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Studia Ełckie
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2020
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vol. 22
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issue 1
19-34
EN
The issue presented in this article aims to explain the concept of ecclesiastical burial and shows the richness of its forms included in liturgical and law provisions in Code of Canon Law of 1917, “Ordo Exequiarum”, Johanno-Pauline Code, „Burial Rites” adjusted to Polish diocese. The issue is shown in different sources and literature on the subject. It also shows the historical development of ecclesiastical burial law from the beginings of Church to promulgation of the new Code of Canon Law of 1983. This thesis allows to understand the position of Church and state on burial law. It points out the historical development of ecclesiastical burial law and the reform of burial law emerged during Third Vatican Council resulting in current Polish law rules and Code of Canon Law.
EN
This paper presents an analysis of the burial of the Bandkeramik culture discovered in Baїv in 1939. It provides a new reconstruction and accurate description of the vessel, which was a part of the grave goods. Detailed analysis of the ornamentation
EN
The author of the Book of Tobit, which should be taken as a model, wants to protect the values and wealth of Jewish families. In the Book we encounter God’s intervention in the life of Tobit, Tobias and Sarah living in a foreign land emphasised by the motive of burial, by the motive of the deprivation of the property, by the motive of blidness, by the motive of childlessness and abandonment and modelled on Genesis. Their religion is based on fidelity to Law, prayers and practising pious and good deeds. Such a religion does not exclude suffering, including the suffering of the righteous.
EN
The current report presents the results of the 2017 excavations of two prehistoric sites in, or in the vicinity of, the Zarabag Oasis, South Uzbekistan. In the Yaz I settlement of Burgut Kurgan, the 2017 excavation season focused on a small portion of the stone wall and was not able to confirm the presence of a gate hypothesised during the 2016 excavations. A trial excavation consisting of three trenches (BBL01–BBL03) was conducted at the site of Bobolangar, which was discovered during a previous field survey in 2016. The pottery sherds collected on the surface of Bobolanghar were from the Late Bronze Age and the date of the site was confirmed by the presence of Late Bronze Age pottery in secure stratigraphic contexts. Moreover, two burials were found in trench BBL03. Based on the characteristics of the burial traditions, it is likely that both individuals were interred during the Middle Ages and the graves were cut into the Late Bronze Age layers of the site. The human skeletons were exceptionally well‑preserved and preliminary details of the bioarchaeological analyses are presented here.
EN
At the beginning of February 2018, in connection with the ongoing investment in the Basilica of Bernardine church in Rzeszów (the church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Rzeszów) comprehensive archaeological works were conducted. They were performed by the Foundation for Archaeological centre in Rzeszów. The excavations were carried out due to the fact that during the renovation of the church and the replacement of the floor, human remains and two crypts were found. It is worth noting that within the Bernardine church no archaeological research had been previously conducted, even in the form of keeping a watching brief. Two archaeological sondages (A and B) were established during the exploration of the porch. In the course of exploration of the first trial trench burial pits with human remains were discovered. At the 50–70 cm level, the only well-preserved skeleton in an anatomical order, oriented along the north-south line (grave 12) was registered. With reference to one of the burials deposited at 90–110 cm (grave 22), a coin was found. It was located under the skull of the deceased, adjacent to the jaw and leaving a characteristic greenish discoloration on the bone. The last level at which human burials were registered was the level of 110–130 cm. The graves revealed traces of destruction by other burials or reburials with a mixed context of human remains. The second trial trench, 1.5x0.5 m, in the form of a small test pit was studied at the southern, primary entrance to the church (sondage B). During the exploration, human bones were uncovered in a mixed context that did not form any clear clusters. By conservator’s decision, the boundaries of excavations were gradually expanded to reveal as much foundation as possible and, at the same time, confirm or refute the legend about the burial of the church founder under the threshold in the porch. According to historical sources, it was Mikołaj Spytek Ligęza, who wished (in his will written on August 7, 1637) to be buried under the threshold of the church porch. The results of the research did not confirm this legend. The movable material remains chronologically correspond to the 15th to 18th centuries. With regard to uncovered ceramic forms, pots dominated among pottery vessels. A fragment of a bowl and a plate were also noted. Similar forms of vessels were known from Rzeszów. Another group of artefacts were metals, including iron nails and coffin closing staples, as well as corroded lumps, wires and wheels difficult to identify, probably associated with the equipment and construction of coffins. In addition, a fragment of the iron horseshoe protector and two coins were discovered. To sum up, it is worth noting that archaeological research carried out within the Basilica of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Rzeszów created a unique opportunity for conducting archaeological intervention research. It brought a number of new and valuable information about the history of the city. In the course of excavations, archaeologists discovered the remains of a church cemetery, which undoubtedly surrounded the former wooden church existing on the site of the present building.
