Search results - CEJSH

1

Sentido e valor da Criónica: da ética à bioética

100%

Coelho Barbosa T. I., Borges de Meneses R. D.

Społeczeństwo i Edukacja. Międzynarodowe Studia Humanistyczne

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2017

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issue 2(25)

39-55

EN

We are looking forhard to doing a good exercice about the sense and value of crionic according to the ethi9cal and bioethical foundations. Meanwile, this is new philosophical formulation for the questions from science to ethical formulations.

2

ASSUMPTIONS OF MAXIMAL INDIVIDUALISM IN THE TIME OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: ETHICAL ASPECTS

80%

BAUM E., ŻOK A.

Society Register

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2020

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vol. 4

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issue 3

79-88

EN

Maximal individualism, which is currently a prevalent trend in the way many patients think, places high hopes in the achievements of biomedicine and assumes that everyone should always receive optimal medical care. Such an approach is in line with many normative and legal acts operating worldwide, including the Declaration of Human Rights. However, its feasibility and effectiveness in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic raises numerous ethical, social and economic dilemmas. The culture of prosperity and excess, characteristic of contemporary Western societies, makes it even more challenging to come to terms with this situation.

3

SOMEONE BETWEEN: ETHICAL AND MEDICAL PROBLEMS OF HUMAN AND (NON)HUMAN ANIMAL ENHANCEMENT

80%

ŻOK A., BAUM E.

Society Register

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2019

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vol. 3

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issue 3

179-191

EN

Human dreams of a long and healthy life are becoming increasingly real. The advancement of medical technology allows to modify the genome or personalised therapy in order to avoid troublesome side effects. This process also leads to the blurring of boundaries between humans and animals. Rats with induced human diseases are used for testing drugs for incurable illness; humanised pigs can donate organs that are compatible with the genome and immune system of the recipient. A brave new human is approaching, and new “human” animals are making this possible. The main objective of the article is to show the differences between the refinement of people and other animals and to analyse this phenomenon from an ethical point of view.

4

Etyczne wyzwania w przemyśle farmaceutycznym. Zarys problematyki

80%

Kaczmarek E., University of Warsaw, emilka.kaczmarek@gmail.com

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2015

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vol. 18

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issue 3

EN

The goal of the text is to show which actions of the modern pharmaceutical industry are morally controversial. There are several burning issues that we need to face on this field, such as: How to deal with the conflict of interests within the medicine? How to mark the vanishing boundaries between information and advertisement concerning the pharmaceutical education? How does the drug advertisement lead to the pharmaceuticalization of society? In the text all of these problems will be briefly analysed. The article has an introductory character, it may serve as an overview of the burning issues in the pharmaceutical industry ethics – all questions that are posed in the text need further examination.

5

Status komisji bioetycznych – aspekty administracyjnoprawne

80%

Świątkowski B.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2013

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issue 4(40)

51-73

EN

The author attempts to determine the legal status of bioethics committees. Based on the analysis of the norms of administrative law, he claims that bioethics committees are public administration authorities whose enactments – under the provisions of the Code of Administrative Procedure – should be considered as administrative decisions.. Moreover, the argument (shared by the doctrine and case law) that if the legislature does not specify the form of settlement of the matter by the authority, the form of an administrative decision should be presumed, speaks in favour of treating committee opinions as administrative decisions. The conditions – defined by the jurisprudence – requisite for recognition of a decision due to its individual and concrete character, are also presented.

6

Bioetyczne uzasadnienie udoskonalania człowieka. Refleksje wokół książki Poprawianie ewolucji Johna Harrisa

80%

Urbaniak M.

ARGUMENT: Biannual Philosophical Journal

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2022

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vol. 12

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issue 1

215-224

EN

Bioethical justification for human improvement. Reflections on the book of John Harris Enhancing evolution: The author discusses the transhumanist perspective on evolution, and considers Harris’ views in a wider context of the ongoing anthropological and ethical debate. While doing so he addresses some of the crucial issues at the interface of modern technologies, medical progress and bioethical challenges.

7

Clonagem humana: entre a ciência, o direito e a bioética

80%

Furtado A., Borges de Meneses R. D.

Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne

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2018

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issue 2(23)

77-85

EN

Right now we are looking for a new perspective to take the relationschip between Human cloning and Bioethics. There are a lot of questions to ask and to answer according to these ethycs`s thematic for the Human development.

8

Aristotle and Principlism in Bioethics

80%

Cimakasky J., Polansky R.

Diametros

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2015

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issue Diametros 45

59-70

EN

Principlism, a most prominent approach in bioethics, has been criticized for lacking an underlying moral theory. We propose that the four principles of principlism can be related to the four traditional cardinal virtues. These virtues appear prominently in Plato's Republic and in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. We show how this connection can be made. In this way principlism has its own compelling ethical basis.

9

Afrykańska bioetyka. Przegląd wybranych stanowisk

80%

Strządała A.

Afryka

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2016

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issue 44

45-65

EN

Cultural bioethics is a response to the dominance of the Western approach in bioethics and medical ethics, whereby Western bioethics is identified mainly with principalism and less often with utilitarianism. Moreover, Western bioethics is perceived as a part of the postcolonial Western supremacy. As a result of this cultural turn, Confucian, Japanese, Latin and African bioethics emerged. The article is a comparative review of the main concepts, issues and branches of African bioethics. It focuses on Bantu and Igbo bioethics. Despite the differences between the authors, a common element shared by most representatives of African bioethics is criticism of individualism and of other Western cultural patterns that are incompatible with African medical challenges and cultural practices.

10

Disaster Issues in Non-Utilitarian Consequentialism (Ethics of Social Consequences)

80%

Gluchman V.

Human Affairs

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2015

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vol. 26

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issue 1

52-62

EN

The ethics of social consequences is a means of satisficing non-utilitarian consequentialism that can be used to approach disaster issues. The primary values in the ethics of social consequences are humanity, human dignity and moral rights, and these are developed and realized to achieve positive social consequences. The secondary values found in the ethics of social consequences include justice, responsibility, moral duty and tolerance. Their role and purpose is given by their ability to help achieve and realize moral good. Fair treatment within moral issues stems from applying primary as well as secondary values. The nature of these values cannot be determined exclusively in ordinary circumstances. However, in extraordinary circumstances (disasters), not all the requirements relating to the value structure of the ethics of social consequences need be considered in its entirety. In extraordinary circumstances, values are prioritised and realized. Primary values are realized prior to secondary ones. When prioritizing primary values, the realization of positive social consequences, or at least minimizing the negative social consequences, takes priority over other primary values. In disaster bioethics especially, it is often necessary to find a way to minimize the negative social consequences; thus, actions where positive social consequences are prevalent are preferred.

11

Pojęcie jakości życia. Aspekt medyczny i bioetyczny

80%

Ślęczek-Czakon D.

Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia

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2018

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vol. 13

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issue 4

19-31

EN

The concept of the quality of life: The medical and the bioethical aspect The concept of the quality of life initially contained mainly objective indicators. It was only later that it was extended so as to include the subjective ones as well. Upon its transfer from its original medical context into the social sciences, the concept of the quality of life has inspired a new approach to sick persons. It is now acknowledged that it is not enough to merely prolong a life. It also has to meet the standards generally recognized by active, healthy people. In the assessment of the quality of life both objective (state of human health and socio-economic status) and subjective (satisfaction with life and perception of each other) indicators are used. It is used, among other things, to evaluate the effects of medical and non-medical health care and medical intervention. In bioethics, it is noted that the term diminishes the value of human life. The methods used to assess the value of human life based on economic analysis and the measuring of the quality of life can lead to undesirable consequences. Conclusion: on the one hand, the estimation of the quality of life is imminent for various reasons; on the other hand, however, it raises ethical objections.

12

Problemy instytucjonalizacji etyki w dziedzinie służby zdrowia

80%

Kubka J., Vasiljeviene N.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2008

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vol. 11

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issue 2

67-74

EN

Life in good health and health security prove the most significant values highlighted by moral philosophy in the time of the environmental crisis. The imperfect operation of healthcare poses a threat for humans. Administrative measures regulate insufficiently medicine and healthcare. They need to be backed up by ethics, which cannot be seen solely as ethics of an individual’s conscience. What is needed is professional, practice-oriented and institutionalized-within-healthcare-organizations ethics. Recently, there have appeared a great number of new international documents setting standards of medical procedures in compliance with the requirements of the new bioethical values. At the same time elements of the ethical infrastructure such as bioethics commissions or committees have been created. In the face of the specificity and the complexity of ethical issues and problems encountered within contemporary medical practice the requirement of high ethical competence of all healthcare workers often fails to be sufficient.

