Search results

1

Bio-economy, biotechnology and new genetic engineering techniques. Modern biotechnology based bioeconomy in a circular economy Opinion of the Committee of Biotechnology PAS

100%

Komitetu Biotechnologii PAN E.

Nauka

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2017

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issue 4

PL

Bioeconomy is an important element of the Polish economy and the basis of bioeconomy is innovative biotechnology. The development of bio-economy (especially in closed circuit) requires modern “bio” technology. The resignation of such elements in the economy as achievements of modern biotechnology – albeit possible – is associated with a significant increase in development costs and the loss of access to innovative technologies that are essential for the today and future economy of the country. It is necessary to gain public acceptance for the emerging market of bioproducts, bioservice and bioprocesses. Legislation ammendment supporting innovation in general, and bio domains in particular, is a necessity. The current state of Polish biotechnology is presented on the basis of detailed studies and published on the website of the Biotechnology Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences: “Biotechnological centers in Poland – MAP OF POLISH BIOTECHNOLOGY”; on this page you will find as well this report (www.kbiotech.pan.pl).

2

Controversies over the moral justification for patent protection in biotechnology

100%

Karbowski A.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2018

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vol. 21

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issue 5

57-66

EN

This paper discusses the controversies over the moral justification for patent protection in biotechnology. Special emphasis has been put on the controversy over the moral justification for patent protection of stem cells. By referring to arguments for (1) human dignity and (2) patentability criteria, the moral justifiability of patent protection of stem cells is in serious doubt. A whole section of the paper is devoted to the moral issues linked to patent protection in biotechnology and their political and economic significance. An attempt is made to solve some of the discussed problems, i.e., the introduction of decision criteria based on the system of values shared by the members of a given society.

3

Genetically modified organisms – benefits and hazards for Poland

100%

Anioł A., Bielecki S., Twardowski T.

Nauka

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2008

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issue 1

EN

In his paper perspective and conditions for the development of biotechnology is presented within the context of legislation, public opinion as well as present situation in Poland, EU and in the Word. Formation of bioeconomy in Poland Leeds industrial biotechnology in all sectors: agriculture, industry and medicine.

4

Człowiek/zwierzę/roślina/maszyna - perspektywa posthumanistyczna

100%

Gajewska G.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2011

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issue 4

225-245

PL

The article deals with the cultural and contextual complexity of the ideas concern-ing posthumanity. The main problem is the formulation of a scope of the new subjec-tivity which is neither hierarchical, nor homogeneous

5

Nihilism and the Problem of Future: Biodiversity Destruction As One of the Great Dangers of Technology?

100%

Oliveira J.

Ethics in Progress

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2017

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vol. 8

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issue 1

147-155

EN

Starting from the example of the Amazon, in Brazil, we intend to analyse how technology (mainly in its biotechnological face) appears as a threat to biodiversity, insofar as it acts through a reduction and standardization: technology needs to reduce diversity to something knowable to be able to control and exploit, in view of human necessities. In this sense, according to Hans Jonas, it is necessary to ask about the horizon of the future giving preference to the negative prognosis (fear rather than hope) to avoid that the harmful consequences of nihilism (marked by the absence of criteria capable of guiding technological action) affect life decisively. In this case, the Enhancement project proposed by transhumanism appears as yet another chapter in the history of risks represented by modern technology.

6

Biotechnology in bioeconomy – perspectives for Europe and Poland. Conclusions after 17th European Congress on Biotechnology

100%

Gracz J., Twardowski T.

Nauka

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2016

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issue 4

PL

Bioeconomy and circular economy are lately buzzing words in political as well as in academic groups. Both of those ideas are based on biotechnology knowledge and they are assuming implementation of new, environmental-friendly technologies, which should contribute to reduction of fossil fuels usage and creation of job opportunities in country as well as urban areas. Furthermore in both – European frame program “Horizon 2020” and Polish “National Development Strategy 2020” issues related to bioeconomy and biotechnology are emphasized. In Cracow from 3 to 6 July 2016 was held 17th European Congress on Biotechnology (ECB2016), organized by European Federation of Biotechnology and Biotechnology Committee of Polish Academy of Sciences. This meeting gave the opportunity for scientist, companies and policy makers for collaboration upon different aspects of agricultural, industrial and medical biotechnology and its contribution to development of bioeconomy ideas.

