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EN
The article presents the evolution of car crime. It discusses the causes and conditions of vehicle theft. It also presents an aspect of the professionalisation of criminals, which was infl uenced by the emergence of modern anti-theft systems. It has also resulted in the creation of groups, among which individuals are engaged in a specifi c task involving planning, taking the vehicle, and then its legalisation and sale. The paper also discusses the issues of counteracting car crime, including the importance of international cooperation of police services and cooperation of vehicle manufacturers, which helps to prevent such criminal acts.
EN
The article discusses motor vehicle theft and legalisation. Despite modern methods of securing this kind of property, such offences are still committed by criminals. This type of crime is determined by the large and fast fi nancial profi ts, which criminals make not only from selling such cars, but also from ransoms obtained from the owners for returning the stolen vehicles. Criminal groups are also interested in vehicles carrying cargoes that are sold by the group or become objects of ransom obtained from owners. In the article, the author presents methods and techniques of stealing vehicles used by thieves in recent times. Moreover, the structure of criminal groups and the individual roles of their members are discussed. Furthermore, methods of legalising vehicles through previously stolen or counterfeited documents are presented, thanks to which buyers and public authorities are not able to get an idea of the practice. In most cases, the sale of properly prepared vehicles and documents is carried out under the pressure of time and attractive prices. In the last part of the article, the author presents the issue of obtaining compensation for stolen vehicles. This type of criminal activity is also a source of income for groups dealing with car theft.
EN
Electronic anti-theft security systems have been installed in cars for more than 20 years. Despite technological development and ever newer anti-theft car security devices, criminals continue their efforts to defeat all kinds of obstacles with the intention to unlawfully take possession of property. If they want to steal modern cars, thieves must demonstrate profi- ciency in electronics rather than mechanics, for unlocking and starting motor vehicles is today controlled by electronic systems. This paper presents the main methods of car theft, as well as measures to prevent it. Further in this paper, the author presents how thieves exploit rules of law and discusses a de lege ferenda proposal to improve Article 289 of the Penal Code by clarifying the length of time for which property may be possessed by an unauthorised person for that act to be considered as property taking and not a theft or burglary.
Nowa Krytyka
|
2015
|
vol. 35
209-229
EN
The aim of this paper is to analyze private automobilism in capitalist system from the Marxist perspective. Author starts with Paul Virilio thought on speed and politics, issues of the mobility and social and political control. Then article is focused on Erich Fromm’s, thinker from the Frankfurt School, criticism of private owned cars. Next part is devoted to the social and cultural significance of the car-first transportation in the United States. Paper ends with alternative point of view on the automobilism, delivered by punk rock artist, known as Jello Biafra. In conclusion, there is an attempt to outline socialist option on motorization.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza podatkowa skutków stosowania leasingu operacyjnego osobowego środka transportu, wykorzystywanego w działalności gospodarczej, w kontekście zmian podatkowych obowiązujących od początku 2019 roku. Można też postawić tezę, że przytoczone zmiany podatkowe znacząco ograniczają atrakcyjność nabywania samochodów osobowych przez przedsiębiorców w formie leasingu operacyjnego. Aby osiągnąć założony cel oraz udowodnić tezę, w pierwszej kolejności przedstawiono rodzaje limitów w zaliczaniu do kosztów uzyskania przychodu wydatków związanych z nabyciem oraz eksploatacją samochodów osobowych. Następnie zaprezentowano sposób ustalenia wysokości limitów podatkowych dla różnych podatników. Na koniec poddano analizie podatkowej nabycie środka transportu o odmiennej wartości. Podstawową metodę badawczą stanowi analiza porównawcza aktów prawnych. Skorzystano przy tym zarówno z metody indukcji, jak i dedukcji.
EN
The purpose of this article is tax analysis of operating lease of passenger car used in business activities in the context of tax changes from the beginning of 2019. It can also be said that tax changes significantly limit the attractiveness of purchasing of passenger cars by entrepreneurs in the form of operating lease. In order to achieve the assumed goal and prove the thesis, the types of tax limits will be presented first. Next, the method of determining the tax limits for various taxpayers will be presented. At the end, the purchase of a passanger car of a different value will be analyzed. The basic research method is a comparative analysis of legal acts. The method of induction as well as deduction is used.