EN
The archaeological site of Aynuna, located in northern-western Saudi Arabia, is believed to be the ancient Leuke Kome, a port linked by a caravan route with the Nabatean capital Petra. Architectural remains suggest that it may be identified as an emporion – a trading outpost receiving freight from foreign lands to be transmitted further north. Archaeological excavations conducted by the Saudi-Polish Archaeological Mission have revealed the existence of multiple burials, not only within the cemeteries, but also in the buildings dated from the first to the seven centuries AC(AD?). Preliminary works at the necropoleis have proved rather uninformative due to most of the tombs being ransacked and burials almost completely destroyed. Although Necropoleis 1 and 2 exhibit some internal uniformity when it comes to the architectural outline of the tombs, the two cemeteries show no mutual similarities, which may indicate different dating or cultural affinity. Meanwhile, better preserved human remains from within the buildings can probably be dated to the early Islamic period. Two large stone cairns, containing three burials, were erected in the middle of the courtyard of Khan no. 1. However, most of the burials were interred directly on the walking level in Khans nos. 1, 4, and 5, and covered with stone rubble. While three out of four burials were extended on the back, facing south-east and provided with some kind of stone installation to protect the body, the fourth, belonging to a pregnant woman, was found lying face down, calling into question the intentionality of the burial.
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Namaszczenie Jezusa w Betanii (Mt 26,6–13)

75%
EN
The action of pericope that describes the anointing of Jesus (Matt. 26:6–13) took place in Bethany, in Judea. These areas were then part of the Great Roman Empire. Christ foretold that the woman who poured out the precious oil on His head in the house of Simon the Leper would know the whole world. That is what exactly happened. Many Christians do not know much about history of the Ro- man Empire, but probably everyone has heard of a nameless woman who anointed Jesus shortly before His passion and death. The woman embarrassed the apostles, her generous gesture toward Christ contrasted with the conspiracy of the chief priests and the elders of the people (Matt. 26:3–5) and the betrayal of Judas (Matt. 26:14–16).
PL
Niniejszy artykuł poruszać będzie zagadnienia związane z obrzędowością czasów wczesnego średniowiecza. Autorka skupi się na omówieniu nietypowych pochówków wczesnośredniowiecznych lokalizowanych na terenie Polski, które często w literaturze występują pod nazwą „pochówków antywampirycznych”. Przeanalizowane zostaną zarówno praktyki dotyczące jamy grobowej jak i bezpośrednio ciała zmarłego. W dalszej części referatu podjęte będą również próby wyjaśnienia, z jakich przyczyn część z pochówków odnajdowanych na cmentarzyskach datowanych na X – XIII w. różni się od powszechnie przyjętej normy. Autorka postara się także udzielić odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy rzeczywiście są to miejsca spoczynku istot, które tradycja ludowa nazywa wampirami lub strzygami.
EN
This article describes issues related to the early medieval rituals. The author focuses on discussing untypical early medieval burials located in Poland. These burials often appear in literature under the name of „anti vampiric burials". I will analyze both the practices for the grave pit and directly to the body of the deceased. Finally, I will try to explain why some of the burials discovered in the graveyards of the tenth to the thirteenth century are different from the generally accepted norm. and whether they are indeed the burial place of beings that folk tradition called vampires.
EN
The article concerns that aspect of human existence that is frequently neglected both in everyday reflection and in social and humanistic research; namely, earth (soil). It attempts to make a synthetic reconstruction of the relations binding man with the soil preferred in western culture. Apart from identification of the predominant relations, which can be boiled down to it being treated as inanimate matter that is exploited, other concepts are also presented in which soil is perceived as the fundamental medium in sustaining life, change, and the transformation and reshaping of everything that exists. The article comprises three fragments, focusing on practices in cultivation, burial, and celebratory forms of contact with the soil.
