Search results

1

La caricature entre image et parole : Villiers de l’Isle-Adam rival d’Honoré Daumier

100%

Opiela-Mrozik A.

Quêtes littéraires

|

2020

|

issue 10

EN

This article analyzes, from a comparative perspective, the aims and the characteristics of two types of caricature: Honoré Daumier’s graphic caricature and Villiers de l’Isle-Adam’s literary one. For the purposes of his satiric revenge on bourgeoisie, Villiers resorted, by means of irony, to Daumier’s method, even trying to overshadow him. In their way of presenting the world of bourgeoisie and selected social groups (journalist and artistic ones), this draughtsman and this writer worked out their own means of the use of caricature. Without stopping stigmatising the vices of society, Daumier proposed a peculiar kind of caricature (in which an explanation played a secondary role) and developed the ludic aspect of his art, whereas Villiers was focused on mockery, even though his caricatures were often ambiguous. Villiers’ caricature, which even became a literary genre, connects a distorted portrait with a linguistic and situational caricature, by which means it makes the sense, formed by Daumier’s image, broader.

FR

L'article propose d'analyser, dans une optique comparatiste, les objectifs et les spécificités de la caricature graphique d'Honoré Daumier et de la caricature littéraire de Villiers de l'Isle-Adam. Par son projet de vengeance satirique sur les bourgeois, Villiers de l'Isle-Adam se réclame de la méthode de Daumier, fondée sur l'ironie, et envisage de dépasser le dessinateur. Dans la présentation de l'univers bourgeois et des milieux choisis (journalistique, artistique) le dessinateur et l'écrivain élaborent leurs propres façons d'exploiter les ressources de la caricature. Tout en dénonçant les vices de la société, Daumier propose un type particulier de comique (dans lequel la légende joue un rôle secondaire) et développe l'aspect ludique de son art, tandis que Villiers se concentre sur la raillerie violente, même si sa caricature relève souvent de l'ambiguïté. Érigée en genre littéraire, la caricature villiérienne relie le portrait déformé à la caricature langagière et celle de situation, en élargissant ainsi les sens véhiculés par le dessin de Daumier.

2

Akta sejmikowe jako źródło do dziejów miast i mieszczaństwa

99%

Bulińska K.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

|

2022

|

vol. 77

|

issue 2

85-116

EN

The paper discussed using dietine (sejmik) files in research on history of cities and bourgeoisie. Based on dietine files of Greater Poland provinces, the potential of utilizing this type of material during the exploration of the history of municipal centers in all regions of Poland were outlined. Additionally, the author created classification of the municipal issues debated on dietine sessions, encompassing seven principal categories.

3

Kolekcjonerstwo na przełomie XIX i XX wieku. Szkic o różnorodności gustów oraz stosunku kolekcjonerów do sztuki współczesnej

99%

Kłudkiewicz K.

Biuletyn Historii Sztuki

|

2014

|

vol. 76

|

issue 2

241-260

EN

Throughout the 19 th century art collecting became a more and more popular human activity, not restricted as before to a small group - aristocrats, nobility, and scholars-researchers. The complex character of private collecting in the 19 th century is the reason why researchers are only attracted by its single aspects. These including first of all the collecting by new social groups: the bourgeoisie, rich industrialists, and bankers. Art historians are additionally interested in those collecting works of the new breakthrough artistic tendencies (Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Avant-Garde), therefore those who were involved in creating ‘collections looking into the future’, setting up benchmarks that future museums would aspire to. The new art was a subject of interest of Paris, Berlin, and Moscow businessmen, bourgeoisie, and financiers who promoted such values as innovation, novelty, and progress. Meanwhile, aristocracy valued other qualities more (tradition, history, past) and in those European cities (London, Cracow, Vienna) in which aristocracy held a strong position and were committed to cultural activity, collections of pieces of the new tendencies could hardly be found, or were extremely rare.

4

W świecie zapomnianych powieści Alfreda Konara

85%

Olszewska M. J.

Jednak Książki. Gdańskie Czasopismo Humanistyczne

|

2015

|

issue 4/2015 O Młodej Polsce mniej znanej

13-34

EN

Alfred Alexander Konar (1862-1940) created a chronicle of life in Warsaw, all its social strata, especially the middle class as a social group. The concept of bourgeois ideas in his case shall be understood as a certain belief, mentality, style of behavior. Simple virtues of heroism have its justification in what is referred to as mediocrita, which gave the writer a base to build an anti-revolutionary myth of a "good man". Each of Konar’s novel is a variation of the popular modernist novels. It is a complex creation, combine elements of the English “Victorian” novel, the German Biedermeier and the French romance. The weakness of the social diagnosis lays in a narrow range of socio-moral observation, limited to urban and middle class, which, combined with lack of in-depth psychological perspective of these texts, using motifs of romance and didacticism, gives a vision of a world ideologically anachronistic.

5

Mieszczański republikanizm? Myśl polityczna Sebastiana Petrycego z Pilzna (1554–1626)

85%

Frączek A.