EN
Nomadism in postmodern stands as a principle of diffusion, allocation of bodies on social plane, implying a disruption with any fixedness: with Homeland, Home, family, identity. This principle is based on the constant movement, changes of the body. The following strategy forms a special chronotopy: space is constructed rhysomically (astructurally, acentered with equality of all possible directions of movement), and time is read a a cyclic present or as deplyment of past-future (Chronos and Eon in the concept of G. Deleuze). With transition to postmodern not only a man became a carrier of nomadic features, but also the bodies of an objective world became nomadic. Miniaturization of objects , which is accompanied by their intellectual filling, allows them to not only dive in an act of movement, but also incite movememnt and form space for realization of their own movement. A car, which in modern performed the function of subjugation of space with speed, in postmodern changed its functionality to comfort, and seriously influenced the formation of the map of the city. In this article a phenomenon of autonomadism is explored (embodiment of nomadism as a social strategy of mobility) through automobilization of society. Theoretical basis of the study is nomadological project of Deleuze – Guattari and concept of paradygm of mobility J. Urry. Among indicators which allow to talk about autonomadism are chronotopical metamorphosis in the reading of ambient landscape of motorists and the loss of identity, which led to the occurence of a hybrid “driver – car”. The following study showed that in postmodern Russian cities – metropolis a quiescence is seen as deviation and is socially excluded, spaces of quiet ar colonized by cars, sedentary places are exiled from the city or demand high economical expenses, which makes the settled way of life unprofitable.
EN
In present day families a car fulfills utilitarian functions: it enables them to get to work, to drive children to school, to go on holiday, etc. However, the car has long ceased to be perceived, if ever ascribed to this function, as an object serving an efficient moving from “point A to point B.” The car has several symbolic meanings: the car may be a symbol of the economic status, a symbol of power, a reflection of one’s lifestyle, and so on. The aim of this article is to characterize the symbolic meanings of the car, its practical applications, as well as other functions of the car in the present day family. My theoretical considerations are primarily conducted in reference to the literature on sociology/anthropology of objects, sociology of the family as well as cultural gender studies. The article also presents results of the analysis of the content as well as the semiological analysis of advertisements of SUVs placed in official webpages of motor car concerns in Poland in 2014.
PL
We współczesnych rodzinach auto pełni funkcje utylitarne – umożliwia dotarcie do pracy, odwiezienie dziecka do szkoły, wyjazd na wakacje et cetera. Jednakże samochód dawno przestał być postrzegany, jeśli kiedykolwiek jedynie tę funkcję mu przypisywano, jako przedmiot służący do sprawnego przemieszczania się z „punktu A” do „punktu B”. Samochód posiada wiele znaczeń symbolicznych – może być symbolem statusu ekonomicznego, symbolem władzy, odzwierciedleniem stylu życia i tak dalej. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest scharakteryzowanie znaczeń symbolicznych samochodu, zastosowań praktycznych, a także innych funkcji auta we współczesnej rodzinie. Rozważania teoretyczne prowadzone są głównie w odwołaniu do literatury z zakresu socjologii/antropologii przedmiotów, socjologii rodziny oraz antropologii codzienności. W artykule zaprezentowane zostały także wyniki analizy zawartości oraz analizy semiologicznej reklam SUV-ów zamieszczonych na oficjalnych stronach internetowych koncernów samochodowych w Polsce w 2014 roku.
PL
Przedmiotem badań autorki było 5 mechanizmów językowo-semantycznych i kulturowych wykorzystywanych do impresji, czyli pierwszego wrażenia, w reklamach samochodu. Autorka ustaliła, że te zabiegi impresyjne to: nagłówki, nietypowe gatunki mowy, umieszczanie produktu w bardzo korzystnym otoczeniu kulturowym, gromadzenie (kumulowanie) wypowiedzeń waloryzujących i reklama negatywna.
EN
The author has studied five linguistic-semantic and cultural mechanisms used for the first impression in advertising cars. She has found that these measures aiming at making an impression include: headlines, untypical speech genres, placing the product in a very favorable cultural environment, cumulating valuing utterances and negative advertising.
EN
The car is a popular prop used in the cinema to create film reality. On the screen it functions not only as a physical object, an element of the depicted world, but also as a representation, imagination, myth. The aim of the article is to analyze various ways of using a car (the Dodge Charger, considered an icon of the automotive industry, the most popular American muscle car) as a film prop in a Hollywood cinema, a description of its various functions, meanings and meanings assigned to it – literal and symbolic.
PL
Artykuł stanowi przypomnienie innowatorów i wynalazców, którzy przegrali walkę z wielkimi korporacjami. Autor skupia się na dwóch takich przypadkach: Edwinie Howardzie Armstrongu – wynalazcy superheterodyny i odkrywcy możliwości nadawania programów radiowych na falach FM, oraz Prestonie Thomasie Tuckerze – konstruktorze nowatorskiego samochodu, o którym Francis Ford Coppola zrobił film Tucker – konstruktor marzeń (1988). Podobny los spotkał też Barthélemy’ego Thimonniera – wynalazcę maszyny do szycia, a nawet kilku pionierów kina, którzy nie zdążyli w porę opatentować swoich wynalazków, m.in. Louis Aimé Augustina Le Prince’a.
