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EN
The article presents the image and the place of barbarians in the late-Roman society in the light of  Vita Epifani by Ennodius (Magnus Felix Ennodius). The analysis of the work, and above all the diplomatic missions carried out by Bishop Epiphanius, shows the world of the second half of the 5th century, co-created by Romans and the barbarians, in which the latter have their inalienable place. They are no longer guests and newcomers, but co-hosts and co-creators of the new community of the late antiquity. Ennodius' work appears as a call to the Roman clergy and aristocracy to work together with the new peoples present in the former Roman territories, and with their rulers. The work also presents a new image of the episcopal ministry, focused on building a new community gathering the Romans and the barbarians. Ennodius, a bishop-diplomat, carries out religious activities, while avoiding the controversial issues concerning relations with Arianism. He emphasises social and political activity in the face of a weakening civilian authority.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia obraz i miejsce barbarzyńców w społeczeństwie późnoantycznym, w świetle dzieła Ennodiusza (Magnus Felix Ennodius) Vita Epifani. Analiza dzieła, a przede wszystkim misji dyplomatycznych pełnionych przez biskupa Epifaniusza, ukazuje świat drugiej połowy V w. współtworzony przez Rzymian i barbarzyńców, w którym ci ostatni mają swoje niezbywalne miejsce. Nie są w nim już gośćmi i przybyszami, ale współgospodarzami i współtwórcami nowej społeczności późnego antyku. Dzieło Ennodiusza jawi się jako wezwanie skierowane do kleru i arystokracji rzymskiej do współpracy z nowymi ludami obecnymi na dawnych terenach rzymskich i ich władcami. Dzieło rysuje też nowy obraz posługi biskupiej, skupionej na budowaniu nowej społeczności gromadzącej Rzymian i barbarzyńców. Ennodiusz biskup-dyplomata prowadzi działalność religijną, unikając przy tym kontrowersyjnych kwestii relacji z arianizmem, zwraca uwagę na działalność społeczną i polityczną wobec słabnącej władzy cywilnej.
EN
The article seeks to present the dynamics of the development of the image of the Gepid tribe in ancient and early medieval sources. For our analysis, we used Roman and Byzantine sources dating from the 3rd to 7th centuries.. The topic was handled in points discussing the three basic aspects of how the Gepids were perceived and presented: their manner of fighting (bravery, cruelty and using a sword as specific combat tactics), the kinship between the Gepids and the Goths, the hardness of their character, their slow movements and the infantry style of fighting (as opposed to horse fighting used by other peoples). The article presents both the above-mentioned basic elements of the tribe’s image, the changes in its perception, and the development of this image, which has gradually gained new elements derived from various traditions.
PL
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja dynamiki rozwoju obrazu plemienia Gepidów w źródłach antycznych i wczesnośredniowiecznych. W analizie zostały wykorzystane źródła rzymskie i bizantyjskie z okresu III-VII w. Temat został zrealizowany w punktach omawiających trzy zasadnicze elementy ich postrzegania i prezentacji: cechy związane z prowadzonymi walkami (waleczność, okrucieństwo oraz posługiwanie się mieczem, jako szczególna taktyka walki); pokrewieństwo Gepidów z Gotami; ociężałość ich charakteru, powolność ruchów i pieszy styl walki (w odróżnieniu od walki konnej innych ludów). Artykuł przedstawia zarówno wymienione zasadnicze elementy obrazu plemienia, jaki i przemiany jego postrzegania oraz rozwój obrazu, który stopniowo wzbogacał się o nowe elementy czerpane z różnych tradycji.
PL
Artykuł omawia zagadnienie relacji rzymsko-barbarzyńskich w świetle zbioru Panegyrici Latini (III-IV w.). Poprzez analizę tych tekstów artykuł ukazuje zróżnicowane aspekty tytułowych relacji. Skrajną postawą Rzymian jest dążenie do wyniszczenia ludów barbarzyńskich lub przynajmniej ich podporządkowania Rzymowi. Liczne teksty ukazują jednak zróżnicowane formy integracji dwóch ludów. Drogą do niej były deportacje barbarzyńców na tereny rzymskie wynikające z potrzeb personalnych Cesarstwa (koloni i rekruci). W artykule jest także omówiona rola limesu, który z granicy staje się stopniowo miejscem spotkania i poszerza pola kontaktu i integracji.
EN
The article discusses the issue of Roman-barbarian relations in the light of the collection Panegyrici Latini (3rd-4th century). Through the analysis of these texts, the article shows various aspects of these relationships. The extreme attitude of the Romans is the pursuit of the destruction of barbarian peoples or at least their subordination to Rome. However, numerous texts show different forms of integration of the two peoples, resulting from the deportations of barbarians to Roman territories for the personnel needs of the Empire (coloni and recruits). The article also discusses the role of the limes, which gradually becomes a meeting place rather than a border and expands the area of contact and integration.