Zapiski Historyczne

|

2023

|

vol. 88

|

issue 3

59-86

EN

In 1605, Sebastian Petrycy of Pilzno published a translation of Aristotle’s Politics into Polish, accompanied by his own original commentary. In this work, Petrycy presented an image of an idealized state that served as a model to address the issues within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The article deals with the political thought of Sebastian Petrycy, whom older historiography regarded as a monarchist or even a supporter of absolutism. Contrary to this categorisation, the article analyses the philosopher’s oeuvre through the lens of early modern republican theory. Central to the analysis are the fundamental elements of early modern republicanism such as virtue, freedom, law, and a mixed system. Petrycy critiques the implementation of these principles within the noblemen’s republicanism and proposes modifications to move towards what is defined for the purposes of this article as ‘burghers’ republicanism’. Utilizing Quentin Skinner’s methodology, Petrycy’s work has been set against the political crisis of Zebrzydowski’s rebellion, and its political significance has been demonstrated, despite its academic nature. Additionally, an attempt has been made to highlight Petrycy’s commitment to the royal camp, alongside the hypothesis that the author was expressing the intentions of senators-regalists while simultaneously seeking to improve the situation of non-noble citizens in the country.

6

Mieszczańska kariera w szlacheckiej Rzeczypospolitej? Francesco De Gratta i jego social network

71%

Gregorowicz D.

Zapiski Historyczne

|

2022

|

vol. 87

|

issue 2

133-149

EN

Michał Salamonik published his doctoral dissertation in 2017. The book addresses an important topic of the presence of the bourgeois in the early modern Polish-Lithuanian state. This is a biographical account and a study of the career of Francesco De Gratta, a citizen of Gdańsk of Italian origin. The purpose of the article is to present the subject matter from the perspective of original methodology used by the author: social network analysis, evaluation of the narrative based on it and the effectiveness of its use in historiography. It also contains reflections on the legitimacy of using studies of relationship and networks (family, work, financial) and broadly understood quantitative methods for biographical research. The article also poses a question of the extent to which one can speak of planning or deliberately constructing the bourgeois career within the social and political structures of the seventeenth-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The presented analysis has shown that the application of the SNA methodology for creating biographies should be considered interesting and useful, especially when the social connections of the main character are closely connected with other spheres of his activity. It seems that a study from the social network perspective gives the entitlement to studying characters that are understood as integral elements of social processes and relations, which adds a great research value of this approach.

7

Nedostatečnost ve světle měšťanské epochy: Thomas Mann a Hugo von Hofmannsthal

71%

Sirovátka Š.

Svět literatury – Časopis pro novodobé literatury (World of Literature – Journal for Modern Literatures)

|

2015

|

vol. 52

32-36

EN

The paper aims to compare two authors of the Fin-de-Siècle from the German-speaking area (Thomas Mann and Hugo von Hofmannsthal) and tries to offer a specific “German” interpretation of contemporary phenomena like dandyism or estheticism. For the German area, Mann’s concept of the bourgeoisie as a spiritual form of life appears to be relevant. It is the idea of the middle way denying any sort of excess and connected with moral obligation. Therefore, German “decadence” is lacking an explicit anti-social gesture (dandyism) and is merely the expression of the process of “Entbürgerlichung”.

8

Aktywność polityczna mieszczaństwa Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w latach 1789–1792

71%

Glemža L.

Zapiski Historyczne

|

2021

|

vol. 86

|

issue 1

57-84

EN

The reforms in the second half of the eighteenth century affected the cities and towns of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in various ways. After the reform of 1776, the majority of small towns in the Grand Duchy were deprived of the Magdeburg Law, while they retained the right to acquire landed estates. Apart from private towns, only 11 towns managed by territorial administrators – starosts – and belonging to the royal estates retained their privileged status. During the sessions of the Great Sejm (1788–1792), the discussions on the situation of Lithuanian towns were resumed. Representatives of towns that retained the Magdeburg Law, those which had lost it, and those striving for new rights and liberties were invited by the municipal authorities of the Old Town of Warsaw in order to submit their demands in the Sejm together with all the towns. The new town laws of 1791 laid the foundations for modern urban administration and prepared the grounds for burghers to fight for their rights and liberties, which was influenced by the municipal self-government institutions established under these laws. The question of the number of small Lithuanian towns which took advantage of this opportunity during one year (1791/1792) has already been considered in Lithuanian and Polish historiography. Until now, however, historians have usually limited themselves to indicating the number of issued self-government privileges (74), but this figure does not provide a full picture of the political activity of the Lithuanian bourgeoisie. The article identifies 130 small Lithuanian towns (excluding 11 towns which retained the Magdeburg Law) which actively participated in the political movement of the bourgeoisie in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and analyses the composition of this group of urban settlements.

9

A Demonic Chrysalis: The Concept of Bourgeoisie in Poland

71%

Kożuchowski A.

