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Grounds for Private Enforcement of Albanian Competition Law

100%
Nazifi E., Petrina B.
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
|
2016
|
vol. 9(13)
61-76
EN
Infringements of competition law can cause serious harm to both consumers and undertakings. Aside from the development of public enforcement of competition law, much focus has been placed in recent years in the European Union on private competition law enforcement. Lawsuits raised by undertakings that sustained damages from anti-competitive practice concerning the compensation of such damages have historically not been widespread in Europe. No such cases have been recorded in Albania at all yet, despite the fact that its competition protection legislation has provided this possibility since 1995. The main causes of the lack of private competition law enforcement in Albania include the absence of judicial practice and doctrinal approaches in this area. Relevant here is also the inability of Albanian businesses and consumers to react to competition protection cases as they still lack competition law knowledge and as a result of the absence of an appropriate legal framework for class actions. The scope of this article is to analyze the current situation of private competition law enforcement in Albania. The paper emphasizes the current legal framework including existing obstacles to private competition law enforcement and improvements that should be introduced in the context of its competition law, the law of civil procedures and the law of obligations.
FR
Les violations du droit de la concurrence peuvent causer un préjudice grave aux consommateurs et aux entreprises. À part du développement de l'application publique du droit de la concurrence, beaucoup d’attention a été consacrée les dernières années à l’application privée du droit de la concurrence dans l’Union européenne. Néanmoins, les actions en indemnisation introduites par les entreprises qui ont subi des dommages résultant de la violation du droit de la concurrence n’étaient pas trop répandues en Europe. Malgré le fait que depuis 1995 la loi albanaise sur la protection de la concurrence prévoit la possibilité d’introduire les actions en indemnisation par les entreprises qui ont subi des dommages resultant de la violation du droit de la concurrence, aucune de ces actions n’était pas été introduite en Albanie jusqu’à présent. Les raisons principales du non-développement de l’exécution privée du droit de la concurrence en Albanie sont : l’absence de la pratique judiciaire et l’absence de la doctrine juridique dans ce domaine. il faut aussi mentionner sur ce point l'incapacité des entreprises et des consommateurs albanais de répondre aux actions privées ce qui résulte du manque de connaissances en droit de la concurrence et l'absence d'un cadre juridique approprié pour les actions collectives. Le but de cet article est d’analyser l’état actuel de l’exécution privée du droit de la concurrence en Albanie. L’article met l’accent sur le cadre juridique actuel, y compris les obstacles à l’exécution privée du droit de la concurrence, et propose les améliorations qui devraient être introduites dans le droit de la concurrence, dans la procédure civile et dans le droit des obligations afin de changer cette situation.
2

Jeszcze o propozycji zakotwiczenia w kodeksie karnym kryteriów obiektywnego przypisania skutku

86%
Dębski R.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2017
|
vol. 43
63-81
EN
Polish jurists writing about criminal law as well as the case-law of the Supreme Court clearly display a growing acceptance of objective effect attribution. In German scholarship this theory has an extensive literature and fairly long history going back to the 1930s (R. v. Honig). It owes its subsequent development to C. Roxin as well as numerous authors of German-language studies. In the Polish literature interest in the premises of the so-called Zurechnungslehre began much later, but it now has a substantial group of supporters. Some of them, however, including Prof T. Kaczmarek, oppose the proposal by the Criminal Law Codification Commission to introduce into the Criminal Code regulations indicating the need to apply the criteria of objective attribution of effect when determining whether a prohibited act is an act with criminal consequences. These authors point out that the catalogue of normative grounds for effect attribution is still debatable and the explanation of the criteria of objective effect attribution should better be left to jurists and case-law. Indeed, the German literature is far from any uniformity in the catalogue of criteria of objective effect attribution, with some authors rejecting objective attribution and looking for other concepts. This does not mean that these authors question the need to apply normative criteria when determining the causation of effect described in criminal law. However, the situation is different when it comes to Polish jurists and case-law. Opponents of objective effect attribution often highlight the advantages of applying the “simple” and “reliable” theory of equivalence of conditions and assume that the scope of necessary conditions may then be limited by the principle of guilt. Such a stance does not only denote a rejection of the assumption of objective eff ect attribution. It also fails to include conclusions stemming from other important concepts from the history of criminal law (e.g. From studies conducted by K. Engisch or H. Welzl). At the same time it denotes a challenge to the findings from the now commonly accepted theory of norms and leads to a situation in which a court verdict sends a wrong message about the legal opinion on (the wrongfulness) of the analysed act. It would, therefore, seem useful to include in the Criminal Code a regulation which, without specifying in detail the various criteria of objective effect attribution, would point to the need to carry out a normative selection of causal links. Such a role could be played by a concise norm drawing on the so-called basic formula of objective attribution, a norm well-known to jurists.
3
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Problematika využití teorie ztráty šancí

