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System odbioru kompostowalnych odpadów opakowaniowych

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PL
Biodegradacja opakowania oznacza zakończenie jego cyklu życia na skutek całkowitego rozkładu materiału przez mikroorganizmy w wyniku reakcji enzymatycznych przebiegających w określonym czasie. Opakowania przewidziane do przetworzenia w procesach biologicznych (recykling organiczny) muszą podlegać badaniom, które potwierdzą spełnienie wymagań związanych z przydatnością do kompostowania w warunkach przemysłowych. W porównaniu z opakowaniami z tradycyjnych tworzyw sztucznych, podstawową zaletą opakowań wytworzonych z materiałów biodegradowalnych jest możliwość ich zbierania po zużyciu razem z odpadami organicznymi, a następnie poddanie procesowi recyklingu organicznego w instalacjach przemysłowych (kompostowniach lub instalacjach do biometanizacji).
EN
Biodegradation of packaging means the end of its life cycle through complete decomposition of material by microorganisms as a result of enzymatic reaction occurring in a specified period of time. Packaging intended for processing in biological processes (organic recycling) must be subjected to tests which confirm the fulfilment of the requirements related to the suitability for composting in an industrial environment. In comparison with traditional plastic packaging the main advantage of packaging made from biodegradable materials is the possibility of collecting them after use together with organic waste and then recycling organically in industrial installations (or composting plants or installations for biomethanisation).
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Mykologia budowlana

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EN
Building mycology is a branch of construction that deals with identifying the causes and effects of biological corrosion, as well as protecting against and combating it. Biological corrosion is a type of corrosion occurring under the influence of microorganisms – in the human residential microenvironment, it is mainly bacteria and fungi, as well as their metabolic products, which create an obviously corrosive environment. Other biological factors responsible for this type of corrosion in relation to building materials are, in Polish conditions, primarily: algae, lichens, bryophytes and insects – technical pests of construction wood.
PL
Mykologia budowlana to dział budownictwa, zajmujący się rozpoznawaniem przyczyn i skutków korozji biologicznej, jak również zabezpieczaniem przed nią oraz jej zwalczaniem. Korozja biologiczna to rodzaj korozji zachodzącej pod wpływem działania mikroorganizmów – w mikrośrodowisku mieszkalnym człowieka to głównie bakterie oraz grzyby, a także produktów ich przemiany materii, które tworzą środowisko ewidentnie korozyjne. Inne czynniki biologiczne – odpowiedzialne za ten rodzaj korozji w odniesieniu do materii budowlanej, to w warunkach polskich przede wszystkim: glony, porosty, mszaki oraz owady – techniczne szkodniki drewna budowlanego.
EN
As a result of the work carried out, composites were obtained whose matrix was polylactide (PLA) and the filler was hemp shives with the addition of stearin. Using a heating press, composites with different shares of both PLA and hemp shives were obtained. The amount of stearin was always 15% in relation to the mass of hemp shives used. Samples were prepared from the obtained composites to test the biodegradation process, which were measured and weighed. The biodegradation process was carried out in the environment, placing the appropriately prepared batches of composites in compost derived from grass. Samples were taken at monthly intervals to analyze changes in mass and thickness and morphological assessment. The degradation process of the obtained composites was carried out for 3 months. The mass of the samples after the first month of biodegradation did not change significantly, however, with the biodegradation time, the masses of the tested composite samples decrease. The thickness of composite samples after the first month of biodegradation increased in relation to the initial value, which may be caused by the adsorption of water from the substrate. However, after three months of biodegradation, a decrease in thickness was observed for all samples in comparison to the initial value. Analysis of the surface morphology of the composite samples carried out using a stereoscopic microscope and a scanning electron microscope confirmed the biodegradation process for the obtained composites. Stearin, which is a mixture of fatty acids, used as a composite modifying additive turned out to be a nutrient for microorganisms present in the compost, which accelerated the decomposition of the samples. As a result of the conducted research, it can be stated that the obtained composite has properties that support ecological processing, which is in line with the assumptions of a circular economy.