13

Bioethics and Informed Consent in Prenatal Diagnostics

80%

Serapinas D., Narbekovas A.

The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II

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2023

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vol. 13

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issue 1

97-113

EN

Innovative methods of prenatal diagnosis allow us to see the development of the fetus and to detect early disorders of fetal development, which may lead to an early diagnosis and possible treatment, or to a woman’s decision to terminate the pregnancy. Therefore, it is very important to accurately inform a woman about the risks and consequences of this life-related issue, even before deciding to perform prenatal tests; and after the results, when a misinterpreted diagnosis may lead a woman to terminate her pregnancy. The obligation of doctors to inform patients is inseparable from the requirement to receive informed consent. The two parts are mandatory for any medical procedure and intervention. The main requirements for the informed consent include rationality, sufficient and clear information, free will, and the form of consent conforming to the legal acts. However, informed consent is not an absolute requirement, as the patient has a right to remain uninformed. Additionally, under certain circumstances, it might be impossible to inform patients, or to receive consent from patients or their duly authorized representatives. Prenatal testing is an integral part of ante-natal care that aims to verify the proper development of the fetus, or to identify potential hereditary or chromosomal diseases at the earliest possible stage. Prenatal testing can be classified as non-invasive or invasive measures, according to the types of procedures In addition to this, according to the aim of the procedure, into diagnostic prenatal testing with the aim of prenatal therapy, and purely diagnostic prenatal testing. Purely diagnostic prenatal testing is closely connected with the problem of selective abortion. Part of this article covers the main problems of informed consent in prenatal diagnostics, by outlining two stages of the process: conveyance before prenatal testing, and interpretation of the results alongside presentation of the possible choices. The legal implications we consider are based on information from other European countries: we name the main questions analyzed by courts, including cases of “wrongful birth” and “wrongful life”; inappropriate information regarding possibilities of abortion; the right of a woman to use all available diagnostic methods; and the allocation of damages to the claimants.

14

Argumentacja antropologiczna w bioetyce

71%

Kieniewicz P.

Teologia i Moralność

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2011

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vol. 6

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issue 2(10)

25-40

EN

Bioethics is a young, dynamically developing science. Its main goal is - in the opinion of some - to establish ethical limits for medical interventions; others think that it should guide the development of medicine itself. Irrespectively, the practical character of presented findings depends mostly on the anthropological assumptions. This study presents some main trends in the anthropological discussion in bioethics, and their consequences for medicine.

PL

Bioetyka jest młodą, dynamicznie rozwijającą się nauką. Jej głównym celem jest - zdaniem niektórych - ustalenia granic etycznych dla interwencji medycznych; inni uważają, że powinnna ona prowadzić do rozwoju samej medycyny. Niezależnie, praktyczny charakter prezentowanych wyników zależy głównie od antropologicznych założeń. W opracowaniu przedstawiono niektóre główne trendy w antropologicznej dyskusji w bioetyce oraz ich konsekwencje dla medycyny.

15

Tomorrow’s Kin: Intergenerational Solidarity after The Genome

71%

Bugajska A.

Literatura Ludowa

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2018

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vol. 62

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issue 3

PL

One of the issues that emerges with regard to radical human enhancement is the destruction of the intergenerational connections. It is variously envisioned in science fiction, and we can speak of many possible plateaus on which the human continuity, which entails solidarity, can be contested. Contemporary young adult dystopias, such as Shusterman’s Unwind Dystology (2007-15) and The Arc of a Scythe (2016-) cycles, Beckett’s Genesis (2010), Patterson’s Maximum Ride (2005-15) or Wells’s Partials (2009-14), very often conjoin the intergenerational issues typical of juvenile fiction with bioethical concerns in the posthuman and transhuman world. I look at the speculative futures of intergenerational solidarity from the point of view of the biological continuity, the subjective continuity and postgenerationality in an immortal society. In the majority of cases it may be observed how the child-adultdichotomy, with the superimposed adult normativity prejudice, threatens the coexistence of trans- and posthumans with their “parents,” leading to the redefinition of altruism in the wake of the homicidal ALife apocalypse. The relatively broad spectrum of the cases and perspectives I have selected yields a fairly comprehensive picture of contemporary projections of intergenerational solidarity “after the genome” (Herrick 2013).

