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1

Hook to the Chin

100%

Kreft L.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2009

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vol. 46

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issue 1

70-78

EN

Within historical avant-garde movements from the beginning of the 20th century, a curious taste and fascination for boxing burst out, and developed later into the claim that art must become more similar to boxing, or to sport in general. This fascination with pugilism in the early stage of its popularity on the continent included such charismatic figures of the Parisian avant-garde as Arthur Cravan, who was Oscar Wilde's nephew, a pretty good boxer and an unpredictable organizer of proto-dada outrages and scandals.After WWI, the zenith of artists' and intellectuals' love for boxing was reached in Weimar Germany. One of the well known examples connecting boxing with art was Bertolt Brecht with his statement that we need more good sport in theatre. His and other German avant-garde artists' admiration for boxing included the German boxing star May Schmeling, who was, at least until he lost his defending championship match against Joe Louis, an icon of the Nazis as well. Quite contrary to some later approaches in philosophy of sport, which compared sport with an elite art institution, Brecht's fascination with boxing took its anti-elitist and anti-institutional capacities as an example for art's renewal.To examine why and how Brecht included boxing in his theatre and his theory of theatre, we have to take into account two pairs of phenomena: sport vs. physical culture, and avant-garde theatre vs. bourgeois drama. At the same time, it is important to notice that sport, as something of Anglo-Saxon origin, and especially boxing, which became popular on the European continent in its American version, were admired by Brecht and by other avant-garde artists for their masculine power and energy. The energy in theatre, however, was needed to disrupt its cheap fictionality and introduce dialectical imagination of Verfremdungseffect (V-effect, or distancing effect). This was "a hook to the chin" of institutionalized art and of collective disciplinary morality of German tradition.

2

“Red wins”, “black wins” and “blue loses” effects are in the eye of beholder, but they are culturally universal: A cross-cultural analysis of the influence of outfit colours on sports performance.

88%

Sorokowski P., Szmajke A., Hamamura T., Jiang F., Sorokowska A.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2014

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vol. 45

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issue 3

318-325

EN

Although many studies have demonstrated an influence of uniform colors on sports performance, there are still more questions than answers regarding this issue. In our study, participants from Poland (N = 147) and China (N = 143) watched a two-minute video of a semi-professional boxing match. The participants viewed six different versions of the same fight - the original was modified to change the colors of the boxers’ trunks (red vs. blue, blue vs. red, blue vs. black, black vs. blue, red vs. black, and black vs. red). We experimentally confirmed that “black wins” and “red wins” effects exist, but in a way that caused an erroneous perception of the number of blows landed by boxers wearing red and black trunks fighting against boxers in blue trunks. We also showed that both effects are similarly strong even in Chinese culture, where the color red has different connotations from those in Western cultures. Additionally, our results suggest that context might play a very important role in the assessments of the boxers - color only influenced the perception of the weaker boxer. Finally, our findings suggest that the topic of the influence of colors on sports competitions has not been thoroughly investigated and further studies are necessary.

3

ФІЗИЧНА ПРАЦЕЗДАТНІСТЬ СТУДЕНТІВ, ЩО ЗАЙМАЮТЬСЯ В ГРУПІ СПОРТИВНО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНОГО УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ З БОКСУ

88%

Приймак С.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2017

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issue 6(70)

131-143

EN

The purpose of the article was to determine the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system and the vegetative regulation of the heart rhythm of male students engaged in the sports-pedagogical perfection groups on boxing when performing the dose-related physical exertion. To implement the goal, the following research methods were used: photoplethysmography, heart rate variability (HRV), cardiointervalography, spirography, tonometry, veloergometry, methods of mathematical statistics. Thus, with comparatively the same relative values of the results of the PWC170 sample, the boxer students of all weight categories, the sympathetic regulation of cardiovascular activity is dominant, which indicates the same tropic support for performing physical exertion. During the restitution period, there is a decrease in the frequency-volume parameters of the respiratory system, to a greater extent, due to the frequency of the respiratory cycles. The centralization index (according to R. M. Baievskyi) remains unrefined in comparison with the results of the sample, while maintaining a tendency to dominate the “heavyweights” of sympathicotonia balance. In this case, the ratio of low-wave to high-wave components of HRV (LF) indicates the dominance of sympathetic regulation of cardiovascular activity of boxer students of all weight categories. It is typical that students-boxers of heavy weight categories have a fairly low overall absolute level of regulatory systems activity, the LF/HF ratio is in the low-wave range, which indicates a low adaptation of the regulation of cardiac activity of boxer heavy students to submaximal load. Since the PWC170 sample is performed mainly in submaximal mode, which is characteristic for lightweight boxers and is non-specific for heavyweights, it is logical that the under-recovery of the trophic (oxygen) function in boxing students in heavy categories is due to the low functionality of the organism to the glycolytic regime of power supply.

