Search results

1

Proto-Humean Strains in Leibniz’s Analysis of Causal Relation

100%

Palkoska J.

Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

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2012

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vol. 26

141-159

EN

My aim in the present paper is to challenge an established doctrine according to which Leibniz conceives of causation – in sharp contrast to Hume – in terms of a sort of the so-called hypothetical necessity, to the effect that causation involves a hypothetical necessitation a parte rei explicable in terms of purely conceptual connections. I argue that as far as one can tell from the direct textual evidence, Leibniz's concept of causation can be interpreted as coming surprisingly close to an essentially Humean view according to which far from implying any necessities a parte rei, conceptual connections impose necessity only on our thought while in reality causation involves only regularities in the conjunction of contiguous objects. Then I try to reconcile this claim with the well-documented fact that within the larger framework of Leibniz's theory of truth and his principle of suffi cient reason, Leibniz was indeed committed to a 'necessitarian' position – in the sense that every item in the actual world is, after all, a matter of hypothetical necessity in rebus (or nearly so) – and that he was prepared to integrate causes into this larger picture. My point will be that the apparent confl ict between these two views is due to our failure to distinguish the analytic task concerning causation from various explanatory tasks in which causation is involved.

2

Causality and inference in economics: An unended quest

100%

Maziarz M.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2017

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vol. 20

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issue 5

67-81

EN

The aim of this article is to point to the unsolved research problems connected to causation in the philosophy of economics. First, the paper defines causation and discusses two notable approaches, i.e. the realist theory of causation and the instrumentalist theory of causation. Second, it offers a review the current research activity focusing on the problem of causation in economics. Third, it discusses several case studies. On the grounds of comparison of the research practice of economists and the current issues undertaken by the philosophers of economics, the paper concludes that there is a gap between the research practice and the normative methodological analyses and indicate the research questions that need to be addressed.

3

SEARCHING FOR A NEW RATIONALE FOR COMPENSATING LOSS OF A CHANCE IN POLISH TORT LAW. LESSONS TO BE LEARNED FROM ENGLAND AND WALES

100%

Sitnik P.

Review of European and Comparative Law

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2017

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vol. 30

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issue 3

7-27

PL

The question of compensation of loss of a chance is relatively rarely debated in the Polish doctrine of the law of tort. One reason for such a state of affairs may be the virtually unanimous opinion of both courts and academic comment-ators with regard to the permissibility of granting damages for loss of a chance of obtaining a benefit – loss of a chance, traditionally defined as potential harm, does not give rise to damages and falls beyond the scope of Article 361 § 2 of the Polish Civil Code. The paper attempts to show, by reference to the latest experiences of common law jurisdictions, that there exist rational bases for an extension of the notion of harm so that it encompasses loss of a chance where a potential acquisition of a benefit is contingent upon an action of a third party or force majeure, on which the victim has no bearing, subject to the caveat that the victim put an effort into generating the chance in question. In the course of the analysis an attempt will be made to demonstrate, with reference to a selec-tion of factual scenarios considered by Polish courts, that it would be possible to achieve fairer results (whilst avoiding placing unfair compensatory burdens upon the other party) to recognize liability for loss of a chance where the victim put a significant effort into making the chance viable, material, and where, based on ordinary life experience, materialization of such a chance may be considered a natural course of events.

4

Do All Roads Lead to Rome? The Effect of the Decision-Making Logic on Business Model Change

88%

Torkkeli L., Salojärvi H., Sainio L.-M., Saarenketo S.

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation

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2015

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vol. 11

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issue 3

5-24

EN

Business models and business model change have drawn increasing attention from both researchers and practitioners across various disciplines, including the domain of entrepreneurship. However, even though the importance of business model innovation as a driver of firm performance has been widely acknowledged, empirical studies explaining the business model change remain limited. This study contributes to prior research by examining the effects of effectual and causation-based decisionmaking logics on the degree of business model change in the context of small and medium-sized enterprises in Finland. The findings of hierarchical regression analysis show that both causation and effectuation-based logics have positive effects on business model change, thereby highlighting the need for both strategizing and seizing of opportunities in business model development.

5

How To Get Rid of Closure

75%

Grygianiec M.