7

Jeremy Rifkin o konsekwencjach rewolucji biotechnologii. Krytyka „ery biotechnologii”

88%

Słoniowska A.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2014

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vol. 12

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issue 2

67-81

EN

Nowadays we are entering a new period in our history. It is an era of great computers, new technologies and genetic engineering. Most people look to the future with hope, but not Jeremy Rifkin, the American economist and critic of modern civilization. He has called this period 'The Biotech Century'. In his opinion, humanity is treading on thin ice. He believes, that biotechnology brings more disadvantages than advantages. He is trying to convince us that scientists are playing God in their laboratories. They often invent great things like new medicines or therapies. However, Rifkin also points to the other side of the coin. Firstly, there is no way of predicting the effects of biotechnology. Secondly, the human genetic code will be used for commercial purposes. Our genes will be on the market, like any other product in the supermarket. And thirdly, Riffkin warns against the return of eugenics. But this new eugenic will be more powerful, and much more dangerous.

8

Ambiguous Bodies, Biopower and the Ideologies of Science Fiction

88%

Flynn S., University of the Arts L., Dr. Susan Flynn lectures in media and cultural studies at the University of the Arts L.

Analyses/Rereadings/Theories: A Journal Devoted to Literature, Film and Theatre

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2016

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vol. 4

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issue 1

EN

Contemporary Hollywood film narrates the fear of monstrous science; attending to the modulations of medicine, capital and the body. The filmic body is employed to illustrate the power of the new biotechnologies to create and sustain life and the new sets of social relations which are a consequence of the marriage of capital and medicine. In the Hollywood film, persons who do not fit the ideal healthy persona have a moral duty to pursue repair and transformation. Constructed as inherently lacking, the unhealthy body becomes a repository for social anxieties about control and vulnerability, vis-à-vis the enormous and exponentially expanding science and technology fields. Hierarchies of embodiment are played out on the Big Screen as imperfect bodies are excluded from public life, power and status and urged to strive for “optimization”. Late modern societies present the possibility of new technologies which have the potential to radicalize bodies. However, these potential modulations are ultimately derived from a set of ideologies around the body and the power of the individual to enact an individualized solution. Contemporary narratives circulate around ownership of capital and the price of “repair.” This marriage of science and capital in popular narratives may be indicative of concerns for our future, as the power to make and repair life seems to rest increasingly in the hands of an elite.

9

Promises and Perils of Neuroenhancement and its Perspectives for Military Ethics

88%

Orzechowski M., Steger F.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Philosophica. Ethica – Aesthetica – Practica

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2018

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issue 32

11-29

EN

Current developments in the area of neuroenhancement pose multiple ethical and societal questions. Improvements in general cognitive capacities can have important positive effects. With the use of several interventions, ranging from pharmaceutics through microsurgery to non-invasive and invasive methods, new possibilities of enhancing human abilities can be achieved. Yet, they have to be critically evaluated from the point of view of both individual and societal consequences that are involved. The aim of this paper is to address societal benefits and challenges that are related to these interventions. These new developments, especially in the specific area of their military application, pose important questions with regard to safety of their use, long-term results, coercion to use them, and issues of inequality. Often, these consequences are unforeseeable at the present moment and can greatly interfere with development of both individuals and societies. Therefore, as in both areas – civilian and military – the long-term consequences are still difficult to predict, prudency is prescribed. Consequently, any use of the methods of enhancement should be under exceptional scrutiny from the ethical as well as legal and social point of view.