4

ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ СТАН КАРДІОРЕСПІРАТОРНОЇ СИСТЕМИ СТУДЕНТІВ, ЩО СПЕЦІАЛІЗУЮТЬСЯ В БОКСІ, ПРИ ВИКОНАННІ РІЗНОСПРЯМОВАНИХ ФІЗИЧНИХ НАВАНТАЖЕНЬ

88%

Приймак С.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2017

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issue 7(71)

103-117

EN

The purpose of the research was to determine the functional state of the cardiopulmonary resection system of male students engaged in the group of sports and pedagogical improvement in boxing, while performing metered physical loads of different orientations. Methods:pulsometry, tonometry, photoplethysmography, spirography, ergometry, methods of mathematical statistics. The results of the conducted research indicate that the volume of work performed directly depends on the weight category. The dynamics of changes in intensity and impact strengths with increasing durability depending on the weight category is different, namely: “light weight” perform a much larger amount of work than “heavy weight”.The biggest differences in the relative strength of a single strike are observed in the left-hand side, which is sufficiently complex for protection and effective for the attack being realized in the melee battle at the most vulnerable place of the enemy-the head. Obviously, this pattern can be determined by the dominant style of duel inherent in “heavy weight”, and/or genetically determined factors, in particular the peculiarities of temperament. This assumption is confirmed by the possibility of heavyweighters to carry out a series of strikes with significant frequency and effort in the shortest possible time, namely: when performing alactatic work, heavy-duty boxers carry a greater number of strokes, indicating a relatively higher ability to generate excitation in the cerebral cortex which is a determinant of temperament, which, in turn, determines the genetic component of readiness for the realization of activity. In boxers of heavy categories, the duel continues at a relatively low pace with a minimum “price” of work; achievement of victory takes place due to a series of bumps in the unprotected areas of the enemy in the alactatious and glycolytic modes of work. For lightweight players, it is inherent in a duel at a fast pace with a correspondingly high “price” of work, exhausting the enemy through the implementation of shock techniques of moderate strength, which ensures the corresponding outcome of the duel. “Heavy weights” take active attacking actions not so often, realizing the potential of stroke with active protective actions. The final effort is carried out with active protection, which causes the victory in the fight.

5

ВЛИЯНИЕ ОДИНАКОВОЙ НАПРАВЛЕННОСТИ ТРЕНИРОВОЧНОГО ПРОЦЕССА НА ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ТХЭКВОНДИСТОВ И БОКСЕРОВ

75%

Михалюк Є.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2016

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issue 3(57)

212-222

EN

The aim of this study is to identify and to compare the integral indicators of cardiovascular, an autonomic nervous system and a physical performance between the taekwondo wrestlers and the boxers of high-class qualification. Materials and methods. The study involved 223 high-class sportsmen, training and competitive activity which is accompanied by beats to the head and practically does not differ. There are 96 taekwondo wrestlers among them (14 Masters of sports of international class (MSIC), 25 Masters of Sport (MS), 57 candidates of master of sports and athletes of the 1 level qualification (CMS-1 level) and 127 boxers (11 - MSIC, 26 – MS, 90 - CMS-1 level). The temporal and frequency parameters of heart rate variability (HRV) were studied. The central hemodynamics was studied by an automated tetrapolar rheography by W. Kubiček which is modified by Yu.T. Pushkar. The physical performance was determined by the conventional method, using a cycle ergometer, submaximal test PWC170. The index of the functional state (IFS) was calculated, using the formula, proposed and patented by the author. Conclusions. 1. The comparison parameters of HRV, central hemodynamics and PWC170/ kg showed that the taekwondo wrestlers of MSIC qualification in comparison with the similar qualifications of the boxers had the domination of parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (ANS), a significantly lower heart rate, while in both groups hypokinetic type of circulation (TC) dominated and no athletes with hyperkinetic TC; among PWC170/ kg and IFS there were no significant differences. 2. The comparison of the studied parameters among the sportsmen of MS qualifications showed the predominance of sympathetic influences of ANS of the taekwondo wrestlers, presence in both groups of sportsmen with hypokinetic TC and lack sportsmen with hyperkinetic TK, as well as the absence of significant differences among the PWC170/ kg and IFS compared to the boxers. 3. The taekwondo wrestlers and boxers of the CMS-1 level qualifications had the predominanceof a parasympathetic link of ANS, eukinetic TC, among the taekwondo wrestlers there are by 4 times more sportsmen with hyperkinetic TC and lack of significant differences among the PWC170/ kg and IFS. 4. The correlation analysis between the studied indicators showed the relationship according to which the taekwondo wrestlers of MSIC qualification increase PWC170/ kg and IFS accompanied by decrease of CI to economical hypokinetic TC. In qualifications of MS, CMS-1 level the taekwondo wrestlers and the boxers of qualifications of CMS-1 level had the decrease of influences of parasympathetic ANS accompanied with decrease of CI CI to economical hypokinetic TC. Perspectives future research is to study the influence of the same training loadings in a year cycle of training process on HRV, central hemodynamics and physical performance among the repsentatives of other sports.

