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EN
Education concerning biodiversity has a long tradition in Poland, and has its origin in environmental education in XIX century. Biodiversity education in a novel approach encompasses three aspects – environment, society and economy. This approach arise with Education for Sustainable Development and Biodiversity Convention in 1992 during United Nations conference in Rio de Janeiro „Environment and development”. Poland as the cosignatory of Biodiversity Convention is obliged to educate for biodiversity protection on all levels of formal education. What means, that content connected to biodiversity should be present in all documents related to formal education, including curricula at universities. Here we aimed at comparing curricula of two faculties at Pedagogical University in Cracow: Biology and Environmental protection to verify if they include content related to biodiversity.
EN
A few thousand anthropogenic water reservoirs can be found in the area of the Upper Silesian Coal Basis (USCB) located in southern Poland. In this paper the role of such anthropogenic lakes in the landscape of the western part of the USCB was presented and illustrated with the example of Knurów, a mining city, and its immediate surrounding area. The study of landscape changes in this area was carried out on the basis of archival and contemporary cartographic materials, historical sources, and interviews with inhabitants and direct field observations. It was found that the origin of the majority of the water reservoirs is related to hard coal, clay and sand mining. They were created primarily as a result of filling subsidence basins and post-mining excavations with water, as well as being the result of the construction of various hydro-technical facilities (settling ponds, fire protection water reservoirs, etc.) In the study area the anthropogenic water reservoirs are of different sizes, shapes and durability and play different roles in the environment. Between 1884 and 2001 their number increased 25-fold, while at the same time their total surface area increased more than 8-fold. The role of the newly created water reservoirs in the landscape primarily involves the transformation of the existing terrestrial ecosystems into wetland ecosystems. The agro-forestry landscape of the late 19th century was transformed into a typically anthropogenic landscape with a dominant share of water reservoirs, settlement ponds and mining waste heaps. The most common species of plants around the water reservoirs are Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia, Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea canadensis, Potamogeton natans, Lemna sp., Acorus calamus, Myriophyllum verticillatum, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Alisma plantago-aquatica and Glyceria aquatica. The most valuable elements of the flora include Trapa natans and Ruppia maritima, species recognized in Poland as threatened with extinction. Changes in the vegetation cover can be considered favourable since the analysed area is currently characterised by greater biodiversity. Reservoirs are in general positively perceived by residents and used for recreational purposes.
EN
Reflecting on several crucial issues regarding the protection, planning, and management of archaeological landscapes from the point of view of the Discipline of Landscape Architecture, the article focusses on the roles of the vegetal component and plant biodiversity in the landscaping of archaeological sites.After outlining a background framework of the theoretical, cultural, and ecological relationships between vegetation and ruins adopting a landscape architecture approach, the article proposes a set of conceptual and operational tools to deal with active and inventive1 conservation of archaeological landscapes, striving to adopt the “strong forward-looking” attitude recommended by the European Landscape Convention (Florence 2000).By re-reading the consolidated concept of biodiversity (CBD, 1992) according to a different research dimension, the concept of temporal diversity is explored and proposed as a key issue in the interpretation and planning of layered landscapes. Focusing in particular on design issues in the management of ruin and vegetation integration, an innovative approach is presented in regards to various greenery-related potentialities in the landscaping and management of archaeological sites.The article’s concluding remarks aim to open new trans-disciplinary windows of research on active and inventive conservation of archaeological landscapes to foster further exploration of this potentially broad ambit of investigation.
EN
There is an urgent need to reverse biodiversity loss as has been identified in a wide range of reports. This short commentary article considers the need for businesses to act on biodiversity and nature loss. In particular, the focus of the article is a statement issued in November 2022 by a number of businesses imploring governments to take action to address biodiversity loss. The businesses are petitioning for government action on the basis that they can only pledge to radically change their business models if there is political certainty in respect of government actions on biodiversity. This commentary considers this November 2022 statement and sets out relevant context for understanding the statement.