Acta Poloniae Historica

|

2021

|

vol. 122

79-107

PL

This paper investigates the history of the concept of bourgeoisie in Poland, emphasising troubles with its assimilation into the Polish language, and its special entanglement with the socialist and modernist discourse. The concept, it is argued, was borrowed in the late nineteenth century from France, where it concerned the urban upper-middle class; it arrived in Poland as part of the socialist discourse of the time, which gave it strong negative and derogatory connotations. The ambiguity that arose was further complicated by a number of other factors as well. First, the understanding of the term ‘bourgeoisie’ within the leftist discourse was itself ambivalent, combining the strictly theoretical definition encompassing the class of capitalist owners of the means of production, and the practical and emotional label attached to the urban classes. Second, also for the reasons indicated above, the concept of bourgeoisie was not able to replace the older Polish concepts regarding the urban population [mieszczaństwo], and the differences between them remained vague, and occasionally disputable. Third, not only did the term ‘bourgeoisie’ never fully emancipate itself from the domination of the indigenous concepts, but it also suffered from its translation into Polish, where it was regularly omitted when regarding Western European realities, but where it was a permanent fixture in the case of Russian and Soviet literature. Finally, the paper searches for the reasons behind the relative elimination of the concept from the Polish discourse, or at least large segments thereof, in the last half-century.

10

Filozofia i koniunktura

61%

Negri A.

Praktyka Teoretyczna

|

2016

|

vol. 19

|

issue 1

104-123

EN

In the text, which consists of the first two parts of the second chapter of Descartes Politico, Antonio Negri defines the change in the thought of René Descartes which took place at the end of the third decade of the 17th century. A crucial category in Descartes’ thought –conjuncture - is connected closely with the economic downturn and deep crisis of the Renaissance project. Negri tries to capture the moment of birth of the “baroque” Descartes and points to a dynamic tension between Descartes’ philosophy (at that particular moment) and a libertine worldview. This ambiguous relation with libertinism (which is the answer to the decline of Renaissance hopes and aspirations) is, according to Negri, the starting point for the Cartesian search for a way to overcome the crisis.

PL

W tekście, na który składają się dwie pierwsze części drugiego rozdziału książki Descartes politico, Antonio Negri definiuje zmianę dokonującą się w myśli Kartezjusza u progu lat 30. XVII wieku. Kluczowa dla analiz Negriego kategoria oddzielenia ujęta zostaje w ścisłym związku z załamaniem koniunktury gospodarczej i głębokim kryzysem projektu renesansowego. Negri stara się uchwycić moment narodzin barokowego Kartezjusza i wskazuje na dynamiczne napięcie między filozofią kartezjańską tego okresu a światopoglądem libertyńskim. To właśnie niejednoznaczna relacja z libertynizmem, stanowiącym odpowiedź na upadek renesansowych nadziei i aspiracji, stanowi, wedle Negriego, punkt wyjścia dla kartezjańskich poszukiwań sposobu przezwyciężenia kryzysu.

11

Fear and Wish-fulfilling Flights of Fancy: Walpole’s Nightmare of Class Conflict and the Restoration of Aristocracy in The Castle of Otranto

57%

Koç E., Altan N. A.

Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich

|

2014

|

vol. 57/113 z. 1

75-88

EN

This article discusses The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole as the first gothic work dramatizing, through the theme of “usurpation”, the emergence of the new but “greedy” bourgeoisie in England in the eighteenth century as a threat against the long-established, and from Walpole’s perspective, “divinely ordered” aristocratic system. Au fait with the worries and expectations of aristocracy, for he is the son of Robert Walpole (the first Prime Minister of England), and a member of nobility and the Parliament, Walpole, in his work, cannot help defending the established system against the emerging bourgeois paradigm. In the article, Walpole’s concern with the chaotic state of his country, which he reveals through building a devastating class conflict in Otranto, will be analyzed with the help of biographical, historical, and Marxist approaches. Finally, by referring to the Freudian theory of “wish-fulfillment through dreams”, Walpole’s solution for the conflict will be shown to be a self-gratifying one, satisfying the author’s aristocratic self.

12

„Twarda kobieta w męskim świecie” czy wrażliwa romantyczka? Helena Anna z Weilów Geyer w świetle swoich spisanych wspomnień

57%

Staniszewska A.

Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku

|

2021

|

vol. 24

117-129

EN

The aim of the article is to present the private life of Helena Anna Geyer (née Weil) (1855–1935) in the light of her memories and to find an answer to the title question. A woman who was born into a landowning family fell in love with her sister’s brother-in-law, Gustaw Geyer, at a young age. After years of unhappy love, she became close to her beloved, who soon became her husband. The marriage with the son of Ludwik Geyer forced Helena to change her surroundings. Moving from the family estate to the developing Lodz meant that she had to get used to the reality of the big city. In her memoirs written down years later, she told about how she found herself in a new situation. Memories of H.A. Geyer are the testimony of a person who experienced both the life of the landowner and the rich bourgeoisie. The clash of both worlds shows the reader how demanding life was for an individual in a 19th-century metropolis. Unfortunately, the world of the Łódź bourgeoisie was also very brutal for the sensitive H.A. Geyer.