72%
Doležal T., Doležal A.
Časopis zdravotnického práva a bioetiky (Journal of Medical Law and Bioethics)
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2017
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vol. 7
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issue 1
44-55
EN
The concept of loss of a chance is mentioned in the cases of unclear causation where the traditional approach „All or Nothing“ provides unsatisfactory results. In this article we discuss whether the loss of a chance as such can be a harm giving rise to a liability and under which circumstances the loss of a chance presents recoverable damage. Further we analyse the problems of the loss of a chance doctrine in connection with relevant provisions of the new Civil Code.
CS
Teorie ztráty šancí (příležitosti) byla diskutována v mnoha zemích v situacích nejasné příčinné souvislosti, kdy stávající systém v oblasti prokazování kauzálního nexu, založený na principu „vše nebo nic“ nevede k uspokojivým výsledkům. Samotná teorie ztráty šancí však přináší řadu dalších problémů v oblastech kvalifikace a kvantifikace újmy i v oblasti protiprávnosti. Tyto problémy jsou pak v článku podrobněji analyzovány a je poukázáno na jejich úskalí v souvislosti s úpravou odpovědnosti za újmu v OZ.
4
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How to Facilitate Damage Claims? Private Enforcement of Competition Rules in Croatia – Domestic and EU Law Perspective

58%
Pecotić Kaufman J.
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
|
2012
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vol. 5(7)
13-54
EN
Ever since the Croatian Competition Agency started functioning in 1997, public enforcement of competition law has been the norm. Civil actions for breaches of competition law have been the exception in Croatia. The existing legislation in the area of competition law makes no effort to incentivise private enforcement. There are no specific rules in the Competition Act 2009 dedicated to civil actions, except a single provision that assigns jurisdiction over damages claims to commercial courts. General tort law is applicable in order to prove damages. A number of issues arise here mostly due to the complexity of competition cases. These issues were described in the European Commission’s White Paper on Damages Actions for Breach of EC Antitrust Rules (2008). The level of uncertainty as regards the outcome of the claim is high. It seems that special rules need to be adopted in Croatia in order to improve the position of the injured side. The paper deals with a number of procedural and substantive law issues relevant to the facilitation of civil proceedings for antitrust damages. A domestic law perspective is applied taking into account recent developments in EU competition law and policy.
FR
Depuis 1997 quand l'Agence croate de la concurrence a commencé à fonctionner, l'exécution publique de droit de la concurrence a constitué la norme. Les actions civiles pour violation du droit de la concurrence ont été une exception en Croatie. La législation en vigueur dans le domaine du droit de la concurrence ne succite pas l’exécution par des particuliers. Il n'y a pas de règles spécifiques dans la Loi sur la concurrence de 2009 consacrées aux actions civiles, à l'exception d'une seule disposition qui attribue la compétence à l'égard des demandes d'indemnisation aux tribunaux commerciaux. La responsabilité délictuelle générale est applicable afin de prouver les dommages. Un certain nombre de questions se posent ici principalement en raison de la complexité des affaires de concurrence. Ils ont été décrits dans le Livre blanc sur les actions en dommages et intérêts pour infraction aux règles communautaires sur les ententes et les abus de position dominante (2008). Le niveau d'incertitude quant à l'issue de la demande est élevé. Il semble que des règles spéciales doivent être adoptées en Croatie afin d'améliorer la position de la partie lésée. Le document traite sur un certain nombre de questions de droit procédural et droit de fond relatives à la facilitation des procédures civiles en ce qui concerne les dommages suite à des violations du droit de la concurrence. Le point de vue du droit interne est appliqué en tenant compte des développements récents en droit et politique de la concurrence.
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