EN
One of the human expansions on Earth there is substantial increase of species extinction rate. And this process leads to significant reduction in biodiversity. However, its protection is necessary for the most elementary reasons: – to maintain mechanisms of living nature action, – to maintain nature’s capacity to survive the environment changes; – to prevent the loss of natural values, not yet identified and used, which may constitute the basis for development and guarantee for survival of future generations. The notion of biodiversity was defined by the Convention on biodiversity adopted at the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development (so called “Earth Summit”) in Rio de Janeiro, 5th June 1992. Both the Republic of Poland and the European Union is the Signatory of this Convention. Therefore, the obligations imposed on the Convention signatories shall be reflected both in the national and the European Union legislation. Undoubtedly, the legal regulations, both of the Community and the national ones concerning support for rural development include solutions purposed to protect biodiversity. It also appears that these solutions intend to approach the coherent system to support biodiversity.
EN
The problems of studying, preservation and rational use of natural resources in modern conditions are no less relevant than the issues of politics and economics, and are absolutely connected with them. The analysis of regulatory and legislative acts on the conservation of the planet's biodi-versity is made.
EN
Convention on biological diversity of 5th June, 1992 including the regulations of the “International Treaty” on Plant “Genetic Resources” for Food and Agriculture prepared in Rome on 3rd November 2001 and the regulation of the Nagoya Protocol (of 29th October 2010) on access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilization to the Convention on biological diversity will significantly affect the practice relating to the creative breeding of new plant varieties. Among the objectives of the above cited international legal acts “the fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived from the utilisation of genetic resources” is to be noted. Since utilisation of genetic resources is an essential component of the creative breeding of new plant varieties, the new, detailed legal regulations covering this area have to cause impacts on the breeding process and obtaining the exclusive plant variety right. The new legal regulations concerning protection of biodiversity will impact, in particular, on far–reaching formalisation of the breeding process through enforcing compilation and collection of the documentation connected with the genetic resources of origin used in the breeding process. Moreover, the way of participation of particular seed industry participants in profits connected with commercialisation of the exclusive plant variety right will also be subject to remodelling. Beside hitherto beneficiaries of such profits, i.e. breeders (holders of the exclusive plant variety right) and seed companies (licensees of the exclusive plant variety right) the group of entities salary–earning for the exclusive plant variety right will be also extended with entities providing genetic resources for the creative needs of plant breeding.
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EN
Poland is country with a preserved and rich biodiversity. It is important to maintain, keep and enrich this biodiversity as a part of actions of agriculture. The plant protection, and especially chemical method are frequently treated as the biggest threat from the part of the agricultural production for the environment and biodiversity. Activities under taken in the past years have changed a lot. But still plant protection products are used to kill the insects, diseases and weeds means part of biodiversity. On the other hand plant protection products allow us to maximize agricultural productivity and ensure food supply. Farmers are required to increase the yield and at the same time protect nature and biodiversity. In the article results of scientific research and Polish activity in protection of the biodiversity are presented.
PL
Celem stosowania w praktyce rolniczej środków ochrony roślin jest zwalczanie organizmów szkodliwych, chorób, szkodników i chwastów, a więc niszczenie elementów bioróżnorodności. Dlatego też chemiczna ochrona roślin wydaje się być trudna do pogodzenia z ochroną bioróżnorodności. Z drugiej strony ochrona roślin jest podstawą stabilizacji plonowania oraz uzyskiwania plonów wysokich i dobrej jakości. Lata badań naukowych, wysiłki producentów środków ochrony roślin oraz tworzone podstawy prawne już pozwoliły na bardzo znaczne ograniczenie ujemnego wpływu zabiegów ochroniarskich na środowisko i tym samym bioróżnorodność. Sytuacja ta będzie ulegać dalszej poprawie szczególnie poprzez wdrożenie zadań Zrównoważonego Stosowania Pestycydów, integrowanej ochrony roślin oraz podniesienie poziomu przygotowania zawodowego rolników i ich doradców. Polska jest krajem o bogatej zachowanej bioróżnorodności i tym bardziej wskazane są wszelkie inicjatywy i działania niedopuszczające do jej zubożenia.
