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Niezbyt sucha kraina. Specyfika osadnicza terenów zalewowych doliny środkowej Wisły na przykładzie skupiska osadniczego w Glinkach, pow. otwocki

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Rakowski T., Stanaszek Ł. M., Watemborska-Rakowska K.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2019
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vol. LXX
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issue 70
271-280
EN
Floodplains of large rivers are rarely the subject of archaeological research. The excavations at the cemetery of the Przeworsk culture at Czersk, Piaseczno County, and studies on the modern settlement in the Urzecze (literally at-the-river’s) microregion near Warsaw yielded data about the settlement in the Middle Vistula Valley across the ages and prompted a non-invasive examination of the area. In 2017, a large-scale fieldwalking survey took place in the southern part of the Urzecze floodplain, covering an area of ca. 83 square kilometres (Figs. 1, 2). The already known sites were verified, and numerous new sites from various historical periods were discovered. The survey was complemented with traditional research, such as cartographical and historical searches, as well as new solutions in the form of a digital elevation model, obtained by laser scanning of the ground surface and geophysical and underwater prospection. The character of settlement in the area, specific due to the natural conditions, can be illustrated on the example of the settlement cluster near the village of Glinki, situated on the right bank of the Vistula, at the latitude of Góra Kalwaria (Fig. 3). Settlement in periodically flooded areas is focused only in a few selected places, where the shape of the terrain guarantees relatively safe shelter during periods of regular but hard to predict overflows and dangerous inundations. In the case of the cluster in Glinki, small, elevated areas, difficult to notice in the field and surrounded by oxbow lakes that form natural reservoirs (polders), are legible (Fig. 4). The oldest traces of settlement date back to the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, then to the pre-Roman and Roman period and the Middle Ages, up to modern and contemporary times (Fig. 5, 6). The ‘insular’ nature of settlement (Fig. 9) in the floodplains of the Middle Vistula is confirmed by the observed presence of other, similar clusters situated on the former sandbanks and islands or their remains. The specificity of natural conditions (Fig. 7, 8, 10) and the rhythm of life in these areas influenced the flavour and specificity of the local culture, a phenomenon that has been well described for modern times (Ł.M. Stanaszek 2014). It is possible that in the earlier time periods some local differences within the large archaeological cultures are also to be expected. This can only be confirmed by future excavations in the area.
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The Neolithic chocolate flint mine “Oszybka” in Pakosław, Mazowieckie voivodeship, in the light of the survey of Marcin Bednarz – new approach to old fieldwalk materials

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Szubski M., Budziszewski J., Jakubczak M., Iwański M.
Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
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2017
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vol. 63
113-120
PL
Kopalnia “Oszybka” w Pakosławiu województwo mazowieckie została odkryta w 1992 roku przez Marcina Bednarza w czasie badań powierzchniowych realizowanych przez studentów z Instytutu Archeologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. W kolejnych trzech sezonach badawczych pozyskano około 1750 przedmiotów krzemiennych. Ten duży zbiór zawierał nie nie tylko charakterystyczne rdzenie, ale także produkty debitażu. Wstepne analizy materiału wskazywały na chronologię związaną z późnym mezolitm lub wczesnym neolitem. Po latach zespół archeologów z Instytutu Archeologii z Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego z Warszawy powrócił do studiów nad tymi materiałami. Dzięki szczegółowej dokumentacji z lat 90-tych była możliwa digitalizacja i implementacja wyników do środowiska GIS. Rezultem tej procedury była możliwość analizy przestrzennej materiałów krzemiennych połączona ze studiami technologicznymi i typologicznymi.