PL

Celem artykułu jest próba ukazania prywatnego życia Heleny Anny z Weilów Geyer (1855–1935) w świetle jej wspomnień oraz znalezienie odpowiedzi na tytułowe pytanie. Kobieta, która urodziła się w ziemiańskiej rodzinie Weilów, w młodym wieku obdarzyła, początkowo nieodwzajemnionym, uczuciem szwagra swojej siostry – Gustawa Geyera, członka zamożnej rodziny burżuazyjnej. Po latach nieszczęśliwej miłości zbliżyła się do ukochanego, który wkrótce został jej mężem. Małżeństwo z synem Ludwika Geyera wymogło na Helenie zmianę otoczenia. Przenosiny z rodzinnego majątku do rozwijającej się przemysłowej Łodzi spowodowały, że musiała przywyknąć do wielkomiejskiej rzeczywistości. O tym, jak (i czy w ogóle) odnajdowała się w nowej sytuacji, opowiedziała w spisanych po latach wspomnieniach. Wspomnienia H.A. Geyer są świadectwem osoby, która doświadczyła zarówno życia ziemiańskiego, jak i życia bogatej burżuazji. Zderzenie obu światów unaocznia czytelnikowi, jak wymagające dla jednostki było życie w XIX-wiecznej metropolii. Niestety, świat łódzkiej burżuazji okazał się również bardzo brutalny dla wrażliwej H.A. Geyer.

13

Lustracja trzynastu miast z 1773 r. jako przyczynek do badań nad sytuacją religijną dawngo Spisza

57%

Staniszewska M. K.

Nasza Przeszłość. Studia z dziejów Kościoła i kultury katolickiej w Polsce

|

2017

|

vol. 127

53-80

PL

Dawną Koronę (a potem Rzeczpospolitą Obojga Narodów) i Królestwo Węgierskie łączyły w średniowieczu i epoce nowożytnej liczne skomplikowane relacje. To spe-cyficzne sąsiedztwo szczególnie widoczne są na Spiszu, w latach 1412—1772 po-dzielonym między oba państwa. W artykule przedstawiona zostały wybrane wiadomości z lustracji prowadzonej przez urzędnika Pawła Tisztę, zlecona przez władze węgierskie już po likwidacji starostwa spiskiego. Dokument z 1773 r. dostarcza licznych informacji dotyczących sytuacji trzynastu miast spiskich znajdujących się do niedawna pod polską władzą. Obok ukazania polityczno-gospodarczego tła życia codziennego poruszone zostały w nich kwestie mogące zainteresować badacza tak życia religijnego, jak i sztuki sakralnej na Spiszu: liczba wyznawców katolicyzmu i luteranizmu, pochodzenie wykształcenie i obowiązki lokalnych plebanów i pastorów, stan zachowania kościołów oraz – słabo rozpoznane w dotychczasowej literaturze – wzmianki o oratoriach wyznania augsburskiego, powstałych w starostwie za zgodą Stanisława Herakliusza Lubomirskiego. Miasta spiskie około roku 1773 r. rysują się w lustracji jako obszar zróżnicowany religijnie, którego mieszkańcy reprezentowali złożone podejście do tożsamości i miejscowej tradycji.

EN

Historically, the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) and Kingdom of Hungary shared very complicated realations during the Middle Ages and Early Modern period. This specific neighbourhood can be especially visible in the case of Spiš (Scepusium), in the years 1412-1772 divided between both countries. The article presents the selected information from the inspection report conducted by Paul Tiszta, ordered by Hungarian authority after the liquidation of the Scepusian capitaneatus (starostwo). Written in 1773, the document provides many records on the situation of thirteen cities, which not much earlier had been under the Polish administration. Besides showing the political and economical background of everyday life, it presents the information important for researchers interested in both Scepusian religious life and local art, concerning: number of Catholics and Lutherans, provenience and education of local parsons and ministers, condition of the church building and – almost absent in the previous literature – records on the Lutheran oratories in the cities of capitaneatus, build with the consent of Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski. In this report, Scepusian cities are presented as the religiously diverse territory which inhabitants manifested complex approach to the issue of their identity and local tradition.

14

La mode féminine de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle dans la caricature iconographique et littéraire

57%

Stępińska-Kucza Z.

Quêtes littéraires

|

2020

|

issue 10

EN

The present paper analyzes the relationship between the caricature and the women’s fashion of the second half of the 19th century. The period was favorable for fashion caricature, because, while reflecting the political, economic and social transformations of the time, the clothing trends endorsed at the time by fashion magazines were based on the exaggeration and distortion that we identify among the weapons of humorists. The first part of the paper focuses on the graphical representation of fashion, in particular of the crinoline, and aims to discover the messages hidden in those illustrations. The second part analyzes the motif of the fashion and the clothing in the Bertall’s satirical text, Comédie de notre temps, and tries to define the image of the woman at that time and her role in the French bourgeois society.

