Search results

1

Ecce femina – podróż do źródła kobiecości. Wokół krwi menstruacyjnej we współczesnej literaturze polskiej na podstawie wybranych przykładów – Izabeli Filipiak i Olgi Tokarczuk

100%

De Carlo A. F.

Postscriptum Polonistyczne

|

2017

|

issue 2 (20) Oblicza kobiecości

119-131

PL

The article analyses myths concerning menstruation in Izabela Filipiak’s and Olga Tokarczuk’s creative works. The writers refer to female physiology in order to abolish the taboo on the female body and its excretions and to create mythology free from the male universe. Menstruation is considered a taboo subject even at the beginning of the 21st century and this physiological aspect of feminity is connected with an attempt to respect the differences between the sexes. One can observe not so much an attempt to destroy the rules of patriarchal culture, but a need to recreate the Western imagination, which is able to renew social and symbolic order and create new female mythology, which enables women to identify with their own needs, feelings, physical, sexual and erotic experiences.

2

The impact of UDN on selected blood parameters of female sea trout Salmo trutta m. trutta (L.) spawners

100%

Ciepliński M., Kasprzak M., Grandtke M., Steliga A., Kamiński P., Jerzak L.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Naturae

|

2018

EN

Blood tests were performed on 150 females sea trouts Salmo trutta m. trutta L. during four spawning seasons (2014–2017). Fish were caught on a Polish Angling Association trapping point, the Słupia River, Słupsk (northern Poland). The blood for analysis was drawn from caudal vein of 56 healthy and 94 UDN (Ulcerative Dermal Necrosis) – infected females. Fish were divided into three groups: (1) healthy, with no visible signs of UDN, (2) sick, with up to 10% skin damage and (3) agonal, where more than 10% of body surface was infected. Statistically important decrease in red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT) were found between sick and agonal fish groups. Concentration of total plasma protein and albumin decreased, in relation to fish health deterioration. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) had an inverse proportionality to total plasma protein and albumin concentration. Based on decrease of RBC, HGB and HCT due to UDN symptoms development a decrease in fish condition was observed. Significantly higher urea concentrations observed in agonal fish may indicates respiratory and excretory systems failure.

3

Elevated strontium concentration in the blood of automobile workers in Kolkata

100%

Basu R., Mukhopadhyay A., Ray S., Chakrabarti P., Ram S., Sudarshan M., Chakrabarti S.

Progress in Health Sciences

|

2014

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vol. 4

|

issue 2

186-189

EN

Introduction: Though the trace element strontium’s (Sr) exact role in health remains unknown, at certain levels, it is toxic and, given the body’s low threshold for Sr, has been cited to cause nervous disorders. At different stages of the life cycle, organisms vary in their ability to discriminate Sr and calcium, which can cause age-related differences in gastrointestinal absorption. Though data regarding the effects of such absorption remain limited, it can reportedly impact health, the immune system, and chromosomal aberration. Purpose: To investigate and correlate levels of Sr concentration and any health problems at certain levels among automobile workers. Materials and methods: The blood of 41 automobile workers and 26 healthy controls of the Kolkata region was collected and whole blood Sr concentration estimated by the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique. Results: Automobile workers showed significantly (p <0.001) higher blood SR levels than controls from the same area, despite similar dietary habits and drinking-water quality. Conclusions: Automobile workers are exposed to different pollutants that can harm their health, and a trace element imbalance of Sr and its elevated concentrations in the blood may cause different health complications.

4

„Budować. Burzyć! Tworzącym skinieniem...”. O krwi, ogniu i dymie w liryce Lecha Piwowara

89%

Majerski P.

