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The impact of phrasing of selected questions on the results of the business tendency surveys conducted by the Central Statistical Office of Poland

100%
Gaca O., Sękowska H., Święcka M., Walkowska K.
Prace i Materiały Instytutu Rozwoju Gospodarczego SGH
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2015
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vol. 97: Economic cycles and uncertainty
45-66
EN
Precise wording of qualitative questions poses substantial problem because frequently even small lack of accuracy or inappropriate word used in a question may bias surveys’ results. We analyze an impact of the wording on results of the qualitative business tendency surveys conducted by CSO of Poland. The relationship between the way survey questions are formulated and obtained replies is pointed out, e.g. the influence of adding explanatory notes and taking into account a kind of activity respondents perform.
2
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Application of selected ideas from statistical overlapping samples theory to tendency surveys: Designed panel vs resulting overlapping samples

80%
Kowalczyk B.
Prace i Materiały Instytutu Rozwoju Gospodarczego SGH
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2015
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vol. 96: Analyzing and forecasting economic fluctuations
127-163
EN
Most tendency surveys are organized to be based on a fixed sample of units across time. This fixed panel constitutes a designed sample. But in practice the resulting sample always differs from the designed one, sometimes quite considerably. In tendency surveys, like in all real surveys, some sampled units refuse to participate, some agree to cooperate but forgo several periods later, some respond irregularly. Consequently, the resulting samples across time never constitute a perfect panel, they form an overlapping sample pattern. In the paper we propose a formula for adjusted balance statistics that takes into account distortion of a sample. The main idea of adjusted balance statistics is analogous to estimators known from statistical overlapping samples theory. Theoretical part of the paper is extended by empirical analysis of monthly business tendency survey data. In particular, the response pattern is studied and comparison of original and adjusted balance statistics is conducted.
3
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Expectations’ Formation in Business Survey Data

80%
Białowolski P.
Prace i Materiały Instytutu Rozwoju Gospodarczego SGH
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2013
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vol. 93: Expectations and Forecasting
5-28
EN
In this paper we conduct a three step analysis of business tendency survey data in order to establish (1) common factors driving responses to groups of questions in the business tendency survey conducted among firms in the manufacturing industry in Poland, (2) factors responsible for respondents’ answers regarding assessments (present) and expectations (future), and (3) interrelations between current assessments and expectations. We start by performing a check of the factor structure with multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) models in order to establish common factors responsible for sets of answers in the area of assessments and expectations, respectively. Then, we proceed with structural equation modeling (SEM) framework in order to define period specific relations between the factors. With the final structural model we show that most answers in the area of current assessments and expectations of companies are in line with the stylised facts. We also demonstrate that the companies’ response pattern did not change during the financial crisis.
4
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The Viterbi Path of hidden Markov models in an analysis of business tendency surveys

80%
Bernardelli M., Dędys M.
Prace i Materiały Instytutu Rozwoju Gospodarczego SGH
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2015
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vol. 96: Analyzing and forecasting economic fluctuations
25-47
EN
The aim of the paper is to show that turning points detection can be treated as a problem of pattern recognition. In the paper there are presented the results of applying normal hidden Markov models to a number of survey balances. Beyond a classical two-scale assessment of business activity a slightly more fuzzy classification of states is considered. To determine periods of unclear or difficult to evaluate situation unobservable Markov chains with three and four states are introduced. The outputs of the Viterbi algorithm, i.e. the most likely paths of unobservable states of Markov chains, are a basis of the proposed classification. The comparison of these paths with the business cycle turning points dated by OECD is described. The results obtained for three- and four-state Markov chains are close to those established in the references time series and seem to improve the speed with which, especially downshifts, are signaled. Furthermore, these results are more favorable than outcomes provided by conventional two-state models. The method proposed in this paper seems to be a very effective tool to analyze results of business tendency surveys, in particular, when multistate Markov chains are considered. Moreover, proposed decompositions allow an easy comparison of two time series as far as turning point are concerned. In the paper survey balances are compared with ‘hard’ economic data such as sold manufacturing production. The results confirm the accuracy of assessment provided by survey respondents.
5
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The HSE ESI and the business cycle in the Russian economy