16

Naturalna technika: swarming i komunikacja międzygatunkowa

70%

Nikitina E.

Zoophilologica. Polish Journal of Animal Studies

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2015

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issue 1

149-163

EN

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of swarming and its expression in modern technologies and art. The main focus of this work is a philosophical comprehension and interpretation of the performance Mind-Controlled Cyborgroach created by the Moscow art-group “18 Apples.” The author discusses the phenomenon of the uncanny as a manifestation of entomophobia and technophobia, and she explores the ontological questions of human and animal being and compares categories of “natural” and “human” technics. The article also focuses on the problem of the Other in the context of the basic tasks of bioethics.

17

Kľúčová úloha metafyzických pojmov a koncepcií v bioetických argumentoch týkajúcich sa výskumu ľudských embryonálnych kmeňových buniek

70%

Sýkora P.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2014

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vol. 62

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issue 6

819-830

EN

The subject of the study is the analysis of two arguments that have appeared in the Czech-Slovak philosophical setting in the context of discussions about the moral evaluation of research into stem cells of human embryos. We have presented various reasons (varied understandings of potentiality and the vagueness of the expression “living human body”), on the basis of which we must reject the argument of P. Volek concerning the unconditional protection of each human zygote. With respect to the argument of A. Doležal, D. Černý a T. Doležal, we have shown that their critique of the conception of non-individuality of the early human embryo relies on the identification of the concept of the “individual” with the concept “particular” which, for ontological reasons, cannot be accepted. In both of the analysed bioethical arguments the key role of metaphysical concepts and conceptions is easily demonstrated.

18

Moralny obowiązek ochrony środowiska naturalnego według ks. prof. Tadeusza Ślipko

70%

Konstańczak S.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2014

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vol. 12

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issue 1

9-28

EN

In his paper, the author makes an attempt at reconstructing one of the first propositions in Poland to start a philosophical discourse on ecological problems. The author of this proposition is priest Tadeusz Ślipko. According to this author the problems of the moral aspects of natural environmental protection are also bioethical problems. Therefore, we can see that he does not consider ethics of the environment as an individual philosophical discipline. The article concentrates on presenting the sources and the range of moral duties of humankind towards the natural environment. Tadeusz Ślipko does not approve of the anthropocentric or biocentric standpoints in the issues of natural environmental protection. He offers his own idea of anthropopriorism, which takes the middle ground between these two extreme concepts. In conclusion, the author underlines that there is still a strong need for ethical reflection over the state of the natural environment along the lines of Ślipko’s stance.

19

Etyka - ewolucja - utopia. Uwagi na marginesie Poprawiania ewolucji Johna Harrisa

70%

Hanuszkiewicz W.

ARGUMENT: Biannual Philosophical Journal

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2022

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vol. 12

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issue 1

225-236

EN

Ethics - evolution - utopia. Remarks on John Harris’ Enhancing evolution: The paper is divided into two parts. The first part justifies the thesis that the project of enhancing evolution presented by Harris, consisting in replacing natural selection with deliberate selection, is based on misunderstanding of the scientifically defined theory of evolution. In the second part, it is shown that Harris’ argument may serve as a classic example of a utopian discourse in which a pseudoscientific narrative is mixed with a quasi-religious belief.

20

Solidarity: A Local, Partial and Reflective Emotion

70%

Heyd D.

Diametros

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2015

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issue Diametros 43

55-64

EN

Solidarity is analysed in contradistinction from two adjacent concepts - justice and sympathy. It is argued that unlike the other two, it is essentially local (rather than universal), partial (rather than impartial) and reflective (an emotion mediated by belief and ideology, interest and common cause). Although not to be confused with justice, solidarity is presented as underlying any contract-based system of justice, since it defines the contours of the group within which the contract is taking place. Finally, due to the fact that health is a typically universal value and being a primary good it is something which should be distributed justly, solidarity seems not to have any central role in bioethics.

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