EN
The flint mine “Oszybka” in Pakosław, Mazowieckie voievodeship was discovered by Marcin Bednarz in 1992 during a field survey on an outcrop of chocolate flint conducted by students practice from Institute of Archaeology University of Warsaw. During the next three seasons about 1750 flint artifacts were collected from the site. This large assemblage contains not only the characteristic forms like cores but also debitage products. Initial research made it possible to determine the chronology of site as belonging to late Mesolithic and/or early Neolithic. Further studies were sadly interrupted by the premature death of Marcin Bednarz. After some years, according to Marcin wishes, team from the Institute of Archaeology Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw returned to the studies of flint materials from the “Oszybka” flint mine. Thanks to very detailed documentation from the 90s of the last century has become possible to digitalize and integrate it into a GIS environment. As a result, we acquired many spatial analysis of flint materials and combined them with research in terms of technology and typology.
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Final Paleolithic sites in Kuyavia

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Płaza D., Wicha J., Papiernik P.
Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
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2017
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vol. 63
29-36
PL
Kujawy są znane z wielu stanowisk z epoki kamienia (szczególnie neolitu) przy czym stanowiska datowane na paleolit schyłkowy są bardzo rzadko spotkane. W trakcie realizacji programu badawczego w rejonie grobowców kujawskich w Wietrzychowicach otrzymaliśmy informacje o wykopywanych w torfie przedmiotach kościanych w Skaszynie. Kilkukrotna wizytacja tego miejsca przyniosła obok nielicznych materiałów neolitycznych i wczesnobrązowych niespodziewane odkrycia charakterystycznych krzemieni, które powinny być datowane na schyłkowy paleolit i łączone z kulturą świderską.
EN
Kuyavia is one of the richest regions in archaeological finds especially in stone age archaeology. Unfortunately for a long time there were almost no data about Paleolithic sites. The first insubstantial information came from the Polish Archaeological Research Project from late 70-ties when the first Paleolithic flint were identified. A new perspective appeared around 2010 and the beginning of PhD research about Mesolithic in Kuyavia when all Final Paleolithic sites from archive of Polish Archaeological Research were registered (Płaza 2015). This research showed around 30 sites which could be indirectly linked with Final Paleolithic cultures. During last few years several further Final Paleolithic sites have been identified during field walking studies connected with execution of project “Archaeological sources in the region of Wietrzychowice Culture Park” supported by Ministry of Culture and National Heritage. All the data collected suggests that in the near future much more Final Paleolithic sites ought to be found in Kuyavia.
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Schyłkowopaleolityczne i mezolityczne materiały krzemienne z badań powierzchniowych w międzyrzeczu Pilicy i Wisły

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Ciepielewska E.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2006
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vol. LVIII
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issue 58
3-63
EN
This paper publishes the materials from the Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic obtained through surface surveys, mainly pre-war, from the area situated to the north of the Holy Cross Mountains, between the Pilica and Vistula rivers. The materials come from the collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw and the Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum in Łódź. This analysis covers the cores and retouched tools. The catalogue contains 116 as yet unpublished collections, of which a fragment was mentioned in the archaeological literature. The artefacts are presented in tables I–XXIX. Additionally, data were collected in the catalogue about collections known from the archaeological literature as obtained from surface surveys and excavations. A number of archaeological sites which were discovered through Polish Archaeological Record (AZP) were also signalled. In the area under discussion, archaeological study, which was carried out since the beginning of the last century, focused on two issues: the study of outcrops and the prehistoric exploitation sites of chocolate flint, and the study of the complex of Final Paleolithic and Mesolithic settlement sites around the hematite mines known as Rydno, and situated near Skarżysko-Kamienna. Field studies before WW II were carried out primarily by S. Krukowski and I. and L. Sawicki. After the war, intensive excavations were carried out in the 50ties in Rydno on the initiative of S. Krukowski, and later, in the 70ties, excavations were directed by R. Schild, both in the sector with outcrops of chocolate flint and in Rydno itself. The flint materials under study, though they are of lesser scientific value than those obtained directly through excavations, complement the overall picture of the settlement in the discussed area. 21 Final Paleolithic and 43 Mesolithic collections were distinguished. Mixed material, from both these periods, occurred at 17 sites. 