EN
The Natura 2000 network includes Special Areas of Conservation SACs (habitat refuges coded PLH ) and Special Protection Areas SPA (bird refuges coded PLB). The objective of the network, covering the member states of the European Union, is the preservation of natural habitats and plant and animal species threatened with extinction on a European scale, as well as typical, commonly occurring natural habitats. Currently in Poland the Natura 2000 network covers almost 1/5 of the land surface. It includes 849 Sites of Community Importance (“habitat” areas — potential special areas of habitat conservation), and 145 special protection areas for birds. The region of Roztocze includes, entirely or in part, three bird refuges (PLB060012 Roztocze, PLB060008 Puszcza Solska, PLB060021 Dolina Sołokiji ) and 12 habitat refuges (PLH060070 Borowa Góra, PLH060003 Debry, PLH180017 Horyniec, PLH060089 Minokąt, PLH060017 Roztocze Środkowe, PLH060020 Sztolnie w Senderkach, PLH060022 Święty Roch, PLH060094 Uroczyska Lasów Adamowskich, PLH060034 Uroczyska Puszczy Solskiej, PLH060093 Uroczyska Roztocza Wschodniego, PLH060028 Zarośle, and PLH060029 Żurawce). The article presents the geographical-environmental description of the refuges of Natura 2000 in Roztocze, and point out their relations with the previously existing protected areas and subjects of protection.
PL
Sieć Natura 2000 obejmuje Specjalne Obszary Ochrony SOO (ostoje siedliskowe o kodzie PLH) oraz Obszary Specjalnej Ochrony OSO (ostoje ptasie o kodzie PLB). Celem sieci obejmującej kraje Unii Europejskiej jest zachowanie zagrożonych wyginięciem siedlisk przyrodniczych i gatunków roślin i zwierząt w skali Europy oraz typowych, powszechnie występujących siedlisk przyrodniczych. Obecnie w Polsce sieć Natura 2000 zajmuje prawie 1/5 powierzchni lądowej. W jej skład wchodzi 849 obszarów mających znaczenie dla Wspólnoty (obszary „siedliskowe” - przyszłe specjalne obszary ochrony siedlisk) oraz 145 obszarów specjalnej ochrony ptaków. Na obszarze Roztocza położone są w całości lub częściowo, trzy ostoje ptasie (PLB060012 Roztocze, PLB060008 Puszcza Solska, PLB060021 Dolina Sołokiji) i 12 ostoi siedliskowych: PLH060070 Borowa Góra, PLH060003 Debry, PLH180017 Horyniec, PLH060089 Minokąt, PLH060017 Roztocze Środkowe, PLH060020 Sztolnie w Senderkach, PLH060022 Święty Roch, PLH060094 Uroczyska Lasów Adamowskich, PLH060034 Uroczyska Puszczy Solskiej, PLH060093 Uroczyska Roztocza Wschodniego, PLH060028 Zarośle, PLH060029 Żurawce. W artykule dokonano charakterystyki geograficzno-przyrodniczej ostoi Natura 2000 Roztoczu, wskazując również na ich powiązania z wcześniej istniejącymi obszarami chronionymi i przedmioty ochrony.
Ethics in Progress
|
2017
|
vol. 8
|
issue 1
147-155
EN
Starting from the example of the Amazon, in Brazil, we intend to analyse how technology (mainly in its biotechnological face) appears as a threat to biodiversity, insofar as it acts through a reduction and standardization: technology needs to reduce diversity to something knowable to be able to control and exploit, in view of human necessities. In this sense, according to Hans Jonas, it is necessary to ask about the horizon of the future giving preference to the negative prognosis (fear rather than hope) to avoid that the harmful consequences of nihilism (marked by the absence of criteria capable of guiding technological action) affect life decisively. In this case, the Enhancement project proposed by transhumanism appears as yet another chapter in the history of risks represented by modern technology.
EN
Polityka środowiskowa jest szczególnie ważnym źródłem poznania wpływu emocji, błędu poznawczego i heurystyki behawioralnej na ocenę ryzyka i zarządzania ryzykiem. W przeciwieństwie do ambiwalentnej percepcji psychologii behawioralnej w finansach matematycznych wpływ emocji i wrodzonej heurystyki na podejmowanie decyzji środowiskowych nie został nigdy podany w wątpliwość. Wybory dotyczące kwestii środowiskowych są przykładem i źródłem licznych odstępstw od całkowitej racjonalności.