Śląskie Studia Polonistyczne

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2010

EN

Lech Piwowar was connected, inter alia, with the Cracow Writers’ Association (1929–1930), with the literary and artistic societies “Litart” (1931–1935) and “Volta” (1935–1937), since 1933 he closely cooperated with the Visual Artists’ Theatre “Cricot” and published in the magazines “Naprzód”, “Gazeta Artystów” and “Tygodnik Artystów”. According to Heronim Michalski, Piwowar was a “keen student” of Tadeusz Peiper, according to Julian Przyboś – he was a “faithful and fanatical” student. The author of this article devoted to Piwowar focuses on his poems employing explosive imagery, motifs of fire and blood, primarily within the current of social, “committed poetics” (e.g. Spring, Build!, or A Beauty’s Funeral recalling the revolutionary Cracow of 23 March 1936), poems with a rhetorical exclamation – a call. They lead to questions about the avant-garde imagination annexing (making more substantive) the proletarian gesture of dissent, an expression of revolt.

5

Symbolika krwi a bezkrwawa dieta w Starym i Nowym Testamencie i jej wpływ na styl życia. Aspekty prawne

88%

Stasiak S.

Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review

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2018

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vol. 24

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issue 4

25 - 37

EN

The Old Testament prohibition of consuming blood (Lev. 17:10–14) was dictated by the observation of the phenomenon of blood loss as a cause of death of a human being. Therefore, blood was considered to have life-giving power, the power of God Himself. Blood flowing in the veins of every creature was considered to be God’s property and was not allowed to be consumed, but it had to be poured out on the ground. In New Testament times, this prohibition was relativized, recommending only its preservation (Acts 15:28–29). Since there are also religious groups today that demand that we refrain from the consumption of blood, we decided to study the issue based on the texts of the Old and New Testament, which contain information about blood and its symbolism, as well as the prohibition of its consumption. The methods of contextual analysis and historical-critical analysis were applied. As a result of these studies, it turned out that blood, especially in the Old Testament texts, has very extensive symbolism, which is why one can speak of the firstborn’s blood, substitute blood, blood of the Covenant. Blood also played a special role in the worship of Israel, especially in sacrificial offerings. This meaning is also found in the New Testament: “without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness of sins” (Heb. 9:22). In the Old Testament, there are a number of texts in which the prohibition of consumption of blood has been imposed (see Gen. 9:4; Lev. 3:17; 7:26–27; Deut. 12:23), although refraining from eating meat in which blood would still be found is not always explicitlly mentioned. The most comprehensive information on this subject, along with the justification of the prohibition, is included in Leviticus 17:10–14. Such prohibitions resulted in a specific lifestyle, and even slaughtering of animals, which was the subject of a large-scale social discussion. We ask ourselves the question: Does this prohibition apply to today’s Hebrews, Christians, or other social groups for whom the Bible is a peculiar norm of conduct? While the positive answer undoubtedly concerns the followers of Judaism, the issue of Christians is not so obvious. This is indicated by the so-called Jerusalem Council: “you abstain from what has been sacrificed to idols, and from blood, and from what has been strangled, and from sexual immorality. If you keep yourselves from these, you will do well. Farewell” (Acts 15:28–29). Three facts are of crucial importance here. First, these clauses were disciplinary and not doctrinal. Second, they had limited territorial coverage (see Acts 15:23). Third, one sentence is of particular significance in this context: “If you keep yourselves from these, you will do well” (Acts 15:29), which indicates this was not a warrant for salvation, but a recommendation to facilitate the faithful’s life in mutual consent in a church made up of Christians of Jewish and pagan origin.

6

Historiozofia zagłady. Uwagi do „Kleopatry i Cezara” Norwida

75%

Grabowski M., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. F. P., Doktorant w Katedrze Literatury i Tradycji Romantyzmu Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego. Naukowo zajmuje się polskim i francuskim romantyzmem. Od 2014 roku redaktor naczelny czasopisma teatralnego „Proscenium” wydawanego przez Teatr Nowy im. Kazimierza Dejmka w Łodzi, mat.grabovski@gmail.com

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica

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2015

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vol. 27

|

issue 1

EN

The main problem which is analyzed in the article is how Norwid presents the clash of two civilizations – ancient Egypt and Rome. In Norwid’s tragedy the death of culture is preceded by the death of transcendence – communities which have lost contact with the sacrum are sentencing themselves to a slow atrophy, which shall result in the collapse of civilizations. The hecatomb in Norwid’s tragedy is evoked by a series of symbols and gestures. The characters of the drama, who represent both great ancient nations, become aware by looking into the empty sky that their time is coming to the end, their life is only a part of tragic and historic fate. However, their death belongs with the Hegelian idea of the development of the spirit in history – ancient world needs to be destroyed so that Christianity could take its place.

