu Piksel Zdrój, zainicjowanego i koordynowanego przez Mariusza Pisarskiego. Szkic ma charakter wstępnych ustaleń, które – także ze względu na naturę medium internetowego – podlegać muszą dalszym modyfikacjom.
EN
The present article attempts to interpret the poem Wyrok [The Verdict] written by Rafał Wojaczek. The author tries to reveal the rules of the game in the play with psychoanalysis that are set in motion in the poem by the introduction of the Freudian signature to the text. Citing the Oedipus complex as one of the “representative” mechanisms for the development of the phenomenon of unawareness, he proceeds to prove that the theory of psychoanalysis as the interpretative context can function on the principle of the paradox, i.e. the stronger the denial of it within the subject, the more important it becomes for the understanding of the work. In this way, Wojaczek, by making the poem heretically sealed, opens it up to interpretation and, eventually, implies that its sense goes beyond any explanation (negation of psychoanalysis as an interpretative method). This last statement makes the basis for a formulation of further assumptions on the psychical structure of the subject (conscious unawareness and unconscious awareness), as well as the relations between the author, the subject and the lyrical protagonist where the author, after exceeding the limits of the poem, splits himself into two instances: textual representation (that of the father) and the lyrical “I” that is the irrevocable verdict condemning the poet to making them fit into language and grammar. An attempt, then, at salvation and a coupling of the body (blood) with the lingering word turns out, however, to be deadly, a carrying out of the verdict.
PL
The article discusses selected texts of different genres by Milo Urban (1904–1982). The first text level is represented by fragments from his memoirs written in the 1970s and only published in the 1990s. An analysis of Urban’s journalistic activities during the Second World War provides us with another point of view. The article wishes to show different language versions elaborated by one author when dealing with one particular historical moment (the solution of the Jewish question and the Holocaust). This points at a significant change in Urban’s attitude to historical tragedies of the 20th century, and raises the question about a personal tragedy of an individual as well as his ability to cope with guilt and responsibility.
RU
Полисубъектное восприятие мира в романе Дины Рубиной позволяет отметить авторский голос в суждениях нарратора и репликах героев. Автор осуществляет координацию всех субъектов наррации и в своих комментариях осуществляет связь между временем проживания события героем и временем осмысления его читателем. Авторский комментарий включает непосредственные суждения из его жизненного опыта, фигуры умолчания (смысловые лакуны), вставные конструкции, посредством которых можно представить картину мира в романе. Она в значительной степени обусловлена явлением переходности внутреннего состояния героя и его внешнего перемещения(эмиграции).
EN
Wielopodmiotowe postrzeganie świata w powieści Diny Rubiny pozwala wyróżnić głos autora w komentarzach narratora i wypowiedziach bohaterów. Autor koordynuje wszystkie wątki narracji, a w swoich komentarzach łączy moment przeżywania wydarzenia przez bohatera z czasem ,w którym czytelnik go pojmuje. Komentarz autora zawiera bezpośrednie sądy z własnego doświadczenia życiowego, figury ciszy(luki semantyczne),a także konstrukcje inkorporowane. Dzięki tym chwytom możliwe jest przedstawienie obrazu świata w powieści, który w dużej mierze jest zdeterminowany przez zjawisko przejścia stanu wewnętrznego bohatera i jego zewnętrzne przemieszczenie (emigracja).
PL
The polysubjective perception of the world in Dina Rubina’s novel allows us to observe the author’s voice in the narrator’s comments and the characters’ remarks. The author coordinates all the subjects of narration, and in his comments he makes a connection between the time the hero experiences the event and the time the reader comprehends it. The author’s commentary includes direct judgments from his own life experience, figures of silence (semantic gaps), as well as incorporated constructions. Through those ploys it is possible to present the picture of the world in the novel which is largely determined by the phenomenon of transition of the character’s internal state and his external displacement (emigration).
EN
The article analyzes the letters by Hryhoriy Skovoroda, which are a striking example of the epistolary genre of his time. These texts show the development of Skovoroda’s philosophy in the sphere of everyday life practices. These works were the first to announce and develop the important moral and ethical categories of his science, formulating and testing the leading concepts of Skovoroda’s philosophical system. It’s possible to trace the peculiarities of Hryhoriy Skovoroda’s temperament through his epistolary. This method creates the effect of the living presence of the author, because of the researched philosopher’s letters. The analysis of his letters to friends of different stages of the philosopher’s life testifies to the openness and immutability of his existential principles. The style of Skovoroda’s epistolary has not undergone significant changes for several decades. It is marked by shining Baroque metaphors, wits and aphorisms, imaginary dialogue with the recipient and thinkers of different eras. They also have a noticeable tendency to combine philosophical content with a travesty form, sincerity and respect for the recipients.
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