Medycyna Pracy
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2020
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vol. 71
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issue 6
743-756
EN
Problems arising from the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment have become global. Appeals to stop the usage of disposable drinking straws or plastic cutlery did not come out without reason – 320 million tons of plastic products are produced annually, of which 40% are disposable items. More and more countries and private enterprises are giving up these types of items in favor of their biodegradable substitutes, e.g., cardboard drinking straws. Plastic waste in the environment is subject to a number of physicochemical interactions and biodegradation in which bacteria are involved. By using synthetic waste, they reduce the size of plastic garbage while increasing its dispersion in the environment. Small plastic particles, invisible to the naked eye, are called nanoplastic. Nanoplastic is not inert to living organisms. Due to its size, it is taken up with food by animals and passed on in the trophic chain. The ability to penetrate the body’s barriers through nanoplastic leads to the induction of biological effects with various outcomes. Research studies on the interaction of nanoplastic with living organisms are carried out in many laboratories; however, their number is still a drop in the ocean of the data needed to draw clear-cut conclusions about the impact of nanoplastic on living organisms. There is also no data on the direct exposure to nanoplastic contamination at workplaces, schools and public utilities, standards describing the acceptable concentration of nanoplastic in food products and drinking water, and in vitro tests on nanoparticles other than polystyrene nanoparticles. Complementing the existing data will allow assessing the risks arising from the exposure of organisms to nanoplastic. Med Pr. 2020;71(6):743–56
PL
Problemy wynikające z gromadzenia się w środowisku plastikowych odpadów stały się globalne. Apele o zaprzestanie wykorzystywania jednorazowych słomek do napojów czy plastikowych sztućców nie pojawiły się bez powodu – rocznie produkuje się 320 mln ton wyrobów plastikowych, z których 40% to przedmioty jednorazowego użytku. Coraz więcej państw i prywatnych przedsiębiorstw rezygnuje z przedmiotów plastikowych na rzecz ich biodegradowalnych zamienników, np. tekturowych słomek do napojów. W środowisku plastikowe odpady podlegają wielu oddziaływaniom fizykochemicznym oraz biodegradacji, w której biorą udział bakterie. Bytując na odpadach syntetycznych, powodują zmniejszenie ich rozmiarów i zwiększają ich dyspersję w środowisku. Małe, niewidoczne gołym okiem cząstki plastiku noszą nazwę nanoplastiku. Nanoplastik nie jest obojętny dla organizmów żywych. Z uwagi na swoje rozmiary jest pobierany wraz z pokarmem przez zwierzęta i przekazywany w łańcuchu troficznym. Zdolność nanoplastiku do przenikania barier organizmu indukuje efekty biologiczne o rozmaitych skutkach. Wiele ośrodków prowadzi badania na temat nanoplastiku, jednak ich wyniki wciąż stanowią ułamek danych potrzebnych do jednoznacznego wnioskowania o jego wpływie na organizmy żywe. Brakuje także danych dotyczących bezpośredniego narażenia na zanieczyszczenie nanoplastikiem w miejscach pracy, szkołach i miejscach użyteczności publicznej, norm opisujących dopuszczalne stężenie nanoplastiku w produktach spożywczych i wodzie pitnej oraz badań in vitro na nanocząstkach innych niż polistyrenu. Uzupełnienie dostępnych danych pozwoli obiektywnie ocenić zagrożenia płynące ze strony ekspozycji organizmów na nanoplastik. Med. Pr. 2020;71(6):743–756
EN
The additional artificial elements have been implemented into weak soil to improve and stabilize the structures. The most frequent example is use of geosynthetics materials that increase stability, improve bearing capacity of soil, protect against surface erosion, affect into properties connected with filtration and drainage. The basic methods to protect against erosion of slopes is selected planting of grass and vegetation that prevent surface destruction. The application of biodegradable geotextiles allows to increase the positive impact on local stability of slopes. Advanced geotextiles support the vegetation growth by protection against dewatering. The geotextiles with grass seeds, biomates and fabrics made of natural fibers are frequently used in these applications. The physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties of applied materials should correspond to the purpose of built structure and type of soil. The paper presents results of research of the Maliwatt type nonwovens. The analysis includes: the influence of different type of Maliwatt nonwovens and time of their use on selected physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties of these materials. The research was done by use of biotextile stitched with the Maliwatt technique that is available on the Polish market. The geotextiles were obtained from waste synthetic and natural nonwovens (RKL) with grass seeds, and innovative non-woven fabrics stitched with polyamide yarn (Maliwatt) obtained from low-quality washed sheep wool. The impact of the type of non-woven fabric on the growth of grasses was also analyzed. Research included spreading of 2 types of nonwovens on a natural slope with natural soil cover for 5 months period. All tests were performed in accordance with the applicable harmonized standards.
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