7

Krew i kurzawa w greckiej historiografii klasycznej albo o zmarginalizowanych elementach Homerowego opisu pola bitwy

75%

Kostuch L.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2021

|

issue 23

9-31

EN

Contemporary historians believe that Greek historiography emerging on the eve of the classical period adopted numerous elements from the Homeric description of battle scenery. The aim of this paper is to analyze the earliest historical works while looking for the blood and dust, the two greatly important attributes of the Homeric world of warfare. However, it turns out that blood and dust, so intimately associated with the portrayal of the physical site of battle in Homer, did not become a per- manent element in the historical accounts of military clashes in Greek historiography, even though it was an inevitable component of the military experience of historians and their readers.

8

Filmowe adaptacje "Draculi" Brama Stokera. Od Murnaua do Coppoli

75%

Rawski J.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia de Cultura

|

2013

|

issue 5

251-262

EN

Bram Stoker’s "Dracula" (1897) is the most important and most renowned vampire novel, which inspired entire generations of filmmakers. The vampiric count, “with figure of eternal desire – and what’s more, both male and female, homo- and heterosexual” (to quote Maria Janion), had an influence on mass imagination of readers and spectators. In the twentieth century, Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau, Tod Browning, Werner Herzog and Francis Ford Coppola created the most important film adaptations of the Irish writer’s novel. By analyzing these four cinematic images, we can see the evolution of the vampire: how human features were attributed to him and how his sexualization proceeded (particularly in the F.F. Coppola’s movie). Four movie interpretations of Dracula’s character – vampire-monster, vampire-dandy, suffering vampire, vampire-tragic lover – were far from the actual image of the title character from Bram Stoker’s work. There are clear differences between the hero of the novel and his movie equivalents.

9

Cadmium, mercury and lead in the blood of urban women in Croatia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, China, Ecuador and Morocco

75%

Pawlas N., Strömberg U., Carlberg B., Cerna M., Harari F., Harari R., Horvat M., Hruba F., Koppova K., Krskova A., Krsnik M., Li Y.-F., Löfmark L., Lundh T., Lundström N.-G., Lyoussi B., Markiewicz-Górka I., Mazej D., Osredkar J., Pawlas K., Rentschler G., Spevackova V., Spiric Z., Tratnik J. S., Vadla D., Zizi S., Skerfving S., Bergdahl I. A.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2013

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vol. 26

|

issue 1

58-72

EN

Objectives: The aim of the study was to make an international comparison of blood levels of cadmium (B-Cd), lead (BPb) and mercury (B-Hg) of women in seven European, and three non-European cities, and to identify determinants. Materials and Methods: About 50 women (age: 46–62) from each city were recruited (totally 480) in 2006–2009. Interview and questionnaire data were obtained. Blood samples were analysed in one laboratory to avoid interlaboratory variation. Results: Between the European cities, the B-Pb and B-Cd results vary little (range of geometric means: 13.5–27.0 μg/l and 0.25–0.65 μg/l, respectively); the variation of B-Hg was larger (0.40–1.38 μg/l). Between the non-European cities the results for B-Pb, B-Cd and B-Hg were 19.2–68.0, 0.39–0.99 and 1.01–2.73 μg/l, respectively. Smoking was a statistically signifi cant determinant for B-Cd, while fi sh and shellfi sh intakes contributed to B-Hg and B-Pb, amalgam fi llings also contributed to B-Hg. Conclusions: The present results confi rm the previous results from children; the exposure to lead and cadmium varies only little between different European cities suggesting that other factors than the living area are more important. The study also confi rms the previous fi ndings of higher cadmium and lead levels in some non-European cities. The geographical variation for mercury is signifi cant.

