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EN
The register of beneficial owners, in accordance with provisions of Directive 849/2015, is an important element of the legal order in both Poland and Germany. Its importance has been strengthened by the threat of severe sanctions, both on the part of entities obliged to disclose data in register, as well as other participants of entities which are obliged by law to report infringements, including notaries (obliged institutions). As a natural consequence of the fact that the regulations being compared are an implementation of a common EU directive, the Polish and German regulations described are characterized by a number of similarities. The effectiveness of these provisions as well as the practice of the sanctions applied can be evaluated in the long term. In the compared areas concerning the register of beneficial owners in both countries, there is a significantly easier access to the data collected in Poland, without the need to demonstrate any legal interest in this area. Moreover, in Poland - unlike in Germany - in relation to many individuals, whose data are already disclosed in the register of entrepreneurs (members of representation bodies, partners), the notification obligation has been duplicated, thus adding another obligation to entrepreneurs.
EN
The status of photovoltaic equipment affects the category of limited property rights strengthening such investments. Depending on the qualifications of photovoltaic devices, three types of servitudes are useful. First, personal servitude within the meaning of Article 781 of the Swiss Civil Code (ZGB), secondly, praedial servitude under Article 730 ZGB and, thirdly, building right.
EN
The article's subject is "look through approach" conception, proposed by the Ministry of Finance in published draft of Explanatory Notes to the new withholding tax regulations. This concept might be applied in the context of ne beneficial owner definition. "Look through approach" concept is based on the possibility of benefiting from preferential principles of withholding tax in case of an intermediary, which transferred payment to the beneficial owner. However, the concept itself was not mentioned directly in the amendment to the CIT Act, but it was only proposed in the draft of Explanatory Notes. The article presents the most important issues connected with new definition of beneficial owner and the lack of adequate explanations regarding the application of "look through approach" concept, that entrepreneurs might meet.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest koncepcja „look through approach” zaproponowana przez Ministerstwo Finansów w opublikowanym „Projekcie objaśnień podatkowych do nowych zasad poboru podatku u źródła z 19.06.2019 r.”, która może znaleźć zastosowanie w ramach wprowadzonej nowej definicji rzeczywistego właściciela. Koncepcja ta, polegająca na możliwości skorzystania z preferencyjnych zasad opodatkowania podatkiem u źródła wobec podmiotu, który otrzymał daną płatność od pośrednika, nie została jednak bezpośrednio przewidziana w nowelizacji ustawy, a jedynie wspomina o niej projekt objaśnień. Stąd status normatywny tego rozwiązania pozostaje niejasny. W artykule podjęto próbę zidentyfikowania najważniejszych problemów, jakie wiążą się z wprowadzeniem nowej definicji rzeczywistego właściciela oraz brakiem odpowiednich wyjaśnień dotyczących zastosowania koncepcji „look through approach”, które mogą spotkać przedsiębiorców, chcących ze wskazanej koncepcji skorzystać.
EN
Cash pooling is a method of managing financial resources, which works well primarily in enterprises with an extensive corporate structure and operating within capital groups. The choice of a given form of cash pooling will depend on the entrepreneur’s individual preferences. Although using this method has many advantages, it still raises legal doubts. There is a lack of provisions in Poland that would precisely regulate this type of greement. In many cases, the design of the cash pooling agreement is similar to a loan agreement. However, it is worth paying attention to the basic differences, such as the fact that the essence of cash pooling is not an obligation to transfer a specific monetary value to an entity specified in the contract. These and other specific features of cash pooling agreements mean that it is not always obvious to which entity and on what terms an entity can be granted the status of beneficial owner. An additional, verification obligations imposed on the Polish payer and the need to act with due diligence are practical impediments.
PL
Cash pooling jest metodą zarządzania środkami finansowymi sprawdzającą się przede wszystkim w przedsiębiorstwach o rozbudowanej strukturze korporacyjnej i działających w ramach grup kapitałowych. Wybór danej formy cash poolingu będzie zależał od indywidualnych preferencji przedsiębiorcy. Chociaż korzystanie z tej metody ma wiele zalet, to wciąż budzi wątpliwości prawne. W Polsce brakuje przepisów, które precyzyjnie regulowałyby tego typu porozumienia. W wielu przypadkach konstrukcja umowy o cash pooling przypomina umowę pożyczki. Warto jednak zwrócić uwagę na podstawowe różnice, jak na przykład to, że istotą cash poolingu nie jest zobowiązanie do przeniesienia określonej wartości pieniężnej na określony w umowie podmiot. Te i inne specyficzne cechy porozumień cash poolingowych sprawiają, że nie zawsze oczywiste jest, któremu podmiotowi i na jakich zasadach można przyznać status beneficial owner. Dodatkowym utrudnieniem praktycznym są obowiązki weryfikacyjne narzucone na polskiego płatnika oraz konieczność działania z należytą starannością.
EN
Cash pooling is a method of managing financial resources, which works well primarily in enterprises with an extensive corporate structure and operating within capital groups. The choice of a given form of cash pooling will depend on the entrepreneur’s individual preferences. Although using this method has many advantages, it still raises legal doubts. There is a lack of provisions in Poland that would precisely regulate this type of agreement. In many cases, the design of the cash pooling agreement is similar to a loan agreement. However, it is worth paying attention to the basic differences, such as the fact that the essence of cash pooling is not an obligation to transfer a specific monetary value to an entity specified in the contract. These and other specific features of cash pooling agreements mean that it is not always obvious to which entity and on what terms an entity can be granted the status of beneficial owner. An additional, verification obligations imposed on the Polish payer and the need to act with due diligence are practical impediments.
EN
The underlying goal of this paper is better understanding of the beneficial ownership concept in Chinese law. This term was introduced for the first time to the OECD Model Convention 1977 with aim to prevent the use of Articles 10–12 by agents who have the claim for income. Recently this term was also introduced to Polish law and therefore it inspired the author to further investigation and analysis of its meaning and practical use. Given the fact that in 2001 China passed its Trust Law Act it becomes even more interesting to see how institutions of trusteeship and beneficial ownership function in this country. In opposition to recent changes in Polish law, China never decided to define beneficial owner, but Chinese tax administration regularly publishes updated guidelines to understanding practical use of beneficial owner clause.
PL
Celem niniejszej pracy jest zbadanie rozumienia pojęcia beneficial owner w Chinach. Termin ten został wprowadzony do Modelowej Konwencji OECD 1977 r. w celu zapobieżenia wykorzystania art. 10–12 przez agentów, którym przysługuje prawo do dochodu. Od niedawna do polskiej Ustawy o CIT wprowadzono definicję klauzuli beneficial owner, co zainspirowało autora do dalszych rozważań. Fakt wprowadzenia Chin w 2001 Prawa Trustów sprawił, że warto bliżej przyjrzeć się funkcjonowaniu instytucji powiernictwa i własności uprzywilejowanej w Chinach. W przeciwieństwie do Polski Chiny nie zdecydowały się na zdefiniowanie pojęcia beneficial owner, ale chińska administracja podatkowa regularnie publikuje wytyczne odnośnie możliwości skorzystania przez podmiot z klauzuli beneficial owner.
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