6

ALBO BOKSER, ALBO BANDYTA: ETYCZNY OBRAZ WALCZĄCEGO CIAŁA W LITERATURZE OBOZOWEJ

71%

Wolski P.

Porównania

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2017

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vol. 21

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issue 2

EN

The author compares two versions of the tale by Moshé Garbarz - a boxer-prisoner of various Nazi death and concentration camps. The first one is an autobiographical account, the other a novel. The context of the comparison is the ethical imaginary evoked by the sport of boxing as a cultural phenomenon posited between the natural and the cultural epistemological sphere.

PL

Autor porównuje dwie wersje opowieści o bokserze-więźniu obozów koncentracyjnych i obozów zagłady Moshé Garbarzu: intymistyczną (Un survivant) i powieściową (Le ring de la mort) w kontekście etycznych wartości, jakie w obu konotuje imaginarium boksu jako zjawiska zawieszonego pomiędzy porządkiem natury i kultury.

7

Activities of the Polish Boxing Association between 1923–1939 – an outline of the problem

63%

Kołodziej R., Ostrowski P., Brożyna M., Czarnota B., Drozd M.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

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2020

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vol. 20

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issue 3

53-61

EN

Background. In 1923, the Polish Boxing Association (PBA) was established – an organization aimed at coordinating activities related to the development of the sport of boxing on a national scale. Problem. The aim of this study is a factual description and presenta+ tion of the multifaceted activities of the PBA in the period from its establishment to the outbreak of World War II. Method. The main methods used in the paper, were: analysis of source materials (documents and press); and analysis of the content of the subject literature. The study adopted a problem-based system. Results. The study complements the existing knowledge of the history of physical culture in the period of the Second Polish Republic, in particular the activities of sports’ associations and the organization of the sport of boxing. Conclusions. The work carried out by the Polish Boxing Association between 1923-1939 was crowned with great achieve- ments. Expansion of the organizational structure of the PBA, both internal (management) and external (districts); the dynamic develop- ment of boxing, and the numerous successes of Polish competitors in international competitions, and extensive activity in the training field, are the most clear evidence of the effectiveness of the Association’s activities during the period under discussion.

PL

Tło. W 1923 roku powstał Polski Związek Bokserski (PBA) – organizacja mająca na celu koordynację działań związanych z rozwojem sportu bokserskiego w skali kraju. Problem. Celem niniejszego opracowania był merytoryczny opis i przedstawienie wieloaspektowej działalności PBA w okresie od jego powołania do wybuchu II wojny światowej. Metoda. Głównymi metodami zastosowanymi w pracy były: analiza materiałów źródłowych (dokumentów i prasy); analiza treści literatury przedmiotu. W pracy przyjęto system problemowy. Wyniki. Opracowanie stanowi uzupełnienie dotychczasowej wiedzy z zakresu historii kultury fizycznej w okresie II RP, w szczególności działalności stowarzy- szeń sportowych i organizacji sportu bokserskiego. Wnioski. Prace prowadzone przez Polski Związek Bokserski w latach 1923 -1939 uwieńczone zostały wielkimi osiągnięciami. Rozbudowa struktury organizacyjnej PBA, zarówno wewnętrznej (kierownict- wo), jak i zewnętrznej (okręgi), dynamiczny rozwój boksu oraz licz- ne sukcesy polskich zawodników na zawodach międzynarodo- wych i szeroka działalność szkoleniowa, są najbardziej wyraźnym dowodem skuteczności działań Zrzeszenia w omawianym okre- sie.