70%
Kitrar L., Lipkind T., Lola I., Ostapkovich G., Chusovlyanov D.
Prace i Materiały Instytutu Rozwoju Gospodarczego SGH
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2015
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vol. 97: Economic cycles and uncertainty
45-66
EN
As the Russian economy is presently characterized by high uncertainty of doing business and a growing gap between opinions and actions of firms and decision makers, the importance of qualitative business surveys as a source of information is significantly rising. The paper investigates the ability of Russian business tendency surveys to identify business cycle turning points. For this purpose we have constructed an algorithm to build economic indicators which cover all information contained in the sectoral business surveys data. Identification of the turning points of these indicators allows us to track the stylized ‘averaged’ chronology of the business cycle. In addition, we have evaluated ex post the turning points in the GDP growth on the basis of the extracted cyclical component of the composite Economic Sentiment Indicator.
6
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Ankieta koniunktury a stan faktyczny. Opinie przedsiębiorców o zmianach w zakresie kapitału obrotowego netto

70%
Kalinowski S.
Przegląd Zachodniopomorski
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2013
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issue 3/1
107-124
EN
Article is about business tendency surveys. The goal of the research was to verify, if entrepreneur’s opinions refl ect variability of coeffi cients describing their companies’ fi nancial situation. The subject of the study was the survey that is being performed by Polish Central Statistical Offi ce. There were two hypothesis taken. First, there is a negative correlation between entrepreneur’s opinions on changes in inventories and inventories turnover periods’ variability. Second, the same direction of relationship appears with respect to the ability to pay debtors. The results of the analysis support fi rst hypothesis. Second was also true, but the result was not statistically signifi cant.
7
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The procedure of business cycle turning points identification based on hidden Markov models

70%
Bernardelli M.
Prace i Materiały Instytutu Rozwoju Gospodarczego SGH
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2015
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vol. 96: Analyzing and forecasting economic fluctuations
5-23
EN
In the paper the procedure, based on hidden Markov chains with conditional normal distributions and uses algorithms such as time series decompositions (STL), Baum-Welch algorithm, Viterbi algorithm and Monte Carlo simulations, is proposed to analyze data out of the business tendency survey conducted by the Research Institute for Economic Development, Warsaw School of Economics. There are considered three types of models, namely, with two-state, three-state and four-state Markov chains. Results of the procedure could be treated as an approximation of business cycle turning points. The performed analysis speaks in favor of multistate models. Due to, an increasing with the number of states, numerical instability, it is not obvious which model should be considered as the best one. For this purpose various optimization criteria are taken into consideration: information criteria (AIC, BIC) and the maximum-likelihood, but also frequency of obtaining a given set of parameters in the Monte Carlo simulations. The results are confronted with the turning points dated by OECD. The tested models were compared in terms of their effectiveness in detecting of turning points. The procedure is a step into automation of business cycle analysis based on results of business tendency surveys. Though this automation covers only some models from millions of possibilities, the procedure turns out to be extremely accurate in business cycle turning points identification, and the approach seems to be an excellent alternative for classical methods.
8
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Zróżnicowanie odpowiedzi respondentów testu koniunktury w świetle miar entropii

51%
Tomczyk E.
Prace i Materiały Instytutu Rozwoju Gospodarczego SGH
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2012
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vol. 90: Badania koniunktury - zwierciadło gospodarki. Część I
229-255
PL
Opracowanie prezentuje wyniki zastosowania empirycznej miary entropii rozkładu prawdopodobieństwa w celu oceny zawartości informacyjnej danych pochodzących z testu koniunktury Instytutu Rozwoju Gospodarczego SGH. Miary entropii wyznaczane są dla realizacji i oczekiwań wyrażanych w teście koniunktury, dla wszystkich pytań kwestionariusza kierowanego do przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych, w podziale na sektory własnościowe, klasy wielkości oraz sektor działalności wg klasyfikacji PKD. Z przeprowadzonej analizy empirycznej wynika, że zastosowanie miar entropii statystycznej pozwala zróżnicować odpowiedzi respondentów w przekroju badanych zmiennych ekonomicznych (pytań testu koniunktury) oraz wielkości i sektora działalności przedsiębiorstwa. Szczególnie wysoka niepewność związana jest z pytaniami o wielkość produkcji, portfel zamówień ogółem i zamówień eksportowych, a najmniejsza – z pytaniem o ceny. Przedsiębiorstwa małe cechuje szczególnie wysoka niepewność związana z prognozowaniem i oceną bieżącej sytuacji finansowej,a przedsiębiorstwa duże – wysoka zmienność entropii, odzwierciedlająca znaczące wahania rozkładu odpowiedzi z miesiąca na miesiąc.
EN
This paper presents results of application of statistical entropy to evaluate information content of business tendency surveys administered by the Research Institute for Economic Development, Warsaw School of Economics. Measures of entropy, corresponding to changes observed and predicted by the survey respondents, are calculated for all questions included in the monthly industrial survey, taking into account ownership structure, size, and industrial sector in which an enterprise operates. Empirical results lead to conclusion that measures of statistical entropy allow to differentiate responses of industrial enterprises from the point of view of economic variables included in the questionnaire, size and industrial sector. Questions concerning size of production and number of domestic and export orders are associated with the highest uncertainty, and those pertaining to prices – with the lowest uncertainty. High uncertainty of forecasting and evaluating current financial situation is typical for small enterprises; variable entropy, reflecting significant changes in month-to-month distribution of survey answers, is typical for large firms.
9
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Ukryte modele Markowa w analizie wyników testu koniunktury gospodarczej