EN
In 2014 a unique burial was unearthed in Gerulata cemetery III, containing an unusual number of rings. The buried woman aged 40–49 had two rings on each hand, one of which was a signet ring with a gem depicting the Egyptian deities Serapis and Isis. Another unusual item was a bracelet composed of seven disks with side openings for a string. Two glazed vessels have enlarged the number of known vessels of this type from this site to 13 pieces.
Raport
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2013
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vol. 8
245-265
EN
The article presents the results of the rescue archaeological excavations at the multi-cultural site 14 in Deszczno. The investigations covered an area of ca 83 ares and revealed relics from settlements from the Bronze Age, late Roman influence period, early Middle Ages – phases C and D, as well as early modern period. Moreover, a burial ground of the Luboszyce culture was recorded and dated to phases B2/C1 – C1a of the Roman period.
EN
The article deals with the results of the archaeological excavation of tomb AC 31, which is located in Nakhtsare’s cemetery, at the southern edge of the royal necropolis of Abusir. The tomb, built during the second half of the Fifth Dynasty, was destroyed and deprived of its decoration by tomb- and stone robbers to the extent that any ascription to a certain person is not possible. On the other hand, a relatively large part of its burial equipment was preserved.
Studia Hercynia
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2018
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vol. 22
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issue 1
56-76
EN
The paper deals with artefacts with a possible apotropaic function from the Early Iron Age cemetery of Quattro Fontanili at Veii. I have analysed mostly various types of pendants and beads that could have had – besides their ornamental function – also a symbolic meaning of ‘magical’ protection (e.g. as amulets etc.). They ap‑ pear more often in children’s and women’s graves, less frequently in men’s graves. The gender and age seem likely to be more important factors in the role of protection than social status. However, pendants made of precious metals could have reflected – besides their role as symbols of a higher social status – a protective meaning as well. The frequent use of ‘magical’ artefacts, especially in children’s and women’s graves, reflects the need to protect the weaker members of the society from evil forces.
PL
Kościół klasztorny w Riesie (Saksonia, Niemcy) posiada dwie krypty grobowe, wykorzystywane od XVII do XIX w. przez miejscowe rodziny szlacheckie, w tym baronów von Felgenhauer, Hanisch/von Odeleben oraz von Welck. Krypta pod ołtarzem pierwotnie zawierała 50 pochówków, z których 30 dotrwało do czasów współczesnych w formie trumien i/lub mumii, a krypta północna zawierała osiem pochówków. Na przestrzeni ostatnich dwóch wieków w kryptach zaszły ogromne zmiany, które udało się po części zrekonstruować w oparciu o zapisy historyczne, zdjęcia oraz historię ustną. Celem badań prowadzonych przy wsparciu parafii i muzeum miejskiego było udokumentowanie obecnego stanu zachowania oraz identyfikacja pochówków poprzez łączenie różnych rodzajów dowodów. Trumny zostały poddane inspekcji wzrokowej i datowane w oparciu o porównania typochronologiczne, a ponadto w miarę możliwości dokonano transliteracji inskrypcji. Materiały, sposób wytworzenia, typ i datowanie odzieży zostały ustalone w ramach analizy kostiumologicznej. Zmumifikowane szczątki poddano badaniom morfologicznym, w tym prześwietleniom rentgenowskim. Zaobserwowano różne sposoby postępowania z ciałem, prowadzące do naturalnej lub sztucznej mumifikacji. W wybranych przypadkach pobrano próbki do analizy DNA, aby sprawdzić stopień pokrewieństwa. Przeprowadzono też analizę izotopów stabilnych celem ustalenia diety, pochodzenia i wieku odstawienia od piersi. Prawdopodobną tożsamość można było ustalić wyłącznie w przypadku osób, dla których dostępne były informacje kontekstowe. Niemniej jednak trwają wciąż analizy bioarcheologiczne. Zdobienia trumien i inskrypcje, jak również odzież odzwierciedlają zmiany chronologiczne oraz indywidualne preferencje z okresu od XVII do XIX w., co jest szczególnie widoczne w przypadku pochówków dzieci. Wiara w Boga i nadzieja na zmartwychwstanie pozostają stałymi elementami podejścia do śmierci, jednakże we wczesnonowożytnych pochówkach szlacheckich istotną rolę zaczynają odgrywać więzy rodzinne.