8

Moral Aspects of Some Combat Sports

63%

Meller J.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2020

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vol. 18

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issue 3

47-57

RU

Nowadays, sport is very popular as a way of spending free time, taking care of one’s health and physical condition, as well as being an entertainment worth watching; sport is also judged positively, when it comes to moral aspects. However, there are disciplines that may cause doubts, because of the possible risk for the contestants (e.g. extreme sports), especially combat sports. The purpose of this article is to present an ethical analysis of full-contact combat disciplines. Their history shows a process of gradual brutalisation, in antiquity from battles during the Greek Olympics, to competitions in Roman arenas; in the modern age from regulations introduced in the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, to formation or restoration of combat, where almost no rules exist. Rules that apply in modern combat sports, lead to aggressive behaviour towards rivals, and give an advantage to the person who, not only strikes more technically correct blows or uses grips, but also reduces the opponent’s ability to fight further. It leads to serious injuries whose consequences remain until the end of a contestant’s life and make him a disabled person as time passes. Aggression that seriously harms a contestant, makes it impossible to morally excuse those sports.

PL

We współczesnym świecie sport cieszy się popularnością jako forma spędzania wolnego czasu, dbania o zdrowie i kondycję oraz widowisko będące godziwą rozrywką; jest też oceniany pozytywnie pod względem moralnym. Pewne wątpliwości budzą jednak dyscypliny niosące większe ryzyko dla uczestników zawodów (sporty ekstremalne), zwłaszcza zaś sporty walki. Celem artykułu jest etyczna analiza dyscyplin walki pełnokontaktowej. Ich historia pokazuje proces stopniowej brutalizacji, w starożytności od walki podczas greckich igrzysk po zmagania na rzymskich arenach; w nowożytności od regulacji wprowadzanych w XIX i na początku XX w. po powstawanie lub przywracanie walk, w których reguł niemal nie ma. Zasady, które obowiązują we współczesnych sportach walki kierują do agresywnego zachowania wobec rywala i dają przewagę temu, który nie tylko zadaje więcej technicznie poprawnych ciosów czy stosuje chwytów, ale przez to realnie zmniejsza zdolność przeciwnika do dalszej walki. Prowadzi to do poważnych kontuzji, których skutki trwają do końca życia zawodnika czyniąc go z postępem czasu osobą niepełnosprawną. Agresja czyniąca poważną szkodę zawodnikowi sprawia, że sportów tych nie można moralnie usprawiedliwić.

9

THE SPECTACLE OF REDEMPTION: GUILT AND VIOLENCE IN MARTIN SCORSESE’S RAGING BULL

63%

Serrano A.

Studia Gilsoniana

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2015

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vol. 4

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issue 2

131-148

EN

Of all the characters that undertake a search for redemption in Martin Scorsese’s films, perhaps it is the story of Jake La Motta in Raging Bull that for many reasons presents the greatest challenge to understanding redemption’s role in the narratives of his films. Is Jake La Motta a redeemed character at the end of Raging Bull? I argue that Scorsese uses Raging Bull to criticize a ritualistic view of redemption by portraying the beginning of Jake’s search as a futile attempt to submit himself to a public spectacle of ritual violence in the boxing ring while visually relating this to the Catholic sacraments and the crucifixion. It will only be later—in the loneliness of a jail cell, estranged from his family and without having to have had gone through a rite—that Jake achieves the self-awareness redemption requires.

10

Pobudzenie a staż treningowy u wyczynowych bokserów

63%

Kostorz K., Kowalczyk A., Skorupińska A.