4
84%
Vox Patrum
|
2003
|
vol. 44
319-327
EN
One of the major hagiographic sources of the Late Antiquity, Vita Sancti Severini, written by an abbey of the Lucullanum monastery, Eugippius, is also an excellent basis to explore the national and cultural contexts of living the Romans and the „barbarians" in the area of three Roman province: Noricum Ripense, Noricum Mediterraneum and Pannonia Maior in the sccond part of 5th century AD. However, the hagiographer identified 6 main names of „barbarian" tribes: the East Goths, the Herules, and the Thurings, Alemans, Rugians and Turkish Huns. Author characterized each of them comparing with the all historical details. The author also tried to analyze why the hagiographer had shown the Germanic tribes as a difficult neighbor than enemy? The religion context of these hagiographic tales also aimed to discover Germanie conquerors as so called „brothers" in Christianity. But most of the historians and philosophers of the Late Antiquity were able to think that co-operation with the Arian conquerors, was another unworkable idea. Eugippius was not. He tried to bridge the empty space of misunderstanding between the Romans and the Germanic people. Author considered the foliowing final reflection: it was possible that Eugippius could participate in the movement of cohabitation the Romans and East-Goths during the reign of Theodoric the Great. But author also tries to say that this is only a hypothesis.
PL
Artykuł omawia konstytucję wydaną przez cesarza Honoriusza w 416 r., dotyczącą wyłączenia odpowiedzialności karnej sprawców czynów kwalifikowanych jako crimen w sytuacji, gdy działania te podjęte zostały w czasie najazdu barbarzyńców, ucieczki przed najeźdźcami czy rządów uzurpatorów. Akt ten stanowi, że nie ma mowy o przestępstwie, jeśli czyn popełniono w obawie o życie. W artykule analizowane są poszczególne wyrażenia użyte w akcie prawnym, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do języka prawnego epoki, jak również przedstawiono tło wydania konstytucji, a także wspomniano inne regulacje, odnoszące się do współdziałania – dobrowolnego lub pod przymusem – z wrogiem.
EN
The article analyses the constitution issued by Emperor Honorius in the year 416, concerning the perpetrators of offences qualified as crimen as the exemption from criminal liability, in a situation when such actions were undertaken during the barbaric invasions, escape from such invasions or the rule of the usurpers. The act governs that an action perpetrated for fear of one’s life cannot be seen as crime. The article analyses specific terms used in the above-mentioned legal act, especially in the context of the contemporary legal terminology of the epoch. Moreover, it presents the historical backdrop behind the issuing of the constitution, together with other regulations regarding collaboration with the enemy, both volitional and under coercion.
Vox Patrum
|
2018
|
vol. 70
559-600
EN
We owe important testimonies about local nomads to monks and pilgrims vi­siting Sinai. The information about them can be found in the works of Nilus of Sinai, Nilus of Ancyra, Ammonius, Jerome, Anastasius Sinaita or John Moschos. The image of the nomads, both Arabs and Blemmyds is painted in rather dark co­lours. The Christian authors pointed to the fact that they did not have permanent residences, nor cultivated land, but lived on what they hunted or robbed. They de­voted much attention to the attacks of the nomads on monasteries, hermits and pil­grims. They also reported the fate of the latter in captivity. They were shocked by Saracen beliefs, the cult of al-Uzza, identified with Aphrodite and bloody victims, especially human, although the latter has often been questioned by researchers. It seems that such practices may have happened, although rarely. Those Saracens who had adopted Christianity were presented in a different manner. They were allies of monks and hermits, defending them fromtheir pagan brothers. Even if their customs had not radically changed, for the Christian writers they were no longer barbarians. In the written sources, there is little information about collaboration between ascetics and nomadic communities, although we know from the archaeological sources that it took place, even in the form of trade exchange.
7
67%
EN
In De gubernatione Dei, Salwian of Marseilles assesses barbarians in a negative and positive manner. One might even get the impression that Salwian delivers a eulogy in honor of the barba- rians. The knowledge which Salwian communicates about the subject of barbarians is general in character, even sketchy. This knowledge comes from a certain rhetorical and literary canon, which was circulated at that time. Salwian does not give any more information on the topic of the barbarians directly from him. Although Salwian specifies the negative characteristics of individual barbarous nations, he is not especially interested in showing a negative image of them. Salwian shows barbarians in a rhetorical contrast to Roman Catholics. The pagan or Arian barbarians are portrayed in many cases as better than Roman Catholics and their guilt is shown to be lesser.
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