EN
The article is a recollection of e few innovators and inventors who have lost their wars with powerful corporations. The author focuses on two cases like this: one of Edwin Howard Armstrong, the inventor of superheterodyne and discoverer of a possibility of broadcasting radio programs on FM radio waves, the other of Preston Thomas Tucker, the constructor of innovative car about whom Francis Ford Coppola made a film Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988). Many other visionaries of the past suffer a similar fate. One of them was Barthélemy Thimonnier, the inventor of the sewing machine, not to mention a few pioneers of cinema who did not secure their patents on time, e.g. Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince.
EN
The article analyzes the Jewish question in the modernization policy of the Tsarist government in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The author is convinced that the Jewish question (the question of Jewish equality) was a topical issue at all three stages of the modernization policy. Thus, if in the period of the Great Reforms the Jewish question was considered through the prism of the political loyalty of the Jews to the autocratic regime of Alexander II, who was inclined to grant them equality, then in the second and third stages (1881-1911) the problem of Russian Jews was exacerbated by the rise of state anti-Semitism, which was an integral part of the ideology of imperial nationalism. Some attempts to solve the Jewish question were made at the beginning of the 20th century in the policies of V. K. Pleve, V. N. Kokovtsev, S. J. Witte, and P. A. Stolypin. However, against the background of the contradiction of the tsarist state policy towards the Jewish question in general and in the modernization period in particular, the hopes of Russian Jews for emancipation disappeared. Conclusions were drawn that the modernization policy was essentially inorganic, which could not fail to be reflected in ideological and political approaches to the Jewish question. Despite some concessions, such as granting equal rights to Jews in the Kingdom of Poland in 1862, to Russian Jews the right to vote in 1905-1907, and attempts to abolish quota system for Jewish academicians in 1907-1908, the government did not dare to abolish the institution of the Jewish settlement zone, which was essentially a form of medieval ghetto. The policy of state anti-Semitism was not only a result of the Romanovs' strengthening of tsarist patriotism and religious mysticism, but also a reaction of the autocracy to the noticeable political and revolutionary activities of the Jews. According to the author, the autocracy of the last Romanovs proved to be hostage to its own modernization policy. The country was preparing for deep revolutionary changes, in which the Jewish question played an important role.
PL
Artykuł analizuje kwestię żydowską w polityce modernizacyjnej rządu carskiego w drugiej połowie XIX – początku XX wieku. Autor jest przekonany, że kwestia żydowska (kwestia równości Żydów) była tematem aktualnym na wszystkich trzech etapach polityki modernizacyjnej. Jeśli więc w okresie wielkich reform kwestia żydowska była rozpatrywana przez pryzmat politycznej lojalności Żydów wobec autokratycznego reżimu Aleksandra II, który skłaniał się do równouprawnienia, to w drugim i trzecim etapie (1881-1911 r.) problem rosyjskich Żydów został zaostrzony przez wzrost państwowego antysemityzmu, będącego integralną częścią ideologii imperialnego nacjonalizmu. Pewne próby rozwiązania kwestii żydowskiej podjęto na początku XX wieku w polityce V.K. Pleve, V.N. Kokovtseva, S.J. Witte i P.A. Stolypina. Jednak na tle sprzeczności polityki państwa carskiego wobec kwestii żydowskiej w ogóle, a w okresie modernizacji zwłaszcza, zniknęły nadzieje emancypacyjne Żydów rosyjskich. Wyciągnięto z tego wnioski, że polityka modernizacyjna ma charakter zasadniczo nieorganiczny, co nie mogło nie mieć odzwierciedlenia w ideologicznym i politycznym podejściu do kwestii żydowskiej. Mimo pewnych ustępstw, takich jak równouprawnienie Żydów w Królestwie Polskim w 1862 r., prawo wyborcze Żydów rosyjskich w latach 1905-1907 oraz próby zniesienia systemu kwot dla żydowskich akademików w latach 1907-1908, rząd nie odważył się zlikwidować instytucji strefy osadnictwa żydowskiego, która była zasadniczo formą średniowiecznego getta. Polityka państwowego antysemityzmu była nie tylko wynikiem umacniania się przez Romanowów carskiego patriotyzmu i mistycyzmu religijnego, lecz także reakcją autokracji na zauważalną działalność polityczną i rewolucyjną Żydów. Według autora autokracja ostatnich Romanowów okazała się zakładnikiem własnej polityki modernizacyjnej. Kraj przygotowywał się do głębokich zmian rewolucyjnych, w których kwestia żydowska odgrywała ważną rolę.
