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EN
Figurative language has always been used in business communication, with metaphoric expressions being its most representative and frequent elements. Metaphor is defined as a transference of the literal meaning of a word into another context, which means that one thing is described in terms of some other thing (M. Long/ J. Richards 1999), e.g. time is money, cash cow, sleeping beauty. It is the notion of either comparison or resemblance that creates the basis for metaphor – instead of the literal meaning of a word or expression native language users can easily produce a metaphoric expression and understand its figurative meaning. Metaphors are culture-specific and they reveal patterns of thought that are characteristic of individuals and of groups (G. Lakoff/ M. Johnson 1980). Business English metaphors can, and indeed do, reflect the values, beliefs and norms that prevail in the language of business communication in English-speaking countries and in many global companies in which English is a lingua franca. Figurative expressions are frequently found to be the preferred way of conveying meaning and business communicators tend to use metaphoric expressions both in written and spoken discourse. In this study popular standard business metaphors were excerpted by hand from three dictionaries: Cambridge Business English Dictionary and Thesaurus, Longman Business English Dictionary (2007), and Oxford Collocations Dictionary (2008). It was arbitrarily assumed that the inclusion of a metaphor into one or more of these dictionaries suggests that it is considered to be a standard (‘dead’) business metaphor. The excerpted metaphors were classified (1) formally, i.e. according to the structure of a given metaphor and (2) semantically, i.e. according to the concept which underlies a given metaphor. The paper also gives examples of ‘living’ (novel) business metaphors excerpted from a small, and therefore not representative, research corpus of articles published in “The Wall Street Journal” on 25 February 2015. The aim of the presented examples of metaphors is to demonstrate how easily novel metaphors can be created. Then, the paper discusses the functions and characteristics of popular metaphors used in typical business situations. Finally, it identifies some of the challenges in metaphor understanding and metaphor usage faced by non-native speakers of business English.
PL
Celem analizy było zbadanie wybranych aktów mowy występujących w interakcji o charakterze handlowym na profilach firm Allegro, T-Mobile oraz Samsung. Wśród omawianych aktów są m.in. akty pozytywnego wartościowania odbiorcy, życzenia, żarty, akty próśb i zaleceń, a także akty niezgody, krytyki klienta czy podkreślania własnej wartości. Wskazano także na cechy językowe postów, takie jak potoczność i stosowanie zapożyczeń.
EN
The aim of the paper was to analyse selected speech acts used in business interaction on the profiles of Allegro, T-Mobile and Samsung companies. The strategies discussed in the study include compliments, jokes, apologies, requests and suggestions, as well as acts of criticism of client and positive self-evaluation. The paper also points out selected features of the language of the posts, such as informality and the use of borrowings.
PL
Celem artykułu jest omówienie wybranych zachowań werbalnych sprzedawców w kontekście polskiego modelu kulturowego, w tym polskiego stylu komunikacyjnego i zasad grzeczności językowej. Zaprezen towane zjawiska językowe wyjaśnia się również poprzez odwołanie się do ogólnych zachodnich tendencji kulturowych bądź też do wzorców kultury angloamerykańskiej. Analiza wykazuje, że zachowania języ kowe sprzedawców, takie jak skracanie dystansu poprzez używanie nieoficjalnych form zwracania się do adresata czy języka potocznego, a także nadmierne wyrażanie „dobrych uczuć”, zwłaszcza entuzjazmu, oraz chwalenie się, są niezgodne z polskim kodem kulturowym, w tym z zasadami grzeczności językowej i stylu komunikacyjnego. Jedynie naleganie mieści się w obyczajowym modelu zwyczajów werbalnych Polaków. Z kolei ocena aktu komplementowania nie jest jednoznaczna. Na materiał źródłowy składają się zarówno nagrania autentycznych rozmów handlowych, jak i fragmenty zasłyszanych rozmów sprzedawców z klientami oraz wybrane materiały szkoleniowe i poradniki skutecznej sprzedaży.
EN
The aim of the paper is to discuss selected verbal behaviours of salesmen, in the context of the Polish cul tural model, including the Polish communication style and the politeness maxims. In addition, the author explains the relation between the presented linguistic phenomena and the cultural trends in the Western world or the Anglo-American cultural patterns. The analysis proves that the language behaviours of sales men, such as decreasing language distance (through addressing customers informally or using colloquial language), excessive expression of „good feelings” (particularly enthusiasm), as well speaking of oneself in superlatives, are not compatible with Polish cultural code, including the rules of language politeness and communication style. Only the strategy of pressurizing corresponds with traditional verbal customs of Poles while the assessment of giving compliments is not clear and certain. the material of the paper includes both the recordings of authentic talks between salesmen and customers, the heard snatches of conversations and the selected materials and books about effective business communication.
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