51%
Bernardelli M., Dędys M.
Prace i Materiały Instytutu Rozwoju Gospodarczego SGH
|
2012
|
vol. 90: Badania koniunktury - zwierciadło gospodarki. Część I
159-181
PL
W pracy zbadana została możliwość wykorzystania algorytmu Viterbiego do analizy sald odpowiedzi respondentów na pytania testu koniunktury w przemyśle, prowadzonego przez Instytut Rozwoju Gospodarczego Szkoły Głównej Handlowej w Warszawie. W badaniu rozważane były pytania dotyczące oceny stanu obecnego. Do analizy wykorzystane zostały ukryte modele Markowa z warunkowymi rozkładami normalnymi. Pod uwagę brane były modele, w których łańcuchy Markowa mają dwuelementową i trójelementową przestrzeń stanów. Uzyskane wyniki zostały skonfrontowane z pochodzącymi z różnych źródeł datowaniami punktów zwrotnych cyklu koniunkturalnego. Badane modele zostały porównane pod względem skuteczności w wychwytywaniu sygnałów o nadchodzących zmianach w koniunkturze. Przeprowadzone analizy przemawiają za stosowaniem modeli z trzystanowymi łańcuchami Markowa. Wyniki badania sugerują ponadto, iż należy brać pod uwagę opóźnienia między odpowiedziami respondentów a zmianami klimatu koniunktury.
EN
The paper considers the possibility of using the Viterbi algorithm to analyse results of the RIED WSE business surveys in the manufacturing industry.The analysis was focused on the state balances. The hidden Markov models with conditional normal distributions were applied. There were considered models with two-state and three-state Markov chains. The results were compared with the timing of turning points taken from other sources. The tested models were compared in terms of effectiveness in detecting of coming changes in economic conditions. The analysis suggests models with three-state Markov chains be used. The results also suggest that it is necessary to take into account a delay between the opinions of survey respondents and changes in economic climate.
10
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Ocena aktywności ekonomicznej w polskim sektorze bankowym w okresie pandemii COVID-19 na podstawie testów koniunktury