10

Benzene exposure among auto-repair workers from workplace ambience: A pioneer study from Pakistan

75%

Kamal A., Rashid A.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2014

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vol. 27

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issue 5

830-839

EN

Objectives: In Pakistan, the reports on benzene exposure among workers in chemical industries are almost non-existing due to limited research work in the field of exposure science. This study aimed to investigate such exposure in a widely adopted occupation in Rawalpindi city. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 60 blood samples (N = 20/group) of mechanics (MCs), spray painters (PNs) and control participants (CN) were analyzed. The socio-economic and demographic information of workers and that of workplaces was documented using a short questionnaire. Results: We identified that the workers in spray-painting occupation are highly at risk of benzene exposure. The results showed that PNs were more at risk of exposure to benzene than MCs, and this exposure was significantly correlated with long working hours (r = 0.68, p < 0.001). Moreover, there are several limitations in workplace setups, which need to be addressed in order to mitigate workers health risk in this occupation. In addition to the reckless use of chemicals, other identified predictors of exposure included active and passive smoking, poor workplace hygiene and substandard ventilation. Conclusions: To mitigate workplace exposure, it is necessary to reduce working hours and encourage regular use of self-protective equipments and adoption of proper hygiene in chemical workplaces.

11

The comparisons of blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid S100B protein concentrations in patients with Alzheimer`s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis

75%

Tarasiuk J., Kapica-Topczewska K., Chorąży M., Borowik-Zaręba A., Mroczko B., Kochanowicz J., Kułakowska A.

Progress in Health Sciences

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2019

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vol. 1

22-27

EN

Introduction:S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) is a biochemical marker of astroglial damage. Purpose: To assess the pathophysiological implications of S100B concentrations in blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurodegenerative central nervous system disorders. Materials and Methods: In this study, we determined and compare S100B concentrations in blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid obtained from subjects diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (n=20), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n=12), multiple sclerosis (n=40) and the reference group (n=20), using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Concentrations of S100B in plasma collected from patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (252,38±183,50 pg/mL) and multiple sclerosis (164,92±250,14 pg/mL) were above laboratory standards, but in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (53,96±56,92 pg/mL) and the reference group (2,12 pg/mL) were below laboratory norms (N>75 pg/mL). Concentrations of S100B in plasma collected from patients with Alzheimer's disease (252,38±183,50 pg/mL) were significantly higher than in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (53,96±56,92 pg/mL) (p<0,029). Concentrations of S100B in CSF collected from the reference group (546,96±236,62 pg/mL) and from patients with Alzheimer's disease (587,53±189,57 pg/mL), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (404,41±179,56 pg/mL), multiple sclerosis (462,03±146,01 pg/mL) were very similar, and none of pairwise comparisons reached statistical significance. Conclusions: Results of our studies indicate the importance of S100B protein concentration assessment in blood in central nervous system disorders differential diagnostics.

12

Satanism: Crime, Deviance and Disorders

75%

Roelofse C., Bezuidenhout C.

Internal Security

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2018

|

vol. 10(2)

79-96

EN

This article deals with a phenomenon that is often spoken about, reported in the media, but about which very little empirical evidence has emerged over the years. Only a handful of criminologists have addressed this phenomenon. This stems from the belief that supernatural phenomena cannot be researched using scientific methods. However, within the phenomenological paradigm, there is room for engaging informants who report their lived experiences. Scientific opinion, as far as social sciences are concerned, confines spirituality to Theology and Anthropology. The notion of the supernatural should otherwise be confined to private life. Against this background, the authors claim that it is rather a general tendency within the scientific community to either consider the spiritual world as a superstition and a phenomenon not to be engaged in. Spirituality should thus be relegated to private discourse. Therefore, the authors endeavour to shed the light on the topic by defining concepts, presenting typologies from the literature, as well as concerning crime and Satanism. The recruitment strategies, as well as the means of control over the followers, are presented, and then specific crimes, abuse, psychological disorders and spiritual possession are discussed. The goal of this paper is to stimulate researchers to tackle this secretive phenomenon and its criminological connections as the perpetration of crime have often been reported where there was the evidence of rituals. Spirituality is the part of life for billions of people in the world and is it worth to be investigated Perhaps it is rather a lack of interest or even fear that leads to the dearth of research in this area.