Diametros

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2016

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issue 48

1-17

EN

Sophie Gibb has recently invented a very interesting strategy against Kim’s causal exclusion argument. This strategy adopts the powers theory of causation and an interpretation of mental causation in terms of double prevention. Gibb’s strategy results both in invalidating the principle of the causal closure of the physical domain in most of its formulations and in disarming the argument in question. In my paper, I present a general procedure for the opponents of reductive physicalism which enables them to grapple successfully with the mentioned principle. I also argue that although it could be possible to adopt Gibb’s strategy as a part of this procedure, there is a simpler one to obtain a similar outcome. This strategy is mainly based on Uwe Meixner’s causal argument against physicalism and it leads to the conclusion that if one accepts the principle of sufficient cause (i.e. the principle of sufficient reason in its causal variant), then one should reject the principle of causal closure in the light of some empirical data. This alternative proposal is more attractive than Gibb’s solution, since it is independent of any conception of causation, does not make any distinction between causal relevance and causal efficacy, and does not refer to the notion of double prevention.

6

Can Causal Chains Extend Back Infinitely? Entailment, Determinism, and a Cosmological Argument

75%

Dumsday T.

Forum Philosophicum

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2014

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vol. 19

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issue 2

193–208

EN

I develop a new argument to the effect that past causal chains cannot extend back infinitely, but must instead terminate in a first uncaused cause (or causes). It has the advantage of sidestepping a historically prominent objection to cosmological arguments of this general type, one leveled by Aquinas and various other Scholastics.

7

Causation in different scientific disciplines: A comparison of standards in occupational medicine and particle physics

75%

Dale J. R.

Medycyna Pracy

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2023

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vol. 74

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issue 4

333-339

EN

Occupational medical research involves the collection and analysis of data to draw conclusions about the causes and prevention of workplace injuries and diseases. However, there has been criticism that some studies lack rigour in determining causation. This article examines the similarities and differences between occupational medical research and particle physics in terms of their approach to hypothesis testing, statistical methods, and confounder control. The article also explores the use of criteria such as the Bradford Hill criteria to determine causation in occupational medical research. While particle physics is often viewed as a highly rigorous science, occupational medical research also employs rigorous scientific methods to ensure findings are accurate and reliable. However, there is room for improvement in determining causation in occupational medical research, particularly in the use of criteria such as the Bradford Hill criteria to guide the development of more robust studies. It is essential for occupational medical research to adhere to rigorous scientific methods to deliver findings that can help reduce workplace injuries and diseases. The use of criteria such as the Bradford Hill criteria can ensure that the conclusions drawn.

8

Przyczynowość w ekonomii. Najnowsze badania i nierozwiązane problemy

75%

Maziarz M.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2017

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vol. 20

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issue 1

63-81

EN

The main aim of my article is indicating the unsolved research problems connected to causation in the area of the philosophy of economics. First, I briefly define causation and discuss two most notable approaches, i.e. the realist theory of causation and the instrumentalist theory of causation. Second, I review the most recent researches focused on the problem of causation in economics. Third, I discuss a number of case studies. On the grounds of comparison of the research practice of economists and the current issues undertaken by the philosophers of economics, I conclude that there is a gap between the research practice and the normative methodological analyses and indicate the research questions that need to be answered.

PL

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9

Superweniencja psychofizyczna

71%

Kurek Ł.

Semina Scientiarum

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2011

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vol. 10

EN

The aim of this article is two-fold. First, a critical presentation of the concept of supervenience is carried out. In this context, three basic types of supervenience are presented: weak, strong, and global. It is argued that the most useful types of supervenience are its strong, and global versions. Second, a broader analysis of the usefulness of supervenience is undertaken. It is argued that it is a very „flexible” concept, which allows for a variety of different solutions to the philosophical issue of the mind. However, the aforementioned flexibility can be limited by additional philosophical assumptions. Moreover, supervenience allows to augment traditional philosophical investigations concerning the mind with results of empirical findings of such sciences as psychology, or neuroscience. In this context it is argued that supervenience is a „third way” in the philosophical study of the mind.

10

Principles of European Tort Law (PETL) and Their Impact on Approximation of Ukrainian Tort Law to European Standards

63%

Otradnova O.

Studia Iuridica

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2017

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vol. 71

159-168

EN

Ukraine has chosen its way of development towards Europe, European values and respect for human dignity and human rights. The signing of the Association Agreement in 2014 obliged Ukraine to harmonize its legislation in priority spheres of life with the legislation of the European Union. But legislative approximation should touch not only upon the fields of public law, but private law too and, in particular, tort law. The main problem of tort law approximation is that there are no joint tort rules in the EU. All attempts to harmonize tort law stopped at the creation of acts of “soft law” – general non-binding rules and principles. One of the most significant examples is the PETL – the Principles of European Tort Law. The PETL show a modern understanding of torts, spell out the conditions of tort liability, as well as other relevant requirements. Ukrainian rules of tort law do provide protection of a victim’s violated rights, however some recommendations of the PETL, such as provisions governing the conditions of tort liability, the understanding of causation and fault should be taken into account when Ukrainian tort law is modernised.