PL
Obecnie wymieranie owadów zapylających staje się problemem ogólnoświatowym. Jest to istotne nie tylko z punktu widzenie utraty bioróżnorodności, ale ma ogromne znaczenie dla rolnictwa i gospodarki żywnościowej świata. Tradycyjne sposoby ochrony owadów i innych zapylaczy postrzega się, albo w kategoriach ochrony gatunkowej, albo ochrony biotopowej, w ich naturalnych lub półnaturalnych siedliskach. Jednak coraz czyściej podejmuje się próby ochrony tej grupy owadów w środowiskach silnie zmienionych przez człowieka, jak na przykład aglomeracje miejskie i towarzysząca im infrastruktura. Istnieją też inne propozycje, jak na przykład zakładanie pewnego rodzaju upraw – „Ostoje Zapylaczy”, na niewielkich poletkach w sąsiedztwie pól uprawnych lub miejscach nie przydatnych gospodarczo. W obecnej sytuacji wszystkie propozycje ochrony, zarówno te starsze – klasyczne, jak i te nowe, powinny być stosowane w sposób kompleksowy, bo tylko to może przynieść poprawę sytuacji owadów zapylających.
EN
Scholars analyzing contemporary technologies of freezing have recently argued that “cryopolitics” represents an important extension of the classical concept of biopolitics as it operates by the principle to “make live and not let die” (Friedrich 2017; Radin and Kowal 2017). It extends temporal horizons by suspending metabolic processes and establishing a “state of a potentially reversible death” (Neumann 2006). This article advances this theoretical proposition further by exploring the dimensions of a “politics of suspension” in the light of the climate crisis. It discusses the infrastructural role of cryopreservation and cryobanking technologies in addressing biodiversity loss and the vital challenges of the Anthropocene. These technologies promise to keep future options open by reversing past extinctions in order to address the existential threats of the present. Following this imagination, de-extinction scientists and biologists dream of restoring ancient ecosystems and resurrecting extinct species as a way of responding to the climate crisis. However, this politics of suspension might also contribute to tendencies to preserve the status quo by putting on hold the political and social transformations needed to effectively respond to the climate crisis.
15
Content available remote

Bioróżnorodność a ochrona patentowa

88%
EN
The biodiversity is an inexhaustible reservoir of resources which ensure useful solutions of human beings. Therefore, it is necessary to protect natural resources. This paper presents selected issues on the sui generis protection of biodiversity established according to the Convention of Biological Diversity of the 5 June, 1992. The problem in-question was analyzed through the prism of the ABS tool – The Access to genetic resources and equitable Sharing of Benefits (Access and Benefit Sharing). The prior consent to resources was presented with reference to the ABS. Moreover, the analyze has been broaden by the subject matter of the relationship between the ABS and the patent law. This essay presents two main thesis in the area if the sustainable use of the biodiversity, and the possibility of irregularity of the provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the patent law. Nevertheless, the paper discusses the biopiracy and the traditional knowledge.
EN
Forests may play important role in partial neutralization of CO2 emission. To maximize their potential it is unavoidable to divide them into forests that will be allowed to evolve toward natural state and forest predisposed for timber production, supplemented with forest plantations. Natural forests store almost twice more carbon in biomass and soil than managed forests, and carbon contained in wood from plantations and timber-producing forests will be frozen long time in wooden constructions. Gasification of wood debris instead of burning will allow for production of biocarbon that added to soil will residue there through decades, and will decrease necessary amount of artificial fertilizers, which production is an important source of carbon dioxide. Forests evolving to natural state will be less prone to fire and hurricanes, and will better protect biodiversity. Presented project is not contradictory to the project “The Forest Carbon Farms” of State Forests, but allows to reach better results in shorter time and likely at lower cost.
PL
The main aim of the article is presentation and operationalization of the concept of the places of the future in the context of seed banks. The future is understood here as a category of collective imagination, which means that the predicted future is an essential element of the present. The anticipated futures act reciprocally upon the social practices, both at the individual and the institution levels. Although, due to social, natural, civilizational and other reasons, the future is not fully predictable, it is semi-open, not-completely closed, it is recognized in the form of systemic thinking, which can be defined as closed. The analysis of the case of seed banks allowed revealing the inevitable gap between the future and systematic anticipation practices. The seed banks established in the face of the anticipated threat of global hunger are a tool for negotiating a possibly beneficial to people scenario for the future, conducted with non-human actors, whose actions are of probabilistic nature.