10

Kontrowersje związane z moralnym uzasadnieniem ochrony patentowej w biotechnologii

88%

Karbowski A.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2017

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vol. 20

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issue 1

83-94

EN

The following paper presents and discusses controversies over the moral justification for patent protection in biotechnology. Special emphasis was put on the controversy over the moral justification for patent protection of stem cells. By referring to arguments of (i) human dignity and (ii) patentability criteria, the moral justifiability of patent protection of stem cells was put in serious doubt. In a further section of the paper, the moral problems linked to patent protection in biotechnology were shown in a broader political and economic view. In that section of the paper, the preliminary concept of solving some of the discussed problems was sketched out (i.e. the introduction of decision criteria based on the system of values shared by the members of a given society).

PL

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11

75%

Błach J.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia

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2013

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vol. 47

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issue 3

EN

nologies research projects can be characterized by high level of risk and long-term horizon and they require significant capital expenditures, access to professional human resources and equipment. Due to the global financial crisis, the investors are unwilling to finance high risk research projects. Limited access to capital may slow down innovation research and restrain technological development. Thus, new technologies require innovative financing mechanisms to bridge the capital gap and continue research. The main aim of this paper is to identify the innovative financing mechanisms for new technologies based on the example of the biotechnology.

PL

Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim

18

Finansowanie innowacji w polskim przemyśle biotechnologicznym

75%

Woźniak-Malczewska M.

Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa

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2015

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vol. 51

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issue 1(203)

45-57

PL

W artykule zaprezentowana została specyfi ka przemysłu biotechnologicznego, wraz z jego problemami i krótko omówione są dostępne źródła fi nansowania innowacji w branży, wskazując na niektóre zalety i wady poszczególnych źródeł.

EN

The article presents the characteristics of biotechnology together with its problems and shortly discusses the available sources of fi nance for innovations in the sector, pointing to some advantages and disadvantaged of the specifi c sources.

19

A comparison of the Lithuanian and Russian Biotechnology sectors

75%

Giedraitis V. R., Alekseyko A.

Perspectives of Innovations, Economics and Business

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2012

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vol. 11

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issue 2

69-86

EN

The goal of this paper is to compare the development of the Lithuanian and Russian biotechnology sectors. In case of Lithuania we tried to uncover what are the circumstances surrounding the favorable development of the biotechnology sectors in Lithuania. In case of Russian Federation we looked at encouraging as well as discouraging circumstances surrounding this segment of economy. Drawing upon Schumpeter’s ideas of innovation and Porter’s business cluster theory, we argue that Lithuania is “at the right place and the right time” to make it a regional leader in Baltic biotechnology. Russia, on the other hand, is in the process of developing biotech sector in order to at least to catch up with other countries (including Lithuania). It will take time and continuous governmental support for Russia before this sector starts contributing significantly to Russian economy.

20

Strefa wolnego handlu UE-USA w dziedzinie gospodarki żywnościowej. Problemy odmian genetycznie modyfikowanych

63%

Rowiński J.

Unia Europejska.pl

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2013

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issue 5

37-46

PL

Unia Europejska i Stany Zjednoczone mają tak odmienne przepisy regulujące wydawanie zezwoleń na uprawę nowych odmian GM oraz wprowadzanie do obrotu żywności i pasz GM, że kwestia ta może stanowić jeden z trudniejszych problemów w negocjowaniu umowy o strefie wolnego handlu. Efektem odmiennej polityki obu stron jest upowszechnienie upraw GM w USA (30% gruntów ornych pod uprawami GM) i niemal całkowity ich brak w UE. W artykule przedstawiono przyczyny odmiennego podejścia do kwestii GMO w USA i UE. Pokazano również zróżnicowanie stanowisk wobec tych problemów w samej Unii Europejskiej. W USA przyjęto zasadę, że „kontroli podlega produkt, a nie proces". Uznano bowiem, że odmiany uzyskane za pomocą inżynierii genetycznej (IG), a także żywność i pasze wyprodukowane z surowców GM, nie stanowią dla środowiska naturalnego oraz zdrowia ludzi i zwierząt większego zagrożenia niż uzyskane metodami „tradycyjnymi". W rezultacie odmiany GM podlegają w USA tym samym procedurom jak odmiany, żywność i pasze „tradycyjne". W Unii natomiast przyjęto (zasada przezorności), że IG jest nową metodą i dlatego produkty uzyskane za jej pomocą muszą być dokładniej kontrolowane niż uzyskane metodami tradycyjnymi. Stąd znacznie ostrzejsze i dłużej trwające procedury udzielania zezwoleń („zakres kontroli produktu zależy od metody jego otrzymania"). Projektowana nowelizacja dyrektywy 2001/18/WE ma umożliwić państwom członkowskim zakazanie uprawy odmian GM, dopuszczonych do uprawy przez władze UE, z innych powodów niż określonych w unijnym systemie badania niekorzystnego wpływu na środowisko naturalne oraz zdrowie ludzi i zwierząt. Jej wejście w życie zwiększyłoby różnice stanowisk między UE a USA.