11

Proof of Causation in Tort Cases

63%

Karnaukh B.

Studia Iuridica

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2019

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vol. 82

149-160

EN

The article addresses the problem of uncertainty over causation in tort cases. It reveals the interconnection between burden of proof and standard of proof. The author provides a comparative overview of approaches to standard of proof in common law and civil law systems. It is argued that while in common law there are two different standards viz: beyond-reasonable-doubt-standard for criminal cases and balanceof-probabilities standard for civil cases in civil law system there is only one standard applicable both to criminal and civil cases. With comparative analysis in the background the article also reveals the peculiarities of Ukrainian law in the respect of the issue raised. The problem is approached in a pragmatic manner: using a hypothetical case the author models practical outcomes entailed by each of the approaches being applied to the case. Eventually the conclusion is made that there are four ways of coping with uncertainty over causation: (1) to reverse the burden of proof; (2) to calibrate the standard of proof for certain cases; (3) to recognize the very creation of the abnormal risk as a compensable damage; and (4) to multiply damage plaintiff sustained by the probability factor indicating the likelihood of the damage being actually caused by the defendant.

12

Planowanie czy spontaniczność – jakich kompetencji potrzebuje współczesny przedsiębiorca?

63%

Tomczak M. T., Stankiewicz K., Krawczyk-Bryłka B., Ziemiański P.

Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi

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2019

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issue 2(127) „ZZL w kontekście wyzwań współczesnego rynku pracy, nowych modeli biznesowych i zarządzania publicznego”

27-41

EN

Planning or Spontaneity: What Competencies Does Today’s Entrepreneur Need?

13

Účelové příčiny a kauzální působení z budoucnosti

63%

Palkoska J.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2014

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vol. 62

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issue 5

693-709

EN

My aim is to assess an argument against final causation being an irreducible metaphysical category. The argument in question is based upon the supposition that for anything to count as a cause, it must exist at the very moment of executing its causal action, which requirement can supposedly never be met by anything rightly pretending to be called a final cause. I argue that this argument is far from conclusive as there seem to be ways of blocking it - namely through adopting either a version of the eternalist ontology of temporal dimensions, or else a version of the possibilist ontology, each combined with either a version of the "Humean" approach to analysis of causal relations, or else with a version of the realist approach to causation.