26 inventories were generally dated to the Final Paleolithic and Mesolithic, or only their close chronology was suggested. 9 collections comprising mostly individual artefacts were only generally ascribed to the Stone Age (Table 1). For the inventory from Dyszów 1, concentration 1 (Pl. V:9–25) a Final Magdalenian character was suggested due to the presence of the backed bladelet (Pl. V:23). In the mixed inventory from Bawaria, two arch-backed pieces were distinguished (Pl. III:3.4), which were probably connected with the arch-backed piece technocomplex, dated to the Late Alleröd and Younger Dryas. The individual arch-backed piece from Pakosław (Pl. XVII:18) should be associated with the same complex. Most of the analysed Final Paleolithic inventories is connected with the Swiderian Culture, dated generally to the second half of the Younger Dryas. In the collections from the sites in Barycz 2 (Pls. I:5–8, II:1–7), Radom (Pl. XXIV:1–5), Ryczywół (Pl. XXV:1–8) and Kuźnia (Pls. XII, XIII) the tanged and willow-leaf Masovian points, which are the central tools of this culture, occur in a broader, typical context of opposed platform cores for blades or end--scrapers and burins, which are similar in style to those found in the Swiderian Culture. Sparse collections containing individual Masovian points come from the sites in: Lisów (Pl. XI:24), Teofilów (Pl. XXVIII:3) and Dębiny (Pl. V:3–6). In Dębiny, beside the Masovian point, also a big Lyngby point was found. Individual Masovian points were also found in the mixed collections from the sites in: Przepaść (Pl. XIX:28), Pyszna Górka (Pl. XXII:30) and Przedbórz (Pl. XIX:22). At the site in Myślakowice, a point of the Hintersee type occurred (Pl. XVI:13), which is rare in Swiderian assemblages. With the latter assemblages one should also associate the finds from the sites in Barycz 1 (Pl. I:1–4), Huta Książek (Pl. IX:16.17), Sielpia Wielka 3 (Pl. XXVI:1–3) and Suchodółka (Pl. XXVIII:1.2) which contained slim opposed platform cores for blades and individual end-scrapers and burins. In the mixed inventory from the site in Marcinków 2, there was a Grensk shouldered point (Pl. XV:3) rarely occurring at Swiderian sites of the north-eastern and central-eastern Poland. Among the numerous Mesolithic inventories, two collections: Bobki 2 (Pl. III:16–26) and Bobki 3 (Pl. III:27–37) were recognised as older, non-trapezoid assemblages of the Komornica Culture due to the presence of a few forms from the basic component of this culture. A group of Komornica artefacts occurred also at the site in Ponikwa, concentration 3 (Pl. XVIII:38.39.43–55). Elements of the younger Komornica Culture or of the Chojnice-Pieńki Culture can be distinguished in the sparse group of armatures at the site in Pakosław (Pl. XVII:18–24.27–30). The affiliation with the Janisławice Culture was suggested only for the inventory from the site in Pyszna Górka (Pl. XXIII:9–33). Janisławice points occurred also in mixed collections from the sites in Gapinin 2 (Pl. VII:19), Gaworzyn (Pl. IX:6–8), Kozia Wola (Pl.X:32) and in the Mesolithic inventory at Bobki (Pl. IV:5). The core exploitation type which is close to the one in the Janisławice Culture is represented also by the single-platform cores for blades with a flaking surface on the narrower side from the sites Sielpia Wielka 2 (Pl. XXV:32), and Przepaść (Pl. XIX:25.26). The group of Mesolithic inventories, in which scrapers and trapezes dominate, while end-scrapers are absent or few and far between, was characterised as assemblages of the Late Mesolithic. These are: Kazanów (Pl. IX:18–33), Końskie (Pl. X:19–25), Ponikwa 1 (Pl. XVIII:6–29), Pyszna Górka (Pl. XXI:1–45) and Trupień (Pl. XXIX:1–10). The analysis of the types of flint raw materials in the discussed collections of the Final Paleolithic and Mesolithic complements the general picture known on the basis of materials from the archaeological excavations (Table 2). The northern footslopes of the Holy Cross Mountains is an area at which chocolate flint dominates in assemblages. It was obtained in numerous exploitation points at the territory of its outcrops extending along the south-east axis from the vicinity of Guzów to the Kamienna valley. Among the Final Paleolithic inventories (161 items with determined the raw material) the share of different types of flint was the following: chocolate flint is 89,4%, Baltic erratic flint 5,6%, Cretaceous flint 3,6%, and Świeciechów flint 1,2%. In the river bend of the Kamienna, and in its outlet to the Vistula river, at the area of Cretaceous flint outcrops, more numerous items of this raw material occur. Among the materials from the Mesolithic (685 items with determined raw material), 61,0% of the items are made of chocolate flint, 27,4% of Baltic flint, 5,8% of Świeciechów flint, 2,3% of Jurassic flint, 1,9% of Cretaceous flint, and 0,7% of banded flint. In the Mesolithic inventories from sites situated in the basin of the Kamienna and Vistula rivers, the role of the leading flint complementing the inventories is taken by Świeciechów flint over from Baltic flint. The Final Paleolithic and Mesolithic sites are situated mostly in river valleys of the region (Fig.2). The concentration of sites is particularly visible in the area of the cities of Końskie and Radoszyce, in the area which is geographically varied: numerous streams, sands and sand dunes. The comparison of the available data suggests, that almost all sites in this area are located on dune terraces of rivers. The concentration of traces of settlements also takes place in areas of occurrence of attractive raw materials, obtained in the Final Paleolithic and Mesolithic, that is, at the territory of outcrops of chocolate flint and hematite at Rydno.