Rozprawy Naukowe Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu

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2018

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vol. 62

62-78

PL

Cel badań. Emocje stanowią niezbędny składnik współzawodnictwa sportowego. Celem analiz było ukazanie zależności między intensywnością i oceną pobudzenia somatycznego i poznawczego oraz pewności siebie a stażem treningowym u wyczynowych bokserów. Materiał i metody. Badaniami objęto 59 osób. Zastosowano metodę sondażu diagnostycznego, technikę ankietową. Jako narzędzie wykorzystano skalę do badania emocji występujących we współzawodnictwie sportowym (CSA I-2RD) autorstwa Borek-Chudek. Wyniki. Niższą intensywność pobudzenia poznawczego i somatycznego oraz wyższą intensywność pewności siebie zaobserwowano u bokserów ze stażem treningowym powyżej 5 lat (p < 0,0001). Stwierdzono, że bardziej mobilizująco oceniają oni swoje pobudzenie poznawcze (p < 0,0001) i somatyczne (p < 0,0001) oraz pewność siebie (p < 0,02). Wykazano, że najsilniej objaśniającymi zmiennymi modelowymi były oceny pobudzenia somatycznego (p < 0,000001) i poznawczego (p < 0,000001). Nie odnotowano wpływu płci na zbiór zmiennych zależnych. Zaobserwowano wysoką zależność dodatnią między intensywnością pobudzenia poznawczego i somatycznego (0,77) oraz silne korelacje ujemne między nimi a pozostałymi zmiennymi. Wykazano mocną pozytywną zależność między intensywnością pewności siebie a oceną pobudzenia poznawczego (0,74) i somatycznego (0,71) oraz pewności siebie (0,69). Ocena pobudzenia poznawczego bardzo wysoko korelowała dodatnio z oceną pobudzenia somatycznego (0,96) oraz mocno z oceną pewności siebie (0,73), które także były ze sobą silnie pozytywnie powiązane (0,71). Wnioski. Sugeruje się przeprowadzenie longitudinalnych badań z zastosowaniem przekrojowo-sekwencyjnego schematu analiz na terenie kilku województw i wśród zawodników różnych dyscyplin sportów walki. Istotne byłoby również uwzględnienie w badaniach zmiennych osobowościowych.

EN

Background. The aim was to show the relationship between the intensity and evaluation of somatic and cognitive excitement and self-confidence, and training experience in professional boxers. Material and methods. The study involved 59 people. The diagnostic survey method and the questionnaire technique were applied. The tool was the Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSA I-2RD) developed by Borek-Chudek. Results. A lower intensity of cognitive and somatic excitement and a higher self-confidence was seen in boxers with training experience of over 5 years (p < 0.0001). They assessed their cognitive (p < 0.0001) and somatic (p < 0.0001) excitement and self-confidence (p < 0.02) as more motivating. The most explanatory model variables were the assessments of the somatic (p < 0.000001) and cognitive (p < 0.000001) excitement. There was no effect of gender on the set of dependent variables. A high positive correlation was observed between the intensity of cognitive and somatic excitement (0.77) and strong negative correlations between them and the other variables. A strong positive correlation existed between the intensity of self-confidence and the assessment of cognitive (0.74) and somatic (0.71) excitement and self-confidence (0.69). The assessment of cognitive excitement was highly positively correlated with that of somatic excitement (0.96) and strongly correlated with that of self-confidence (0.73), which were also strongly positively correlated with each other (0.71). Conclusions. It is suggested to conduct longitudinal studies with the cross-sectional analysis pattern among athletes of various combat sports, in several provinces. Considering personality variables would also be noteworthy.

11

Postural performance while boxing with an opponent versus practice with a boxing bag

63%

Cakmakci O., Erkmen N., Cakmakci E., Taskin H., Stoffregen T. A.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

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2020

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vol. 20

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issue 3

25-31

EN

Background. Boxing with an opponent may have a more important effects on postural control than hitting a punchbag. It might be vital for a boxer to know what happens to their body control after a slugfest. Problem and aim. We predicted that postural sway would be increased by fatigue after bouts under Bout and Bag conditions. Our other hypothesis was that sway in boxers after a bout would be higher after actual bouts than after a punchbag routine. Methods. Eleven active male boxers (age = 22.73 ± 4.15 years) volunteered to participate in the study. We measured the subjects’ heart rate, blood lactate, and postural sway. We evaluated postural sway using the Biodex Balance System (BBS) on the dominant foot. Using a within- subjects design, each subject participated in two experimental conditions: Boxing with an opponent (Bout) and boxing with a punchbag (Bag). In each condition, we collected data six times: before boxing, after each round, and 10 and 20 minutes after boxing. Results. At Round 2, OSI scores were higher in the Bout condition than the Bag condition (t = 2.153; p = 0.044). For the Bout condition, the OSI scores in Round 1 and Round 2 were higher than in Pre- boxing (For Round 1, p = 0.031; for Round 2, p = 0.024) and in Recovery 20 (For Round 1, p = 0.044; for Round 2, p = 0.006). In the Bag condition, Recovery 20 had lower OSI score than Round 1 (p = 0.027). Conclusions. Our results suggest that competitive bouts impose greater challenges on postural control than working a punchbag, and that these differences are independent of general boxing-related fatigue.

