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PL
Przedsiębiorstwa sektora MSP są ważną grupą klientów na polskim rynku ubezpieczeniowym. Przedsiębiorcy funkcjonują w złożonym i zmieniającym się środowisku prawno-gospodarczym, dlatego pomoc brokera ubezpieczeniowego może okazać się kluczowa w zapewnieniu odpowiedniej ochrony. W celu określenia znaczenia brokera w tym segmencie polskiego rynku ubezpieczeń oraz identyfikacji cech odróżniających przedsiębiorstwa korzystające z usług brokera od pozostałych przedsiębiorstw, w artykule wykorzystano dane z badania „Finanse MSP” przeprowadzanego corocznie przez firmę Qualifact. Oprócz podstawowych cech charakteryzujących przedsiębiorstwa, takich jak branża, wielkość, lokalizacja itp., pod uwagę wzięto także świadomość istniejących zagrożeń w działalności gospodarczej oraz sposób podejmowania decyzji finansowych w przedsiębiorstwie.
EN
SME sector is an important market segment for insurance companies. Enterprises run the business in changeable legal surroundings and business environment. The insurance broker’s advice can be very helpful for enterprise to manage the business risk. The aim of the article is to probe the role of a broker in SME sector in Poland and the identity of the main features of these of enterprises that cooperate with brokers. The empirical study was conducted with the use of unpublished data collected by Qualifact company in research SMS Finance 2012. There were taken into account such characteristics as: branch, size of enterprise as well as behavioral features of management as awareness of potential perils and the way of making financial decisions.
EN
In recent years, these is a significant increase in people taking up the profession of real estate agent in Poland due to the deregulatory actions legislator and as a consequence of the abolition of the license required to perform this profession in the past. Despite the increase in quantity, qualitatively Polish market remains, however, largely still behind the markets of the West, especially the United States of America. It should be noted that the development of a professional broker takes place through lifelong learning and gaining experience. As a result, the person becomes more effective in realizing more and more transactions. This efficiency is also reflected in the increase in the profitability of the business. These effects are determined by the relevant marketing of a real estate agency, which must be implemented and coordinated by a professional having dualistic skills – both theoretical and practical, knowledge of marketing tools, as well as in-depth knowledge of the local real estate market. Nowadays, new trends in the approach to marketing are created, there are observable changes in the attitudes of customers and the evolution of the enterprise environment. Without a doubt, the world moves towards individualized marketing which is derived from the concept of precision marketing. The new strategic concept aims at the maximum satisfaction of each customer through the customization of products. Individualized approach is the concept of reaching out to a person as a client and not to the mass of unidentifiable people. The consequence of the new order of relationship is the disappearance of the concept of clear market segmentation. The increasing diversification of demand is a consequence of consumer behavior. The heterogeneity of needs and preferences, as well as high consumer awareness, results in deepening of the individualized approach. Polish real estate market agency should be modeled on these from the USA where computer marketing systems determine high professionalism and effectiveness of real estate agencies. An important element of modernization in this aspect is the approach to innovation. Expenditure on any kind of improvement in the functioning of real estate should not be treated as an expense but as an investment which definitely strengthens the competitive position in the market and brings multiplied benefits in the future.
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Etyka brokera ubezpieczeniowego

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EN
A broker’s activity is one of the elements of insurance mediation. Brokers sell property and personal as well as life insurance policies. Apart from the range of duties, the quantitative condition of distribution channels, the paper also discusses problems of a broker’s professional ethics, which include broadly understood information reliability, activation honesty and assistance in damage liquidation. Signed in 1998, the Sobieszew Charter lays out the norms of ethical broker’s activity in three dimensions: their contacts with clients, mutual contacts and contacts with an insurance company. As well as that, the Charter created the Commission of Professional Ethics, the role of which is settling conflicts arising in the above-mentioned dimensions. The Charter also established seven main principles of professional ethics including the principle of a fair turnover or that of forming healthy relationships among brokers. The paper investigates the data concerning ethics in broker organizations, the major elements of which are a broker’s impartiality, conducting honest negotiations and the duty of submitting identical requests for proposal to insurance companies. The issue of insurance brokerage is not discussed.
Prakseologia
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2010
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issue 150
231-239
EN
The aim of this article is to present the problem of moral fairness of Polish insurance market. According to Polish law and Polish Brokers Code Of Conduct broker should act for the benefit of insured individuals. However, the fact that brokers are paid a courtage (broker fee) by insurers allows to doubt whether brokers always act genuinely for the benefit of their customers. Two different answers to the question were analysed: one suggested by P. Sukiennik and the other offered by J. Kliszcz. P. Sukiennik claims that broker fee must be transparent for clients. He thinks that the transparency results in lowering the total amount of commission and finally it increases the quality of brokerage. J. Kliszcz insists that nowadays regulation is sufficient in guarantying clients’ interests. He maintains that a client is not interested in getting to know the broker fee, but in lowering the total price of service. From the ethical point of view one can say that both authors tacitly accept the utilitarian perspective. However, they judge differently the existing practices and thus give different prescriptions.