PL
Na początku XXI wieku jedną z pilniejszych potrzeb jest opracowanie metod budowania zrównoważonych miast w kontekście szybkiego wzrostu liczby ich mieszkańców oraz zmian klimatycznych. Miasto to bardzo złożony system, w którym przeplatają się wszystkie problemy organizacji życia społecznego. Badacze większości dziedzin zastanawiają się, jak tworzyć, zmieniać lub budować szczęśliwe, zrównoważone, bezpieczne, przyjazne dla ludzi środowisko życia. Dlatego bardzo istotne stało się znalezienie klucza otwierającego świadomość ekologiczną polityków-decydentów. Tym kluczem jest ekonomia. Usługi, które Przyroda świadczy człowiekowi, zwane usługami ekosystemowymi, można także przeliczyć na wartość ekonomiczną – jest to konkret, który przemówił do wyobraźni. Poszukiwania zwiększenia wydajności usług ekosystemowych kierują badaczy i projektantów w nowe, dotychczas często marginalizowane w mieście obszary zieleni.
EN
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, one of the urgent needs is to develop methods to build sustainable cities in the context of the rapid growth in the number of their inhabitants and climate change. The city is a complex system in which there intertwine all the problems of social life organisation. Researchers are wondering how to create, modify or build a happy, sustainable, safe, people-friendly living environment. Therefore it is very important to find the key to unlock the environmental awareness of politicians – the key turns the economy. Nature provides services called ecosystem services, can also be converted into an economic value – it is a concrete appealing to the imagination. Studies to increase the efficiency of ecosystem services guide the researchers and designers to new, still often marginalized green areas.
EN
This article is an analysis of new regulations about protection of green areas and shrubs contained in the Nature Conservatory Act. Amendments to the Act, liberalized regulations for disposal of trees and shrubs, empowering landlords to the removal of trees and bushes without permission. Without any doubts, those green areas are public goods impossible to be multiplied. They are part of the natural heritage, moreover, fulfill various functions – recreation, health, aesthetic, also play a significant role in maintaining biodiversity, creating refuges for a large number of species of plants and animals. The new provisions of the Nature Conservatory Act seem to be ill-conceived from the point of view of the effects that can cause in the human environment.
PL
W artykule analizie poddano nowe przepisy o ochronie terenów zielonych i krzewów, znajdujące się w przepisach ustawy o ochronie przyrody. Nowelizacja ustawy zliberalizowała przepisy dotyczące usuwania drzew i krzewów, uprawniając właścicieli do usuwania drzew i krzewów bez zezwolenia. Bez wątpienia tereny zielone są dobrami publicznymi niemożliwymi do pomnożenia. Są one częścią dziedzictwa naturalnego, ponadto spełniają różne funkcje, takie jak: rekreacyjna, zdrowotna, estetyczna. Odgrywają również istotną rolę w zachowaniu różnorodności biologicznej, tworząc ostoję dla wielu gatunków roślin i zwierząt. Nowe przepisy ustawy o ochronie przyrody wydają się być nieprzemyślane z punktu widzenia skutków, jakie mogą wywołać dla środowiska.
EN
The preparation of a proper zoning plan or landscape-ecological plan requires taking into account recognition of the natural values of an area covered by the plan and evaluating its abiotic and biotic diversities. The aim of the paper is to present the new approach to the procedure of geodiversity and biodiversity assessment. This procedure is used to characterise abiotic and biotic heterogeneity of the postglacial landscape modified by a man, tested on Dębnica River catchment (Western Pomerania, Poland). This catchment is a representative example illustrating the landscape of Central European Plain. The analytical algorithm of the geodiversity assessment is based on appropriate selection of the evaluation criteria: lithological, relative heights, landform fragmentation, hydrographical elements and mesoclimatic conditions. Biodiversity was assessed on the basis of real vegetation, potential natural vegetation and the degree of anthropisation of the natural vegetation with respect to syngenesis of plant associations. Seven factor maps were obtained: five for the diversity of abiotic elements, and two for the diversity of biotic elements, which became the basis for the creation of total geodiversity and biodiversity maps. Maps produced in accordance with given methodology may find a wide range of applications.
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