PL

Tło. Boks z przeciwnikiem może mieć istotny wpływ na kontrolę postawy ciała w porównaniu do treningu z workiem bokserskim. Dla boksera może być istotna wiedza o tym co dzieje się z jego ciałem po walce. Problem i cel. Przewidywaliśmy, że kołysanie posturalne będzie się zwiększać wraz ze zmęczeniem po walkach z przeciwnikiem i workiem bokserskim. Inną naszą hipotezą było, że kołysanie się po walce z przeciwnikiem będzie większe niż po walce z workiem treningowym. Metody. Do udziału w badaniu zgłosiło się 11 aktywnych bokserów płci męskiej (wiek = 22,73 ± 4,15 roku), którym zmierzono tętno, mleczan krwi i kołysanie postawy. Kołysanie postawy ciała oceniono przy użyciu systemu Biodex Balance System (BBS) na dominującej stopie. W projekcie wewnątrzprzedmiotowym, każdy z uczestników uczestniczył w dwóch warunkach doświadczalnych: boks z przeciwnikiem (bout) i boks z workiem treningowym (bag). W każdym przypadku zebraliśmy dane sześć razy: przed walką bokserską, po każdej rundzie i 10 i 20 minut po walce. Wyniki. W drugiej rundzie wyniki OSI były wyższe w przypadku walki z przeciwnikiem niż z workiem treningowym (t = 2.153; p = 0.044). W przypadku walki z przeciwnikiem, wyniki OSI w 1 i 2 rundzie były wyższe niż w rundzie wstępnej (dla 1 rundy, p = 0,031; dla 2 rundy, p = 0,024) oraz w okresie po walce (Recovery 20) (dla 1 rundy, p = 0,044; dla 2 rundy, p = 0,006). W przypadku treningu z workiem bokserskim, wartość OSI dla Recovery 20 była niższa niż w pierwszej rundzie (p = 0,027). Wnioski. Otrzymane wyniki sugerują, że walka z przeciwnikiem nakłada większe wyzwania na kontrolę postawy ciała niż praca z workiem treningowym i że różnice te są niezależne od ogólnego zmęczenia boksera.

12

Strategie legitymizacyjne społecznego świata polskich pięściarzy. Agresja i męskość w doświadczeniach sportowców

63%

Lis M.

Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej

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2023

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vol. 19

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issue 2

68-91

EN

The article presents the results of research aimed at getting to know the community of Polish boxers and at finding out how they legitimize the core activity performed in their social world, related to hurting others. On the one hand, in Western cultures, human life is a protected value and aggression is treated as a social deviation, but on the other hand, there are areas of life, such as sport and masculinity, in which the tendency to aggressive behavior is rewarded. I placed the issues of boxing in the framework of the theoretical concept of social worlds. I also used gender theory as understood by Raewyn Connell. I conducted individual in-depth interviews with twelve Polish boxers. Research shows that men strongly identify with their own social world and point to its uniqueness. They also use numerous legitimization strategies to protect the community from negative social perception. These strategies mainly deal with three aspects of boxing, namely danger, harm, and aggression. Athletes perceive boxing as a strictly gender-related sport, reproducing the hegemonic model of masculinity and manifesting hybrid masculinity.

PL

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań, których celem było poznanie zbiorowości polskich pięściarzy i dowiedzenie się, w jaki sposób uprawomocniają oni realizowane w ich społecznym świecie działanie podstawowe, związane z ranieniem drugiego człowieka. Z jednej strony bowiem w kulturach zachodnich życie ludzkie stanowi podlegającą ochronie wartość, a agresję traktuje się jako dewiację społeczną, z drugiej jednak istnieją dziedziny życia, takie jak sport i męskość, w których skłonność do zachowań agresywnych jest premiowana. Problematykę pięściarstwa autorka osadziła w ramie teoretycznej koncepcji społecznych światów. Korzystała także z teorii płci Raewyn Connell. Przeprowadziła indywidualne wywiady pogłębione z dwunastoma polskimi pięściarzami. Z badań wynika, iż mężczyźni silnie utożsamiają się z własnym społecznym światem i wskazują na jego unikalność. Posługują się też licznymi strategiami legitymizacyjnymi, by uchronić zbiorowość przed negatywną percepcją społeczną. Strategie te dotyczą głównie trzech aspektów pięściarstwa – niebezpieczeństwa, krzywdy i agresji. Sportowcy odbierają boks jako sport ściśle związany z płcią, reprodukując przy tym hegemoniczny wzorzec męskości oraz przejawiając męskość hybrydyczną.

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Hook to the Chin

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