13

Influence of acetylsalicylic acid on hematotoxicity of benzene

75%

Kowalówka-Zawieja J., Zielińska-Psuja B., Przystanowicz J., Sommerfeld K.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

|

2013

|

vol. 26

|

issue 5

802-812

EN

Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on benzene hematotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on rats exposed for 2, 4 and 8 weeks to benzene vapour at a conentration of 1.5 or 4.5 mmol/m³ of air (5 days per week, 6 hours per day) alone or together with ASA at the doses of 5, 150 or 300 mg/kg body weight (per os). Results: Benzene at a concentration of 4.5 mmol/m³ caused a slight lymphopenia, granulocytosis and reticulocytosis in blood. In bone marrow traits of megaloblastic renewal, presence of undifferentiated cells and giant forms of granulocytes as well as an increase in myeloperoxidase and decrease in chloroacetate esterase activity and lipids content were noted. ASA (150 and 300 mg/kg b.w.) influenced some of hematological parameters, altered by benzene intoxication. ASA limited the solvent-induced alteration in blood reticulocyte count and in the case of bone marrow in the erythroblasts count. Traits of megaloblastic renewal in bone marrow were less pronounced. Besides, higher activity of myeloperoxidase and the decrease in the level of lipids in granulocytes were noted. Conclusion: Our results suggest that ASA limited the benzene-induced hematotoxicity.

14

O potrzebie badań nad historią hematologii

75%

Paliga R. E.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2021

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vol. 66

|

issue 1

205–221

EN

Hematology emerged from the study of internal diseases in the twentieth century. Its history can be divided into three periods: the first (elementary) – separation from internal diseases, the second (interdisciplinary) – development by combining the achievements from other fields and joint activities of research teams, and the third (which is difficult to label as it is ongoing) – cognition at the genetic and molecular level. Thanks to the progress of science (immunology, serology, genetics, cytogenetics, genetic engineering, etc.) and the use of their discoveries in broadly-understood hematology, there has been a spectacular change in the knowledge about blood diseases and prognosis. The spectrum of treatment of chronic diseases has been expanded, improving the quality of patients’ lives, and the diagnostic possibilities have been enlarged. The history of such an important field of medicine has been little studied in Poland. This article aims to justify the need to research the history of Polish hematology.

15

Electronic noses for monitoring benzene occupational exposure in biological samples of Egyptian workers

75%

Mohamed E. I., Khalil G. I., Abdel-Mageed S. M., Bayoumi A. M., Ramadan H. S., Kotb M. A.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

|

2013

|

vol. 26

|

issue 1

165-172

EN

Objectives: Benzene is commonly emitted in several industries, leading to widespread environmental and occupational exposure hazards. While less toxic solvents have been substituted for benzene, it is still a component of petroleum products and is a trace impurity in industrial products resulting in continued higher occupational exposures in industrial settings in developing countries. Materials and Methods: We investigated the potential use of an electronic nose (e-nose) to monitor the headspace volatiles in biological samples from benzene-exposed Egyptian workers and non-exposed controls. The study population comprised 150 non-smoking male workers exposed to benzene and an equal number of matching non-exposed controls. We determined biomarkers of benzene used to estimate exposure and risk including: benzene in exhaled air and blood; and its urinary metabolites such as phenol and muconic acid using gas chromatography technique and a portable e-nose. Results: The average benzene concentration measured in the ambient air of the workplace of all studied industrial settings in Alexandria, Egypt; was 97.56±88.12 μg/m³ (range: 4.69–260.86 μg/m³). Levels of phenol and muconic acid were signifi cantly (p < 0.001) higher in both blood and urine of benzene-exposed workers as compared to non-exposed controls. Conclusions: The e-nose technology has successfully classifi ed and distinguished benzene-exposed workers from non-exposed controls for all measured samples of blood, urine and the exhaled air with a very high degree of precision. Thus, it will be a very useful tool for the low-cost mass screening and early detection of health hazards associated with the exposure to benzene in the industry.