EN
The cloister church of Riesa (Saxony, Germany) contains two burial crypts which were used from the 17th to 19th century AD by local noble families, namely the barons von Felgenhauer, Hanisch/von Odeleben and von Welck. The crypt beneath the altar originally contained 50 inhumations of which about 30 are still preserved at present, either as coffins and/or mummies, while the northern crypt contained eight interments. During the last two centuries, the crypts have experienced major changes which could partly be reconstructed through historical records, photographs and oral history. The aim of the investigations, supported by the parish and the city museum, was to document the current state-of-preservation and to identify the inhumations by combining different types of evidence. The coffins were visually inspected and dated by typo-chronological comparisons, and inscriptions were transliterated whenever possible. Material, fabrication, clothing type and dating of the garments were determined during costume analysis. The mummified remains were subjected to a morphological investigation, including X-rays. Different body treatments resulting in natural or artificial mummification could be observed. In selected cases, samples for aDNA analysis were taken to test for kinship between individuals, and stable isotope analysis was performed for the reconstruction of diet, origin and age of weaning. Probable identification could only be achieved for the individuals with contextual information; however, the bioarchaeological analyses are still ongoing. The coffin ornamentation and inscriptions as well as the garments show chronological changes as well as individual preferences from the 17th to 19th century, most distinctive in the children burials. Faith in God and hope of resurrection remain constant attitudes to death, but familial affiliation becomes an important factor in early modern noble burials.
EN
Chapter (or Spell) 1 represents an introduction to the Book of the Dead, and – similarly to the Book of the Dead as a whole – it focuses on the main topic of the textual corpus: on going forth into the day (prt m hrw), i.e. on leaving the Underworld and rising resurrected at the eastern horizon of the sky. To ensure that the person successfully passes to the blessed Afterlife, the spell both identifies him/her ritually with Osiris and serves as proof of his/her knowledge of Osirian cultic activities and ceremonies. It is probable, but still not certain, that the text of the spell was read or ritually performed during the burial. The following article presents an interpretation of the first spell of the Book of the Dead, of its context, content and illustrations, and it also represents a preview of a prepared monograph.
CS
Kapitola 1 představuje vstup do Knihy mrtvých a podobně jako celá Kniha mrtvých je zaměřena na „vycházení za dne“ (prt m hrw), tedy na vzkříšení zesnulého na východním obzoru nebes. Má člověku umožnit volný pohyb mezi sférou zásvětí a tohoto světa. Využívá k tomu nejen rituálního ztotožnění zesnulého s bohem Usirem, ale také ujištění o účasti zesnulého na usirovských kultických aktivitách a slavnostech. Je pravděpodobné, že text tohoto říkání byl přednášen v průběhu pohřebních ceremonií. Tento samostatný článek nejen předkládá novou interpretaci první kapitoly staroegyptské Knihy mrtvých, ale představuje také ukázku z nově připravované knihy, která českému čtenáři přiblíží výklad celého textového korpusu známého dnes pod názvem Kniha mrtvých.
EN
In Kazanie o śmierci (A sermon about death), Polish writer and Jesuit preacher Piotr Skarga wrote: reward wrongs, write a last will. Hence, the authors of ars bene moriendi manuals from 16th and 17th centuries were of the opinion that the last will was an indispensable step on the road towards a good death. They argued that the last will enabled the testator to erase the committed wrongs, secure his family and leave his worldly affairs in good order.
EN
Excavations in the area of tomb MMA 1152 at Sheikh Abd el-Gurna, conducted since 2003, have uncovered a substantial set of faience objects coming from burials made there during the later Pharaonic Period, before the tomb became a hermitage for Coptic monks. Analysis of the material points to several episodes of reuse of the original Middle Kingdom structure in the Third Intermediate Period and the Late Period.