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Głos w dyskusji o Projekcie Lednica i używaniu wykrywaczy metali w badaniach archeologicznych

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Sabaciński M.
Studia Lednickie
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2020
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vol. 19
119-127
EN
The article is a record and expanded version of the author’s participation in the discussion during the conference on 28 September 2018, entitled: “Współczesne techniki i metody ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego w kontekście współpracy archeologów i detektorystów” (Contemporary techniques and methods of protection of cultural heritage in the context of cooperation between archaeologists and detectorists). The presented point of view is the opinion of an employee from an institution which deals with the protection of heritage and first and foremost gives priority to arguments from the restorers. The aim of the text is to present fieldworks as one of the elements of research, which consists of the following stages: planning, exploration, processing and interpretation, preservation and safekeeping of the monuments, as well as publications and wide sharing of the results.
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Zapinki bałtyjskie z Janowca nad Wisłą

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Kuś G.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2021
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vol. LXXII
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issue 72
194-199
EN
The artefacts presented were found at site no. 3 (AZP 76-75/47) in Janowiec in the commune of Janowiec, Puławy County, located on a sandy terrace closing the Vistula River valley from the north-west. At the foot of the terrace, below the site, flows a small watercourse, which the locals call “Nieciecz”; it feeds the Plewka River, which has its confluence with the Vistula above Janowiec. The current bed of the Vistula River is about 2 km from the site (Fig. 1). The site, which can be described as a multicultural settlement, was discovered in 1981 during a surface survey conducted as part of the Archaeological Record of Poland; since 2016, fieldwalking and excavations have been regularly carried out at the site. Apart from isolated sherds of Trzciniec Culture pottery, the site also yielded Przeworsk Culture material, the oldest of which can be dated to phase A3, and the most numerous can be attributed to phases B2 and B2/C1–C1a. The youngest settlement horizon of the Przeworsk Culture is marked by a brooch of Almgren type 158, which can be classified as the Jakuszowice variant (according to I. Jakubczyk 2014), and a belt buckle similar to type H12 in the classification of R. Madyda-Legutko (1987). Fragments of the two brooches of Balt provenance, discussed in the article, can be dated to the later sections of the Early Migration Period and to the Late Migration Period. The beginning of early Slavic settlement is marked by fragments of bracelets with trumpet-shaped, ornamented terminals, which, with some reservations, can be dated to the 7th–8th century, as well as by late Avar belt fittings, dated to the 8th/9th century. The youngest early medieval artefacts can be dated to the 12th–13th century. During the excavations, modern period material was also recovered. The first of the finds discussed here is a copper-alloy fragment of a fibula with solid catchplate (Fig. 2:a.b). The fibula belongs to the Dollkeim/Kovrovo type, distinguished by A. Bitner-Wróblewska. Brooches of this type are mainly associated with the West Balt circle, where they are the most numerous. They are also known from Pomerania, Bornholm, Öland, Gotland and Finnish areas. One specimen was also found in Tomasze, Ostrołeka County, and in an unspecified locality in the Dnieper River basin. In the West Balt circle, Dollkeim/Kovrovo-type brooches are dated to the later stages of phase D and the beginning of phase E of the Migration period. The second find from Janowiec is a copper-alloy fragment of a spring from a rung brooch of a “pseudo-crossbow” construction (Fig. 2:c.d). Brooches of this type are found almost exclusively in the Balt areas, where they mark the developed stages of phase E of the Migration period. The finds from Janowiec can probably be regarded as signs of movement of small groups of West Balt people along the Vistula River.