16

Did legal regulations change the reporting frequency of sharp injuries of medical personnel? Study from 36 hospitals in Łódź Province, Poland

75%

Garus-Pakowska A., Górajski M., Szatko F.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2017

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vol. 31

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issue 1

37-46

EN

Objectives: The aim of the study has been to analyze the epidemiological data on sharp injuries among health care workers before and after the implementation of regulations related to the conduct of the register of sharp injuries. Material and Methods: We hypothesized that the introduction of legislation would change the existing low reportability of sharp injuries and reporting incidents would increase. In Poland the binding regulations, dating back to 2013, require the employer to keep a record of sharp injuries. Therefore, we compared the data from before and after the entry regulations. Data was collected from the records of occupational exposure/accidents at work in hospitals in the Łódź Province during 2010–2014. The feedback came from 36 hospitals (return index = 51.5%), representing a total annual average of 13 211 medical workers. Results: The incidence of injuries did not change significantly over the period 2010–2014, and the number of reported injuries in 2014 (the year when the Regulation had already been effective) was even lower than in the previous years. The average annual injury index was 12.31 injuries per 1000 employees (95% confidence interval: 11.48–13.16/1000). The incidence of injuries among nurses was significantly higher than in other groups of medical professionals (p < 0.05). These injuries most often occur while using needles (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The obligation to record occupational exposures set forth in current regulations is not likely to improve the reliability of reporting the incidents actually taking place. Further research should focus on identifying barriers to reporting cases of exposure to potentially infectious material. Action should be taken to raise awareness of medical personnel about the possible effects of exposure to infectious material, in particular, the benefits of the implementation of early post-exposure procedures. Perhaps it will increase the reporting frequency of sharp injuries of medical personnel. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(1):37–46

17

Motywy o cechach symboli w opisach miłości incestualnej. O trzech powieściach Andrzeja Kuśniewicza

63%

Jakóbczyk A.

Amor Fati

|

2015

|

issue 4

135-173

EN

Incestual love between brother and sister is depicted in three novels by Andrzej Kuśniewicz – it is suggested already in “Eroica” (1963), fully developed in “Król Obojga Sycylii” (1970) and re-turns in “Stan nieważkości” (1973). In these pieces of work appear three distinct motives: wom-an, devil and blood. They contain symbolic meaning and therefore enrich interpretation of the numerous scenes, which are fragmentary and vague. Close reading of the novels and comparing them with one another helps to fully understand author’s writing and reconstruct complex expe-riences of his characters. It proves that the motif of incestual love could be described as a coher-ent entirety in Kuśniewicz’s work.

18

Tabu krwi. Pojęcia uboju religijnego i ofiarniczego w ujęciu interdyscyplinarnym

63%

Juszczak A. R.

Społeczeństwo i Polityka

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2021

|

issue 4(69)

105-127

EN

The article aims to analyze the concepts of religious and sacrificial slaughter from the perspective of blood taboos and present their current definitions. In order to explore the subject objectively, it was necessary to assume interdisciplinarity, and as a result, an analysis from the perspective of religious studies and hygiene of food of animal origin. At the outset, the author addresses the issue of the religious prohibition of eating blood as an element inextricably linked with the slaughter of animals. Based on the texts of the Hebrew Bible, he presents the blood rite in the sacrificial system of the Israelites and analyzes its ritual functions. The author presents the taboo of blood that, despite the transformation of Judaism, has been preserved and is the basis of the food law. Secondly, he analyzes the importance of blood based on the texts of the Koran and presents the taboo of blood as one of the basic dietary principles of Muslim believers. Then he analyzes sacrificial slaughter on the example of religious rituals of Polish Tatars in Bohoniki in Podlasie. The author distinguishes it from religious slaughter, describing its ethical transformation in the second half of the 20th century and the current state; also deals with the advantages and disadvantages of routine (secular) slaughter. The arguments include blood taboos and health risks related to the presence of residual blood in meat. All the content is crowned with conclusions on the legitimacy of consent to religious slaughter in Poland and the need to conceptually separate it from sacrificial slaughter.