EN

GMOs have been a transatlantic controversial area for years and may be an obstacle in trade negotiations on the EU-US free trade zone. The approach to biotechnology in Europe - both at the national and EU level - stands in marked contrast to that of the US. The article seeks to show the regulatory differences in the European Union and United States toward the introduction and marketing of genetically modified (GM) food, feed and seeds in an historical context. The divergent approaches between EU member states and the European Commission are also discussed. The United States apply the approach. that subject to the control should be the product, not the process. The EU in turn chose a process rather than product-oriented approach. The EU Directive 2001/18/EC on the environmental release of GMOs is based on the precautionary principle and provides a safeguard clause. allowing any EU Member State to ban or restrict GMO cultivation on their territory (several member states took this opportunity to ban GMO crops). As a result, in Europe hardly any GM crops are grown, in the United States they constitute about 1/3 of arable land is now under GM crops. The proposed amendment of the Directive 2001/18/EC allowing Member States to restrict or prohibit the cultivation of GMOs that have been authorised at EU level in all or part of their territory for reasons other than those covered by the environmental and health risk assessment under the EU authorisation system, would increase differences between the EU and the US

Refine search results

Bio-economy, biotechnology and new genetic engineering techniques. Modern biotechnology based bioeconomy in a circular economy Opinion of the Committee of Biotechnology PAS

Controversies over the moral justification for patent protection in biotechnology

Genetically modified organisms – benefits and hazards for Poland

Człowiek/zwierzę/roślina/maszyna - perspektywa posthumanistyczna

Nihilism and the Problem of Future: Biodiversity Destruction As One of the Great Dangers of Technology?

Biotechnology in bioeconomy – perspectives for Europe and Poland. Conclusions after 17th European Congress on Biotechnology

Jeremy Rifkin o konsekwencjach rewolucji biotechnologii. Krytyka „ery biotechnologii”

Ambiguous Bodies, Biopower and the Ideologies of Science Fiction

Promises and Perils of Neuroenhancement and its Perspectives for Military Ethics

Kontrowersje związane z moralnym uzasadnieniem ochrony patentowej w biotechnologii

Governance and financing of innovative very small business (VSB): Evidence from a Canadian biotechnological firm

Baltic and Asian tigers: The biotechnology sectors of Lithuania and India as sources of innovation and economic growth

Popular Culture and Genetics: Genetics and Biotechnologies in the Movies

“Making Kin in Broken Places”. Post-apocalyptic Adolescence and Care in Jeff VanderMeer’s Borne

Rozwój biotechnologii w miastach wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej

The Potential of Biotechnology Investments in Selected Eastern European Countries: Lost Chances

Innowacyjne mechanizmy finansowania nowych technologii

Finansowanie innowacji w polskim przemyśle biotechnologicznym

A comparison of the Lithuanian and Russian Biotechnology sectors

Strefa wolnego handlu UE-USA w dziedzinie gospodarki żywnościowej. Problemy odmian genetycznie modyfikowanych