PL
Zwyczaj grzebania zmarłych jest tradycją najściślej zakorzenioną w chrześcijańskiej antropologii i najlepiej ją wyrażającą, objawioną w Biblii konsekwencją grzechu pierworodnego, wyrazem oczekiwania na zmartwychwstanie i aktem naśladowania Chrystusa, który został złożony w grobie. W nauczaniu katolickim pochówek jest uczynkiem miłosierdzia względem ciała, aktem troski o zmarłego i jego bliskich. Zyskujący na popularności zwyczaj kremacji jest przez Kościół uznany za dopuszczalny ze względow zdrowotnych, gospodarcznych lub społecznych. Szczątki ludzkie, również formie popiołu, zawsze powinny być złożone w grobie lub umieszczone w kolumbarium. Formą nieakceptowaną przez Kościół są praktyki resomacji i kompostowania ciał zmarłych. Alternatywne formy upamiętnienia ciała ludzkiego lub jego szczątków, choć zachęcają swoją estetyką i przesłaniem, są nie tylko obce chrześcijańskim zwyczajom, ale sprzeczne z chrześcijańską nauką o pochodzeniu, naturze i przeznaczeniu człowieka.
EN
The custom of burying the dead is not merely commonly accepted by Christianity the way of disposal of the human body after the death. It is most deeply rooted and perfectly expressing Christian anthropology, revealed in the Holy Scriptures as a consequence of original sin, sign of hope in the Resurrection, and imitation of Christ, who was buried in the tomb. In Catholic view the burial is a corporal work of mercy, act of care for the dead and their loved ones. Gaining popularity the practice of cremation is accepted by the Church for the sake of hygiene, economy, or community. Human remains, also in the form of ashes, always must be buried or placed in the columbarium. Church does not allow the human body to be disposed via resomation or promession. Alternative forms of memorializing the deceased, though attractive esthetically and sentimentally, are not only outlandish in Christian culture, but also contrary to the Christian teaching on origins, nature, and destination of the human person.
EN
In 2007, a crypt was discovered in the cathedral of St. John the Evangelist in Kwidzyn. It hid the burial places of three men identified as three Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order. Fragments of textiles were found among their bone remains. After analysis, a reconstruction of the clothing from the northern and southern coffins started. However, there are reasons to reconsider this issue. Undoubtedly, ornamented fabrics were not used for the entire coat. They could only come from its parts. Some of those fabrics may have been used for a pillow, a mattress, belts, or a shroud. Fabrics without ornaments may be identified as remnants of a shawl collar of a coat, lining of a decorative element, a robe, chausses or headgear. Ribbons could be hems of a coat or robe sleeves, while a braided string might come from a prayer cord (“Paternoster”) or, more likely, fastened the coat just below the collarbone.
PL
W 2007 r. w katedrze św. Jana Ewangelisty w Kwidzynie odkryto kryptę z pochówkami trzech mężczyzn, których zidentyfikowano jako trzech wielkich mistrzów zakonu krzyżackiego. Pośród szczątków kostnych zalegały również fragmenty tekstyliów. Po ich analizie podjęto się zrekonstruowania odzieży z trumien północnej i południowej. Jednak istnieją przesłanki do przeprowadzenia ponownych rozważań na ten temat. Tkaniny ornamentowane bezsprzecznie nie zostały wykorzystane do uszycia w całości płaszcza, mogły pochodzić jedynie z jego elementu. Część z nich być może pochodziła z poduszki, materaca, pasków lub całunu. Tkaniny niezdobione można identyfikować jako pozostałości kołnierza szalowego płaszcza, podszewki elementu dekoracyjnego, sukni, nogawic, czy też nakrycia głowy. Z kolei wstążki mogły być obszywkami płaszcza lub rękawów sukni, a pleciony sznurek pochodził ze sznura modlitewnego („paternoster”) lub, co bardziej prawdopodobne, spinał płaszcz na wysokości nieco poniżej obojczyka.
EN
The dignity of human person demands – among other things – that in case of one's death a proper burial is given. This obvious obligation seems to be somehow suspended, when it is an unborn child, who dies. Meanwhile, the Church is the only institution, which consequently defends the dignity and life of every unborn child. Its canon and liturgical law explicates strong conviction, that every human person's dignity should be respected, also by a burial. Surprisingly, not all in the Church seem to appreciate that approach. The present study is to remind all about that moral obligation of this final sign of respect toward unborn.
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