PL

Celem artykułu jest analiza pojęć uboju religijnego i ofiarniczego z perspektywy tabu krwi i przedstawienie ich aktualnych definicji. Na potrzeby obiektywnego zgłębienia tematu konieczne było założenie interdyscyplinarności, a w efekcie analizy z perspektywy religioznawstwa i higieny żywności pochodzenia zwierzęcego. Na wstępie autor porusza kwestię religijnego zakazu spożywania krwi jako elementu nierozerwalnie powiązanego z ubojem zwierząt. Na podstawie tekstów Biblii hebrajskiej przedstawia ryt krwi w systemie ofiarniczym Izraelitów i analizuje jej rytualne funkcje. Prezentuje tabu krwi, które mimo transformacji judaizmu zostało zachowane i stanowi podstawę prawa żywieniowego. W drugiej kolejności analizuje znaczenie krwi na podstawie tekstów Koranu i przedstawia tabu krwi jako jedną z podstawowych zasad żywieniowych wierzących muzułmanów. Następnie analizuje ubój ofiarniczy na przykładzie obrzędów religijnych polskich Tatarów w podlaskich Bohonikach. W opozycji do tej formy uśmiercania stawia ubój religijny, opisując jego etyczną transformację w II połowie XX w. i stan obecny. Podejmuje również temat zalet i wad świeckiego uboju rutynowego. W wywodach przewijają się zagadnienia tabu krwi i zagrożeń zdrowotnych związanych z obecnością krwi resztkowej w mięsie. Całość zwieńczona jest konkluzjami na temat zasadności przyzwolenia na ubój religijny w Polsce i konieczności pojęciowego oddzielenia go od uboju ofiarniczego.

19

Blood, Death and Fear – Philosophy and Art in Relation to the Myth of Womanhood

63%

Tużnik M.

Estetyka i Krytyka

|

2016

|

issue 2(41)

177-190

EN

Mythologies from different parts of the world have always used female characters. Most of these are not positive ones, quite the reverse. Nowadays, our generally accepted attitude towards womanhood and women has barely anything to do with the emotions which were triggered by such mythical creatures as lamias, mermaids or vampires. Furthermore, equal rights are perceived, today, as integral to a healthy society. Yet, there are some aspects of womanhood that are not only absent in public discourse, but also trigger such extreme emotions as fear and disgust. One such trigger is menstrual blood. The aim of this article is to present negative images of the woman in mythology, with all their consequences, as well as to show how feminist reflections and artistic activity negate this understanding of womanhood and sexuality, frequently employing controversial and inconvenient themes in the furtherance of that goal.

20

Symbolika krwi w „Panu Tadeuszu”

63%

Tomkowski J.

Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo

|

2016

|

issue 6(9)

309-324

EN

Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz, a great poet of Polish Romanticism, was first published in June 1834 in Paris. It is recognized as the national epic poem, one of the last in European literature. It depicts very precisely the life of the Polish gentry in the early 19th century. Pan Tadeusz was perceived as an idyllic poem, full of happiness and serenity. In my opinion, it is a misunderstanding. The poem by Adam Mickiewicz describes the world in blood. In this world we meet evil, chaos, violence and numerous conflicts. And the acts of bloodshed, of course. Blood is a very important symbol – bloodshed calls for revenge. Heroes are frequently eager for revenge. Blood is also the symbol of family relationship. As we can see, Pan Tadeusz is a rather bloody masterpiece!

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