FR

L’article analyse la relation entre la caricature et la mode à partir de quelques exemples de la satire visuelle et textuelle de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. La période est propice à la caricature de mode car, tout en reflétant les transformations politiques, économiques et sociales du temps, les tendances vestimentaires prônées à l'époque par les périodiques de mode reposent sur l'exagération et la déformation, qualités qui sont aussi les armes des humoristes. La première partie examine la représentation graphique du costume féminin, avant tout celle de la crinoline-cage, et les significations véhiculées par ces images railleuses. La seconde se concentre sur les fragments de La Comédie de notre temps (1874-1876) de Bertall, consacrés à la mode et au vêtement, et cherche à définir l'image de la femme et sa place dans la société bourgeoise en pleine mutation.

15

Potwierdzenie testamentu wileńskiego złotnika Wincentego Slegla (1519). Przyczynek do dziejów elity mieszczańskiej Wilna i jej związków z Poznaniem

57%

Manyś B., Sliesoriūnas G.

Historia Slavorum Occidentis

|

2022

|

issue 2 (33)

11-34

EN

In the following paper the author attemps to analyse the confirmation of the testament of the Vilnian burger – craftsman, goldsmith and town councillor – Vincenty Slegel, written in the 1519.

16

Ius caducum w Lublinie w pierwszej ćwierci XVII w.

57%

Seroka K.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

|

2022

|

vol. 21

|

issue 2

77-90

EN

The research objective of the study focuses on the functioning of the escheat law within cities. The research, although undertaken in a limited chronological scope, may contribute to the introduction of an issue that has not yet been recognized. The subject of the findings are the detailed issues of the functioning of the escheat law in former Poland, in particular the implementation of the monarch’s prerogative in the light of its limitations imposed in the parliamentary constitutions, the property scope of the escheat law and the issue of the participation of local royal state authorities, i.e. the starost’s office and local (municipal) government authorities, in the execution of the monarch’s decisions. Apart from persons appointed to the inheritance by virtue of law or will, the monarch could also participate in the inheritance proceedings. A heirless or testamentless inheritance fell to the king who, under the law of the escheat (ius caducum), embraced such an inheritance, which was then known in Poland as the “puścizna”. The ruler’s powers in the field of ius caducum were limited by the parliamentary constitutions requiring the king to grant noble goods acquired under the escheat law only to distinguished persons from among the nobility. These restrictions did not apply to the king’s administration and disposal of the bourgeois escheat goods. The process of granting by the king the caduceus estates of the burghers to the nobility are presented on the basis of royal documents concerning the inheritance of Lublin residents passing down to the nobility in the first quarter of the 17th century. The sources used in the research are eighteen documents found in the books of the Crown Record kept by the royal chancellery. The applied research method relates to research on the sources of law. A feature of the presented findings is reliance on unpublished archival sources, which require taking into account the philological and palaeographic methods related to the preparation of sources for analysis.

PL

Cel badawczy opracowania koncentruje się wokół funkcjonowania prawa kaduka w obrębie miast. Badania, choć podjęte w ograniczonym zakresie chronologicznym, mogą przyczynić się do poznania zagadnienia dotąd bliżej nierozpoznanego. Przedmiotem ustaleń są kwestie szczegółowe funkcjonowania prawa kaduka w dawnej Polsce, w szczególności realizacja prerogatywy monarchy wobec jej ograniczeń nałożonych w konstytucjach sejmowych, zakres majątkowy prawa kaduka oraz zagadnienie udziału w egzekucji postanowień królewskich miejscowych władz państwowych, tj. urzędu starościńskiego oraz władz samorządowych, czyli miejskich. W postępowaniu spadkowym oprócz osób powołanych do spadku z mocy prawa lub testamentu mógł uczestniczyć również monarcha. Bezdziedziczny lub beztestamentowy spadek przypadał królowi, który na podstawie prawa kaduka (ius caducum), obejmował masę spadkową, nazywaną w dawnej Polsce puścizną. Uprawnienia władcy w zakresie ius caducum ograniczały konstytucje sejmowe nakazujące królowi nadawanie szlacheckich dóbr nabytych na podstawie prawa kaduka wyłącznie na rzecz zasłużonych osób spośród stanu szlacheckiego. Ograniczenia znane z konstytucji sejmowych nie obejmowały dysponowania i rozporządzania przez króla mieszczańskimi dobrami kadukowymi. Przedmiotowy proces nadawania przez króla majątków kadukowych po mieszczanach na rzecz szlachty przedstawiony został na podstawie dokumentów królewskich dotyczących spadków po mieszkańcach Lublina w pierwszej ćwierci XVII w. Źródłami wykorzystanymi w badaniach jest osiemnaście dokumentów odnalezionych w księgach Metryki Koronnej prowadzonych przez kancelarię królewską. Zastosowana metoda badawcza odnosi się do badań nad źródłami prawa. Cechą prezentowanych ustaleń jest oparcie się na źródłach archiwalnych niepublikowanych, wymagających uwzględnienia metody filologicznej i paleograficznej związanej z przygotowaniem źródeł do analizy.