PL
Zaprezentowane materiały zostały znalezione na stanowisku nr 3 (AZP 76-74/47) w miejscowości Janowiec (dawniej Janowiec nad Wisłą), gm. loco, pow. puławski. Stanowisko jest położone na piaszczystej terasie zamykającej od zachodu dolinę Wisły. W pobliżu stanowiska przepływa niewielki ciek wodny nazywany lokalnie „Nieciecz” oraz rzeka Plewka znajdującą swe ujście do Wisły powyżej Janowca. Obecne koryto Wisły jest oddalone o ok. 2 km od stanowiska (ryc. 1). Stanowisko zostało odkryte w roku 1981 podczas badań powierzchniowych, prowadzonych w ramach Archeologicznego Zdjęcia Polski. Od roku 2016 prowadzone są tu regularne badania powierzchniowe i wykopaliskowe, którymi kieruje Grzegorz Kuś. Pracami wykopaliskowymi objęto dotychczas obszar o powierzchni zaledwie 1,8 ara, a szczegółową prospekcją powierzchniową objęto obszar ok. 3 ha. Pozyskano przy tym materiały, które można datować na okres wpływów rzymskich, wczesne średniowiecze oraz liczne znaleziska nowożytne. Podczas prospekcji powierzchniowej pozyskano również dwa omawiane przedmioty, które można datować na okres wędrówek ludów. Pierwszym znaleziskiem jest wykonany ze stopu miedzi fragment fibuli z pełną pochewką, o kuszowatej konstrukcji (ryc. 2: a, b). Fibulę można zaliczyć do wydzielonego przez A. Bitner-Wróblewską typu Dollkeim/Kovrovo. Zapinki tego typu wiązane są głównie z kręgiem zachodniobałtyjskim, gdzie występują najliczniej. Znane są również z Pomorza, Bornholmu, Olandii, Gotlandii oraz obszarów fińskich. Jeden egzemplarz został również znaleziony w miejscowości Tomasze pow. ostrołęcki oraz w bliżej nieokreślonej miejscowości w dorzeczu Dniepru. W kręgu zachodniobałtyjskim zapinki typu Dollkeim/Kovrovo datowane są na młodsze odcinki fazy D i początki fazy E okresu wędrówek ludów. Drugim znaleziskiem z Janowca jest wykonany ze stopu miedzi fragment sprężyny zapinki szczeblowej o konstrukcji „pseudokuszowatej” (ryc.2: c, d). Zapinki tego typu znane są niemal wyłącznie z obszarów bałtyjskich, gdzie są datowane na rozwinięte odcinki fazy E okresu wędrówek ludów. Znalezisk z Janowca, można chyba traktować jako ślady krótkotrwałego pobytu, czy raczej postoju, w trakcie wyprawy niewielkich grup Estiów szlakiem wzdłuż Wisły. Nie można jednak wykluczyć, że wzdłuż takiego szklaku funkcjonowała sieć bardzo rozproszonego osadnictwa, a miejscowa ludność była zaangażowana w organizację dalekosiężnej wymiany. W wyjaśnieniu tej kwestii mogą jednak pomóc tylko kolejne odkrycia.