EN
The article is devoted to the analysis of the law regime regulating the professional indemnity insurance issues of insurance intermediaries. The Ordinance of the Finance Minister on the civil liability matters of insurance mediation business, which entered into force 1 July 2015 lays down the civil liability risks for insurance intermediaries pursuing their activity in Poland. The Ordinance, in comparison to its repealed version, takes down the possibility of a contractual limitation of insurance undertaking liability to the criterion of 10% of the redress value and corrects the maximum insurance cover period of (limited to 12 months). It has been found that a wrong transposition of directive No. 2002/92/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 December 2002 on insurance mediation was the cause of such legislative activity. In addition to making an exhaustive analysis of this amendment, an attempt is made to assess it for the sake of the market share of recipients of insurance services requiring special protection (consumers) and intermediaries (insurance brokers).
EN
The object of the article are the questions concerning the „ethical aspects” of functioning of stock exchange law during partitions of Poland and in the first years of independent Poland. The analysis covers the period from 1817 (when in Warsaw the first official stock exchange on Polish territory was created) to 1921 when the first in independent Poland Act about the Organization of Stock Exchanges was passed. In the 19th century, several stock exchanges were created on Polish territory, from which the most essential were those in: Warsaw, Lvov and Lodz. The stock exchange was (and still is) regarded as one of the key institutions of market economy. Already, even on this account, the stock exchange law constituted the essential reference to economic law. On its basis the important institutions functioned, not only in the area of economy. In this article, the basic records of laws and exchange charters were traced, as well as different – essential for stock exchanges – documents (for instance, ministerial instructions), which set the principles of functioning of those institutions. The principles were considered from ethical norms’ point of view, which established ethics of economic life of that time. I have especially focused my attention on the principles of functioning of stock exchanges, which related to: the main stock organs, members of exchanges, as well as the so-called clientele. The stock exchange law also related to realities of that time, where-for different reasons – common cases of disobedience of the law occured. It should be stressed here, that stock exchange law was shaped on basis of economic legislation of the partitioners and that it was subject to changes along with political, economic and social transformations, which took place on Polish territory in the discussed period.
EN
On January 20, 2016, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union approved the Insurance Distribution Directive (EU) 20166/97. The document constitutes one of the most significant legislative acts, whose influence on insurance distribution in EU member countries is hard to overestimate. The implementation of IDD in the Polish legal system is one of the greatest challenges for the insurance sector. The final form of the Directive will have a key impact on the further development of the industry, as well as its revenues, in coming years. Without a doubt, the Directive will alter the functioning of the insurance market by raising the significance of the compliance function in insurance companies and by imposing its reinforcement on brokers and multi-agents, as it was the case in other EU member countries. This article discusses the basic assumptions of the Polish Act on insurance distribution, which implements the EU Directive.
PL
W dniu 20 stycznia 2016 r. została przyjęta przez Parlament Europejski i Radę (UE) dyrektywa 2016/97 w sprawie dystrybucji ubezpieczeń. Stanowi ona jeden z istotniejszych aktów prawodawstwa, którego wpływ na rozwój dystrybucji ubezpieczeń w państwach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej trudno jest przecenić. Wdrożenie IDD do polskiego systemu prawnego jest jednym z poważniejszych wyzwań dla sektora ubezpieczeniowego, a ostateczny jej kształt będzie miał kluczowy wpływ na dalszy rozwój i dochody branży w nadchodzących latach. Niewątpliwie ustawa, podobnie jak w innych krajach UE, wprowadzi zmiany w sposobie funkcjonowania rynku ubezpieczeniowego, zwiększając znaczenie funkcji compliance w zakładach ubezpieczeń i wymuszając jej wzmocnienie u brokerów i multiagentów. W artykule omówiono podstawowe założenia polskiej ustawy o dystrybucji ubezpieczeń wdrażającej przepisy dyrektywy.
PL
Artykuł zawiera rozważania dotyczące roli pośredników w procesie sprzedaży ubezpieczeń. Kwestia pośrednictwa w działalności ubezpieczeniowej została uregulowana w Ustawie o działalności ubezpieczeniowej z dnia 28 lipca 1990 roku. W ustawie tej dopuszczono do działalności trzy grupy pośredników: agentów ubezpieczeniowych, brokerów ubezpieczeniowych i brokerów reasekuracyjnych. Autorka charakteryzuje ww. grupy pośredników.