17

Szlachcic mieszczaninem? Zmiany społeczne na przykładzie wybranych bohaterów XIX-wiecznych powieści realistycznych. Przypadek niemiecki i polski

57%

Cymbrowski B.

Roczniki Nauk Społecznych

|

2017

|

vol. 9(45)

|

issue 4

187-209

PL

Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą analizy dwóch wybranych postaci powieściowych: barona Rothsattela z Soll und Haben Gustava Freytaga i Stanisława Wokulskiego z Lalki Bolesława Prusa, uwikłanych w działanie kapitalizmu – jeden we wschodniej części ówczesnych Prus, drugi zaś w warunkach Królestwa Kongresowego. Obie powieści opowiadają o różnicach stanowych, konieczności rezygnacji (przynajmniej częściowej) z dotychczasowego stylu życia, a ich dwaj bohaterowie łączą w sobie cechy szlacheckie i mieszczańskie i – co bardzo ciekawe – w obydwu przypadkach można zastanawiać się nad proporcjami „szlachcica” i „mieszczanina” w ich osobach. Idea analizy postaci literackich pod kątem ich położenia pomiędzy szlachtą a mieszczaństwem została zainspirowana lekturą prac Norberta Eliasa, przede wszystkim zaś jego Die höfische Gesellschaft („Społeczeństwa dworskiego”) .

EN

The article is an attempt to analyze two selected novel characters: baron Rothsattel from Soll und Haben (“Debit and Credit”) by Gustav Freytag and Stanisław Wokulski from Lalka (“The Doll”) by Bolesław Prus, entangled in the workings of capitalism — the one in the eastern part of the then Prussia, and the other in the conditions of the Kingdom of Poland as part of the Russian Empire. Both novels discuss status and class differences, the necessity of resignation (at least partially) from the current lifestyle, as their respective characters combine “gentleman” and “bourgeois” traits and — what is very interesting — in both cases one may wonder about the proportions of a “gentleman” and a “bourgeois” in them. The idea of analyzing literary characters in terms of their position between nobility and bourgeoisie was inspired by reading the works of Norbert Elias, especially Die höfische Gesellschaft (“The Court Society”).

18

Why Democracy in Poland Is Currently Impossible? Conditions For the Sustainability of The Liberal Democratic System

50%

Bartoś T.

Społeczeństwo i Polityka

|

2021

|

issue 2(67)

9-28

PL

Demokracja liberalna jest owocem wielowiekowej ewolucji opartej na konflikcie między różnymi grupami interesów. Ta walka lub szerzej – konflikt – są źródłem stabilności instytucji państwowych, prawa i sądów. To dziwna pułapka, w której liczne silne podmioty są w stanie egzekwować swoje prawa. Warunkiem stabilności demokracji liberalnej jest zatem istnienie trwałego rozwarstwienia społecznego, przeciwstawnych interesów i sił wśród podmiotów społecznych. Zniszczenie warstw społecznych w państwach postkomunistycznych ugruntowało się i stworzyło nowy typ społeczeństwa zunifikowanego lub „grupomyślnego”. Likwidacja prywatnej własności utrwalanej przez kilka pokoleń, masowe przesiedlenia i degradacja wyższych warstw stworzyły nowy typ społeczeństwa pozbawionego prawdziwego rozwarstwienia, grup interesów zdolnych do skutecznego angażowania się w konflikt. Wiele pokoleń ewolucji, w tym bitew, sporów, być może o charakterze rewolucyjnym, jest potrzebnych do zaszczepienia trwałej struktury liberalnej demokracji w państwach byłego bloku sowieckiego.

EN

Liberal democracy is the fruit of many centuries of evolution based on conflict between various interest groups. This struggle, or conflict, is the source of stability in state institutions, the law and the courts. It is a strange pitfall in which numerous strong entities are capable of enforcing their rights. The condition for a liberal democracy to be stable is therefore the existence of sustainable social stratification, opposing interests and forces among social entities. The destruction of social strata in post-communist states has become entrenched and created a new type of uniformized or groupthink society. The elimination of private ownership perpetuated over several generations, mass resettlements and the degradation of higher strata have created a new type of society devoid of genuine stratification, interest groups capable of engaging in conflict with efficacy. Many generations of evolution, including battles, disputes, perhaps of a revolutionary nature, are required for a sustainable structure of liberal democracy to be instilled in states belonging to the former Soviet bloc.

19

Elementy wschodniosłowiańskie w imiennictwie kobiet warstwy mieszczańskiej i chłopskiej środkowo-zachodniego Podlasia (XVII–XVIII w.)

50%

Złotkowski P.