7
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Analiza rozmieszczenia osadnictwa średniowiecznego względem cieków z wykorzystaniem darmowego oprogramowania GIS na przykładzie północnego Mazowsza

80%
Zawadzka-Pawlewska U., Warszawski U.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica
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2014
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issue 16
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie odległości stanowisk archeologicznych od cieków. Obszarem badań jest zlewnia rzeki Węgierki na północnym Mazowszu. Do badań wykorzystano dane z Archeologicznego Zdjęcia Polski. Analizy wykonano z użyciem darmowego oprogramowania GIS – Quantum GIS 1.7.3 oraz ILWIS 3.7. Dzięki badaniom udało się stwierdzić istnienie różnic w wyborze miejsc dogodnych do osadnictwa w przeszłości.
EN
Regional patterns of settlement are one of the most important subjects in archaeology. Analysis of such patterns were well spread in the research community before the GIS revolution. However, according to the usage of GIS tool in last two decades regional settlement analysis became more simple and less time-consuming. In following paper author presented one of such tools, which can be applied to the archaeological data. For the analysis, data from Polish National Record of Archaeological Sites (PNRAS) were used. The region was set on natural boundaries of river Węgierka catchment in Northern Mazovia region. Choice of the region was conditioned by relatively low human impact on riverbed. Data from PNRAS were digitized in QuantumGIS. Later sites were counted in equidistant zones from rivers in ILWIS 3.7. The result, after division by area of equidistant zone, were density maps of the region for three period: Early Medieval, Late Medieval and Post-medieval. Results shown changes in settlement pattern in three following periods of time. In direction from Early medieval to Post Medieval period the attractiveness of far-from-rivers regions grow. On the opposite the attractiveness of close-to-rivers part of studied area decreased in time. Probable causes of this changes were: technological development and changes in hydrology of these region.
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Wirujące tarcze. Nowe znalezisko peltakształtnego okucia z Dziekanowic jako przykład wymiany kulturowej między Cesarstwem Rzymskim a Barbaricum

71%
Przybylski A.
Studia Lednickie
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2023
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issue XXII
61-96
EN
In the course of prospections of the shores of Lednica Lake with metal detectors carried out in cooperation with WGEH (Wielkopolska Exploratory – Historical Group) – “GNIAZDO”, the Museum of First Piasts has acquired hundreds of metal relics of various chronologies. Among them are also dozens of artefacts dating back to the period of Roman infl uence. One of them is the eponymous pelta-shaped fitting, which came from a horse harness or belt used by a Roman soldier. The form of the appliqué indicates a connection with Celtic aesthetics which infl uenced the look of the imperial army’s armament in the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries AD. The articleis an attempt to understand the symbolism and function of this particular ornament based on the numerous analogies collected, and presents possible scenarios for the influx of this type of object into Barbaricum.
PL
Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy w ramach prospekcji terenów na wschodnim brzegu jeziora Lednica wykrywaczami metali realizowanej we współpracy z WGEH – „GNIAZDO” pozyskało setki zabytków metalowych o różnorodnej chronologii. Wśród nich znajduje się kilkadziesiąt artefaktów pochodzących z okresu wpływów rzymskich. Jednym z nich jest tytułowe peltakształtne okucie, które pochodziło z uprzęży końskiej lub pasa użytkowanego przez rzymskiego żołnierza. Forma aplikacji wykazuje związek z estetyką celtycką, pod której wpływem na przełomie II i III wieku n.e. kształtował się wygląd oporządzenia imperialnej armii. Artykuł jest próbą zrozumienia symboliki i funkcji tej szczególnej ozdoby w oparciu o licznie zebrane analogie. Przedstawia także możliwe scenariusze napływu tego rodzaju przedmiotów na tereny Barbaricum.
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