EN
The paper presents a role of intermediaries in the sales process of insurance services. The influence of intermediaries activities on a proper functioning of the insurance companies is highlighted as well as their perception among the customers what simultaneously is a level of trust in the insurance companies. The author develops the problem of significance of ethical rules that should be followed by intermediaries (agents, brokers) in concluding insurance contracts. Ethical rules matter not only in relation with customer of the insurance company in which interest the intermediary acts but they should also be taken into account in relation towards other insurance companies.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest przedstawienie przemian ustawodawczych w skali europejskiej w zakresie związanym z dystrybucją usług finansowych, a w szczególności ubezpieczeń. Omówiono zmiany w koncepcji ochrony konsumenta, wskazując, że już od jakiegoś czasu ustawodawcy: europejski i krajowi ingerują w prawny obrót konsumencki, w celu zabezpieczenia interesów konsumentów w tych aspektach, które mogą wykraczać poza ich możliwości poznawcze, wiedzę i kompetencje. Widoczne jest to w szczególny sposób w usługach finansowych, gdzie postępująca kompleksowość produktów sprzyja naruszaniu interesów konsumentów poprzez łatwość missellingu i innych podobnych praktyk. Także w tym obszarze zauważa się konieczność podmiotowego rozszerzenia ochrony. W powyższe tendencje wpisują się zmiany ustawodawcze, w szczególności system Solvency II, a ostatnio Insurance Distribution Directive (IDD) – dyrektywa w sprawie dystrybucji ubezpieczeń. Zdaniem autorek dyrektywa ta zmienia w sposób istotny rolę niezależnego pośrednika ubezpieczeniowego, jakim na polskim rynku jest broker. W ocenie autorek, przed polskim ustawodawcą stoi wyzwanie nie tylko wdrożenia przepisów dyrektywy, lecz także ponownego rozważenia ram wykonywania tego zawodu w Polsce.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the legislative changes at the European level in the area of the distribution of financial services, especially insurance. In this respect, the evolution of the concept of consumer protection has been shown, indicating that starting from a strictly informative policy, for some time the European and national legislators have been interfering legislatively and materially in legal consumer trade, in order to protect consumer interests in those aspects, which may go beyond their cognitive capabilities as well as their knowledge and competence. It is particularly prominent in financial services, where the increasing product complexity is obviously conducive to the infringement of consumer interests due to the easiness of misselling and other similar practices. Furthermore, the need to extend the range of protection has been observed, resulting in the recently coined term of 'a prosumer '. The legislative changes, and in particular, the 'solvency II' system, and the latest IDD are connected with the above-mentioned tendencies. According to the authors this directive has significantly altered the role of an independent insurance intermediary, namely a broker in the Polish market. In their opinion, not only is Polish legislator facing a challenge of implementing the provisions of the directive , but also of reconsidering the qualifications framework for this profession in the national market.
EN
The current situation on the real estate market generates many questions and uncertainties among its participants. Due to the specificity of the market and the resulting challenges, professional service and appropriate knowledge are required from advisors. The article presents selected information on the essence of a real estate brokerʹs activity, its role related to market transactions, communication tools with the environment, key competences, as well as the results of an empirical study showing how the profession of a real estate broker is perceived by the society.
PL
Aktualna sytuacja na rynku nieruchomości generuje wiele pytań i niepewności wśród jego uczestników. Ze względu na specyfikę rynku i powstałe wyzwania, wymaga się od doradców profesjonalnej obsługi i odpowiedniej wiedzy. Artykuł przedstawia wybrane informacje dotyczące istoty działalności pośrednika na rynku nieruchomości, jego roli związanej z transakcjami rynkowymi, narzędzia komunikacji z otoczeniem, kluczowe kompetencje, a także wyniki badania empirycznego przedstawiającego jak zawód pośrednika nieruchomości jest odbierany przez społeczeństwo.
EN
In this article the essence and general features of institutional stock market traders are investigated. The activity of institutional stock market traders in the conditions of financial instability of the Ukrainian economy is analyzed. The problems that impede the successful functioning of stock market traders are identified. The directions of improvement of regulation of activity of institutional stock market traders of Ukraine are offered.
PL
W artykule badane są istota i ogólne cechy instytucjonalnych inwestorów giełdowych. Analizowana jest działalność instytucjonalnych inwestorów giełdowych w warunkach niestabilności finansowej ukraińskiej gospodarki. Identyfikowane są problemy, które utrudniają skuteczne funkcjonowanie handlowców giełdowych. Zaproponowano kierunki poprawy regulacji działalności instytucjonalnych inwestorów giełdowych na Ukrainie.
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