51%
Hamulczuk M., Idzik M.
Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician
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2022
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vol. 67
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issue 9
1-23
EN
One of the areas of the economy affected by the COVID-19 pandemic is the banking sector. The aim of the study presented in the article is to answer the questions: what was the perception of the economic situation in the banking sector in Poland during the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in the light of the results of business tendency surveys, and what determined its changes over time. The research was carried out on the basis of business tendency surveys conducted by Statistics Poland and Kantar Polska in the years 2004–2021. The conclusions were based on the trend-cycle component obtained by means of the X-13-ARIMA method. The analyses showed a negative relationship between the extent of the pandemic restrictions and the economic activity in banking, especially in the first phase of the crisis. Business tendency surveys show that during this crisis, the economic situation in the banking sector deteriorated more than during the financial crisis of 2008–2009. A relatively sharp decline as well as rapid rebounds were observed in the credit market, which caused its indicators to return in 2021 to the levels recorded before the outbreak of the pandemic. In the initial phase of the crisis, the economic downturn observed in the deposit market was not as sharp as in the credit market. On the other hand, however, the economic situation in the deposit market failed to improve significantly in 2021.
PL
Jednym z obszarów gospodarki, na które pandemia COVID-19 wywarła wpływ, jest sektor bankowy. Celem badania omawianego w artykule jest uzyskanie odpowiedzi na pytania, jaka była percepcja koniunktury w sektorze bankowym w Polsce w czasie kryzysu spowodowanego przez pandemię COVID-19 w świetle wyników testów koniunktury oraz jakie były uwarunkowania zmian koniunktury w tym okresie. Badanie przeprowadzono na podstawie testów koniunktury prowadzonych przez GUS oraz Kantar Polska w latach 2004–2021. Wnioski sformułowano na podstawie składowej trendo-cyklicznej otrzymanej metodą X-13-ARIMA. Analizy wykazały negatywny związek między siłą obostrzeń pandemicznych a koniunkturą w bankowości, szczególnie w pierwszej fazie kryzysu. Testy koniunktury pokazują, że w czasie kryzysu wywołanego przez pandemię koniunktura w sektorze bankowym pogorszyła się bardziej niż podczas kryzysu finansowego z lat 2008–2009. Na rynku kredytowym można było zaobserwować zarówno dosyć gwałtowny spadek, jak i bardzo szybkie wzrosty, co spowodowało, że w 2021 r. wskaźniki koniunktury rynku kredytowego powróciły do poziomu sprzed wybuchu pandemii. Pogorszenie koniunktury na rynku depozytowym w początkowej fazie kryzysu nie było tak silne jak na rynku kredytowym, niemniej jednak nie zaobserwowano jej znaczącej poprawy w 2021 r.
11
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Consensus in Business Tendency Surveys: Comparison of Alternative Measures

51%
Tomczyk E., Kowalczyk B.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2023
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vol. 316
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issue 4
17-29
PL
W niniejszym artykule porównujemy różne metody oceny konsensusu w testach koniunktury, w których respondenci wyrażają oczekiwania na skali uporządkowanej. Wiarygodna metoda pomiaru siły konsensusu w oczekiwaniach respondentów dostarczyłaby ekonomistom cennych informacji, stanowiąc wiodący wskaźnik nastrojów podmiotów gospodarczych. Nie ma jednak jednej ogólnie przyjętej miary matematycznej służącej do oceny zgodności między wyrażanymi przez respondentów opiniami. W literaturze wymienianych jest kilka miar, w tym wskaźniki oparte na miarach dyspersji, entropii i wielowymiarowym simpleksie. W artykule przedstawiamy zdefiniowane w literaturze miary konsensusu oraz omawiamy ich zalety i ograniczenia. Następnie wykorzystujemy te wskaźniki do analizy oczekiwań wyrażonych w teście koniunktury w przetwórstwie przemysłowym w Polsce i porównujemy wyniki dla różnych zmiennych ekonomicznych. W kilku przypadkach znajdujemy powtarzalne schematy w zachowaniu miar konsensusu: oczekiwania cenowe charakteryzują się najwyższym stopniem konsensusu, a oczekiwania na temat produkcji i zamówień – najniższym. Wskazujemy również powiązania między stopniem konsensusu a stopniem optymizmu wśród respondentów mierzonym statystykami bilansowymi w przypadku cen, zatrudnienia i ogólnej sytuacji gospodarczej.
EN
In this article, we aim to compare various methods of evaluating consensus in qualitative business surveys in which respondents express expectations on the ordered scale. A reliable method of measuring degree of consensus would provide researchers with valuable information, offering a leading indicator of respondent sentiment. However, there is no single generally accepted mathematical measure applicable to evaluating agreement among respondents. Several approaches are mentioned in previous studies, including indicators based on statistical dispersion, Shannon entropy, and multi-dimensional simplex. We present measures of consensus defined in literature and discuss their advantages and limitations. We then employ these indicators to expectations expressed in Polish business tendency survey in manufacturing, and compare results across various economic variables. In several cases, we find patterns in the behavior of measures of consensus: expected prices are characterized by the highest degree of consensus among respondents, and expected production and orders – by the lowest degree of consensus. We also find linkages between the degree of consensus and degree of optimism among respondents as measured by the balance statistic for prices, employment, and general business conditions.
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