Studia Białorutenistyczne

|

2023

|

vol. 17

277-304

EN

Central-western Podlasie is a border area where Western and Eastern Slavic ethnic, linguistic, religious and cultural influences have clashed since its settlement. Such territories are extremely interesting research areas due to the variety of factors acting on the studied objects on a synchronic and diachronic levels. This study examines the forenames of women of the bourgeois and peasant classes of this area in the period from the beginning of the 17th to the end of the 18th century. The author of the study was particularly interested in the forenames showing East Slavic linguistic features. The formal determinants of these features turned out to be the phonetic and morphological properties of onymic derivatives, resulting from the adaptation of names on a local linguistic basis. The main aim of the article was to examine whether the occurrence of East Slavic elements in the forenames is determined by the origin of the onyms. To achieve this, it was necessary to make a genetic classification of the forenames, both as a whole and as a group containing East Slavic elements. As a result of the research, it turned out that the vast majority of the forenames with East Slavic linguistic features are hagiographic forenames of Greek origin. These units appeared in a significant number of phonetic and morphological variants, which proves the vitality of onymic transformation processes in the local area. The conclusion resulting from the analysis is that the form and origin of the forenames were related to the confessional affiliation of their bearers, in this case, followers of Orthodox Christianity or Byzantine Catholicism.

BE

Цэнтральна-заходняе Падляшша – гэта памежная тэрыторыя, на якой з даўніх часоў сутыкаюцца заходне- і ўсходнеславянскія этнічныя, моўныя, рэлігійныя і культурныя ўплывы. Падобныя тэрыторыі з’яўляюцца надзвычай цікавым аб’eктам даследавання па прычыне разнастайнасці фактараў, якія дзейнічаюць як на сінхранічным, так і дыяхранічным узроўнях. У дадзеным даследаванні разглядаюцца жаночыя імёны, якія выступалі на данай тэрыторыі ў перыяд XVII–XVIII стст., адносіліся яны да асоб жаночага полу мяшчанскага і сялянскага саслоўяў. Асаблівую цікаўнасць аўтара даследавання выклікалі назвы з усходнеславянскімі моўнымі рысамі. Фармальным дэтэрмінантам гэтых асаблівасцей аказаліся фанетычныя і марфалагічныя ўласцівасці анімічных дэрыватаў, якія ўзніклі ў выніку адаптацыі назваў на мясцовай моўнай аснове. Асноўнай мэтай артыкула было высветліць, ці ўсходнеславянскія элементы ў імёнах жанчын звязваны з паходжаннем онімаў. Для гэтага неабходна было правесці генетычную класіфікацыю анімічнага матэрыялу як у цэлым, так і размеркаваць у класы паводле характэрных усходнеславянскіх элементаў. У выніку даследавання высветлілася, што большасць назваў з усходнеславянскімі моўнымі асаблівасцямі – грэчаскага паходжання. Гэтыя адзінкі выступалі ў значнай колькасці фанетычных і марфалагічных варыянтаў, што сведчыць аб устойлівым характары анімічных трансфармацыйных працэсаў на данай тэрыторыі. Вывад, які вынікае з аналізу, заключаецца ў тым, што форма і паходжанне імён былі звязаныя з канфесійнай прыналежнасцю іх носьбітаў, у дадзеным выпадку асоб жаночага полу, вызнаўцаў праваслаўнага хрысціянства або каталіцкай царквы візантыйскага абраду.

PL

Środkowo-zachodnie Podlasie to teren pograniczny, na którym od czasu jego zasiedlenia ścierały się etniczne, językowe, religijne i kulturowe wpływy zachodnio- i wschodniosłowiańskie. Takie terytoria są niezwykle interesującymi obszarami badań z uwagi na różnorodność czynników działających na badane obiekty w płaszczyźnie synchronicznej i diachronicznej. W niniejszym opracowaniu przedmiotem dociekań są imiona kobiet warstwy mieszczańskiej i chłopskiej tego terenu w okresie od początku XVII do końca XVIII w. Autora opracowania interesowały szczególnie imiona, wykazujące wschodniosłowiańskie cechy językowe. Formalnymi wyznacznikami owych cech okazały się fonetyczne i morfologiczne właściwości derywatów onimicznych, będące rezultatem adaptacji imion na lokalnym podłożu językowym. Głównym celem artykułu było zbadanie, czy występowanie w imionach elementów wschodniosłowiańskich jest zdeterminowane pochodzeniem onimów. Aby to osiągnąć, konieczne było dokonanie klasyfikacji genetycznej materiału imienniczego, zarówno całości, jak również grupy zawierającej elementy wschodniosłowiańskie. W wyniku przeprowadzanego badania okazało się, że ogromna większość imion ze wschodniosłowiańskimi cechami językowymi to miana hagiograficzne pochodzenia greckiego. Jednostki te wystąpiły w znacznej liczbie wariantów fonetyczno-morfologicznych, co świadczy o żywotności onimicznych procesów transformacyjnych na lokalnym gruncie. Wnioskiem wynikającym z dokonanej analizy jest konkluzja, że forma i geneza imion związana była z przynależnością konfesyjną ich nosicielek, w tym wypadku wyznawczyń prawosławia lub katolicyzmu obrządku bizantyjskiego.