EN
Among documents which were sent by General Consulate of France in Warsaw to Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Paris, on the turn of the 19th century, we can find report about priesthood. It bears a date 15 December 1905 y. and his author is Consul General, Georges Bosseront d’Anglade, and addressee, minister of Foreign Affairs in France, Maurice Rouvier. We can find the way of understanding events which have place in NearVistula Country by French diplomatic service, to lay emphasis on engaging of catholic priesthood in them. The country was under influence of revolutionary ferment, which rose from Marxism. Priests of the Catholic Church in Poland stand on the side of arising national movement against revolutionist socialism. The last, mentioned, had not pellucid views neither on the Church nor on the status of Poland on the territory of Polish Kingdom. Means of expression were processions with national and religious emblems and assembly of priesthood in Warsaw in December 1905y. Report stress high clergy presence during very important events for the future of na-tion and life of the Church on territories annexed by the Russia. Report shows that Wincenty Popiel, Warsaw metropolitan, kept distance in relation to priesthood’s growing enthusiasm towards national environment. Calling, Lublin Bishop Jaczewski, non citing in document, lets remember him in 100 anniversary of his death (died 23 VII 1914). Report, provides a background for better understanding of his bishop’s service, by laying particular stress on historical turning-point of 1905 y.
EN
The article concerns the motif of the vehicle as an important element of post-apocalyptic world. Some post-apocalyptic films show visions of humanity after the catastrophe using the image of the car which not only constitutes the element of space, but often influences the motivation or performs a symbolic function. Visual aspect of post-apo cars, lack of traditional destinations and almost compulsive using of vehicles by the protagonist and antagonist in such films like Mad Max series (directed by George Miller), Hell (directed by Tim Fehlbaum), Downstream (directed by Simone Bartesaghi), Damnation Alley (directed by Jack Smight), The Book of Eli (directed by Albert and Allen Hughes) seem to be really important for the vision of future (and contemporary) humanity.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest motywy samochodu jako ważnego elementu świata przedstawionego w niektórych wizjach postapokaliptycznych. Filmowe przedstawienia ludzkiej społeczności po katastrofie często posługują się tym motywem, który nie tylko stanowi element przestrzeni, ale często jest włączony w akcję, wpływa na motywacje czy wreszcie pełni w nich funkcję symboliczną. Dzieje się tak w omawianych w artykule filmach postapokaliptycznych: seria Mad Max (reż. George Miller), Hell (reż. Tim Fehlbaum), Downstreem (reż. Simone Bartesaghi), Damnation Alley (reż. Jack Smigh), The Book of Eli (reż. Albert i Allan Hughes). Artykuł prezentuje analizę obrazu samochodu w filmach postapokaliptycznych (jego wyglądu zewnętrznego, użyteczności), celów podróży podejmowanych przez bohaterów oraz specyficznego związku między samochodami a ludźmi.
EN
On many objects connected with Alexander I and his reign as the ruler of Polish Kingdom, on jewelry objects, medals ceramics, drawings etc., remained panegyric mottos and sentences glorifying him, and expressing admiration for his achievements as the „reviver” of Poland, giver of peace and freedom, expressing sorrow after his death. The available written sources commemorate laudations to his honor, declarations of loyalty, submissiveness and full surrender brought to his throne. They seem to paint a different picture of reality in the Polish Kingdom, unlike the one brought by the Polish collective memory of partition period, reminding the trauma of society and culture annihilation under tsar’s rule. We are not certain whether the praising texts of the Polish subjects of the tsar, preached in his honor, are sincere or only declarative, but the fact that they were created in the times of enslavement is worth investigating and reflecting upon.
PL
Na wielu przedmiotach związanych z Aleksandrem I i jego panowaniem jako władcy Królestwa Polskiego, na przedmiotach jubilerskich, medalach, ceramice, rycinach etc., przetrwały panegiryczne sentencje, motta, dewizy gloryfikujące jego osobę, wyrażające podziw dla jego dokonań jako „wskrzesiciela” Polski, dawcy pokoju i wolności, wyrażające żal po jego śmierci. W źródłach pisanych zachowały się wygłaszane na jego cześć laudacje, zanoszone przed tron deklaracje lojalności, uległości i pełnego poddania. Zdają się one budować odmienny obraz rzeczywistości Królestwa Polskiego, inny niż ten, jaki dla okresu zaborów niesie pamięć zbiorowa Polaków przypominająca o traumie anihilacji społeczeństwa i kultury pod carskim panowaniem. Nie mamy pewności, czy pochwalne teksty polskich poddanych cara głoszone na jego cześć są szczere czy jedynie deklaratywne, jednak fakt ich powstania w czasach niewoli wart jest bliższego poznania i refleksji.
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