20

Kopalnie siarki w Swoszowicach – status prawny i formy zarządu w czasach staropolskich i w okresie zaborów

43%

Galas D.

Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa

|

2013

|

vol. 6

|

issue 4

387–404

EN

the beginning of sulphur ore mining in Swoszowice, having lasted for almost 500 years, goes back to the 15th century when the need for sulphur increased along with the firearm production development. In the Middle Ages alchemists called sulphur the ‘element of flammability’. After the invention of fi rearm sulphur gained big importance. It became an ingredient gunpowder. The real impulse for sulphur mining development in Swoszowice, a village near Krakow, was the publication of two documents: Village Land Act in Swoszowice and Diploma, that permitted mining in Swoszowice and gave a privilege to miners guild (co-partnership extracting sulphur ore) that enabled them to carry out extraction of sulphur in the whole country. It was given in 1415 by the Polish king,Władysław II Jagiełło. In the beginning, the miners guild consisted of well-known Cracow burghers: Michał Fayger, Piotr Słodownik, Mikołaj Sołtys from Stradom and a mineworker Krystian. Then it became a part of goods of Corpus Christi Monastery in Kazimierz and after the partitions of Poland it was a state-owned entity until 1887. Sulphur mining in Swoszowice made Jagiellonian dynasty powerful and influential. It lasted almost continually till 1886. At that time the pit in Swoszowice was the biggest in Europe. In the 18th century 250 workers worked there and 2,5 tones of sulphur were mined each year. In the late 19th century (1871–1876) the mine in Swoszowice covered 80–90 % of sulphur demand in Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. There were many reasons for the fall of the sulphur mine in Swoszowice such as: predatory economy, decrease in sulphur ore and increase of production costs, caused for example by the rise of wood prices (wood was needed to make protection systems of the shafts), groundwater floods in the shafts. Miners were also exposed to harmful impact of hydrogen sulfi de. Additionally, the mine business in Swoszowice was negatively infl uenced by ongoing competition, the renewal of sulphur production in Sicilia, cheaper sulphur production from pirytes in Hungary, markdown of tariffs on sulphur carriage as a consequence of the Trade Act between Austria and Italy lowering the duty on imported sulphur from Sicilia. The last attempts to restart the mine in Swoszowice were made during the World War I, in 1917. For that reason the Polish Sulphur Factory consortium was created. It conducted mining works in the area of bathing facilities. Two shafts were deepened: Elżbieta and Piotr. Sulphur ore, with 22–25% sulphur content, was discovered on a depth of 18 meters in the first one. The mining works were stopped though.

Refine search results

La caricature entre image et parole : Villiers de l’Isle-Adam rival d’Honoré Daumier

Akta sejmikowe jako źródło do dziejów miast i mieszczaństwa

Kolekcjonerstwo na przełomie XIX i XX wieku. Szkic o różnorodności gustów oraz stosunku kolekcjonerów do sztuki współczesnej

W świecie zapomnianych powieści Alfreda Konara

Mieszczański republikanizm? Myśl polityczna Sebastiana Petrycego z Pilzna (1554–1626)

Mieszczańska kariera w szlacheckiej Rzeczypospolitej? Francesco De Gratta i jego social network

Nedostatečnost ve světle měšťanské epochy: Thomas Mann a Hugo von Hofmannsthal

Aktywność polityczna mieszczaństwa Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w latach 1789–1792

A Demonic Chrysalis: The Concept of Bourgeoisie in Poland

Filozofia i koniunktura

Fear and Wish-fulfilling Flights of Fancy: Walpole’s Nightmare of Class Conflict and the Restoration of Aristocracy in The Castle of Otranto

„Twarda kobieta w męskim świecie” czy wrażliwa romantyczka? Helena Anna z Weilów Geyer w świetle swoich spisanych wspomnień

Lustracja trzynastu miast z 1773 r. jako przyczynek do badań nad sytuacją religijną dawngo Spisza

La mode féminine de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle dans la caricature iconographique et littéraire

Potwierdzenie testamentu wileńskiego złotnika Wincentego Slegla (1519). Przyczynek do dziejów elity mieszczańskiej Wilna i jej związków z Poznaniem

Ius caducum w Lublinie w pierwszej ćwierci XVII w.

Szlachcic mieszczaninem? Zmiany społeczne na przykładzie wybranych bohaterów XIX-wiecznych powieści realistycznych. Przypadek niemiecki i polski

Why Democracy in Poland Is Currently Impossible? Conditions For the Sustainability of The Liberal Democratic System

Elementy wschodniosłowiańskie w imiennictwie kobiet warstwy mieszczańskiej i chłopskiej środkowo-zachodniego Podlasia (XVII–XVIII w.)

Kopalnie siarki w Swoszowicach – status prawny i formy zarządu w czasach staropolskich i w okresie zaborów