14

Upływający czas archeologii

63%

Kiarysz G.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2013

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vol. 61

15-31

EN

Time in archaeology, likewise in the other sciences interested in the study of the past, is most often identified with linear and consecutive occurrence of physical phenomena. In this context the present becomes the last actual link of the chain of events that originates from the past. From that perspective cause always chronologically precedes result, creating a relationship that is considered to be empirical and observable. This assumption is crucial for making the past rational, logical and possible to understand for modern man. It is hard to imagine different conceptualisations of time than the one described above. Yet we are aware that some traditional societies use other concepts of time than our own. Time seldom is a subject for meta-archaeological considerations. It is probably because most archaeologists do not see a need to debate something that seems to be obvious, omnipresent and overriding in human culture. In my opinion such circumstances became the foundation of many scientific myths, and are the main reason for incoherence of archaeological time reconstructions. To better understand the way time is constructed by archaeologists we need to first ask what the understanding of time in modern culture is, and try to find its origins. The most common idea of time is the one that teaches us about its triple form. So we speak about past, present and future. Past is everything that already happened. It is behind us and is impossible to be altered. Present changes dynamically until it freezes in stagnation to become part of the past. Future is all the possibilities that are ahead of us. The problem arises when we attempt to draw a clear line between those three concepts. Their limits seem to be faint and impossible to define. That makes us aware that we are dealing with an idea that is far more complex than we tend to imagine. The modern concept of time was created just a few centuries ago. Before that, European society did not realize the depth of time. The past was perceived as “many presents that already happened”. People did not imagine it as consecutive stages different from the reality they existed in. Therefore they understood it through the prism of their own cultural context. There were no different realities in the past that did not occur in their present. That idea has gradually changed since Descartes. Time regarded as a universal and physical factor derives from the interpretation of Newtonian physics. Reality gained its cause and effect relationships, which since then structures the way we think about the world. It became the only concept of time used by the sciences. It is also frequently exploited by archaeologists for the chronological ordering of artefacts. However we are aware that archaeologists do not have an access to past events. They cannot perceive the flow of time in past societies. The only thing they have contact with is materialized and often transformed material results of human acts. Therefore important questions arise: How is archaeological time created? Where do cause and effect relationships in archaeological narratives come from? I will try to use the idea of historical awareness defined by Paul Ricoeur to answer these questions. In his opinion the idea of the past is not only concerned with past events. Its picture is created by present perceptions and future expectations. These play a key role in the way in which we create cause and effect relationships which become the foundation of the structure of past narratives. The result, our idea of the past and its meaning shifts dynamically according to our expectations and social context. It is also essential for the creation of cultural identity. This problem implicates in archaeology the question about the relationship between archaeological sources (artefacts) and the past. They have lost their connection with the past and have become an element of the present context. Therefore we always use modern constructs to interpret them. Archaeologists “observe” time flow because the physical forms of artefacts change. If artefacts do not alter, time stops. If they alter frequently, time starts to move quickly. Chronological ordering requires us to state which stage is older and which one is younger. In archaeology that interpretation is frequently based on the analysis of the technological level of development of certain artefacts. Therefore more sophisticated objects will usually be seen as younger than primitive ones. In that manner of thinking there is no space for cultural regress. Typologies of artefacts created by archaeologists show only progress. Culture can only develop through complications of inner relations. That idea derives from Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. It is also the reason why development of all archaeological cultures is described exactly in the same pattern as life of living organisms. So they all have to go through the stages of birth, growth, maturity, senility and death. That leads us to the conclusion that the picture of the past created by archaeologists is schematic. It says more about theoretical beliefs of certain scientists than about the past itself. Furthermore it restrains the interest of archaeologists to evolutional variations of the physical forms of artefacts, directing their interest towards long-term phenomena from which the perspective of everyday life is impossible to reach. Archaeological narratives are structured by cause and effect relationships, which are used to build the main plot (intrigue) of the text. To explain past phenomena requires us to show its cause, to make it logical. However according to David Hume causation is not empirical but an abstract idea. Therefore we never perceive causation or necessity of occurrence of certain events. We can only see their succession. We tend to erroneously mix these two different things. The causation term appears from our understanding of the world. In fact we define it using available cultural knowledge. Immanuel Kant claimed that chronological succession of observed phenomena is less important than the understanding of the whole mechanism of the process. Archaeologists frequently make the same erroneous assumption. If they deal with consecutive phenomena, quite often they tend to define them as cause and effect without considering that those relics are transformed and incomplete. Cause and effect relationships are the main means used to manipulate the pictures of the past created by archaeologists. I believe that the only chance for archaeology to move away from patterns deriving from positivism is to develop an interest in short-term duration phenomena and shift towards the anthropological approach. Interest in the practice of everyday life of past societies opens new possibilities of interpretation. From that perspective time can be studied as one of the cultural dimensions of the world instead of being a physical phenomenon. In that way cultural time becomes meaning subjected to cultural rules instead of an objective measure.

15

A Deistic Discussion of Murphy and Tracy’s Accounts of God’s Limited Activity in the Natural World

63%

Harper L. R.

Forum Philosophicum

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2013

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vol. 18

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issue 1

93–107

EN

Seemingly, in an attempt to appease both the micro-physicists and the classical theists, Nancey Murphy and Thomas Tracy have each developed accounts of God which allow for Him to act, in an otherwise causally closed natural world, through various micro-processes at the subatomic level. I argue that not only do each of these views skew the accounts of both micro-physics and theism just enough to preclude the appeasement of either group but that both accounts can aptly be classified as, what I term, epistemic deism. I go on to argue that epistemic deism is a weak brand of deism that ultimately provides us with little to no answers to any of serious questions discussed within the philosophy or religion.

16

Dwustronna przyczynowość i rozszerzona synteza ewolucyjna

63%

Buskell A.

Filozoficzne Aspekty Genezy

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2019-2020

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issue 16-17

157-192

EN

Kevin Laland and colleagues have put forward a number of arguments motivating an extended evolutionary synthesis. Here I examine Laland et al.’s central concept of reciprocal causation. Reciprocal causation features in many arguments supporting an expanded evolutionary framework, yet few of these arguments are clearly delineated. Here I clarify the concept and make explicit three arguments in which it features. I identify where skeptics can - and are - pushing back against these arguments, and highlight what I see as the empirical, explanatory, and methodological issues at stake.

PL

Zespół Kevina Lalanda przedstawił liczne argumenty przemawiające za rozszerzoną syntezą ewolucyjną. W tym artykule analizuję kluczową dla tych uczonych koncepcję dwustronnej przyczynowości. Koncepcja ta przywoływana jest w wielu argumentach na rzecz przyjęcia rozszerzonej ewolucjonistycznej ramy pojęciowej, niewielka część tych argumentów jest jednak jasno sprecyzowana. Objaśniam tutaj tę koncepcję i przedstawiam trzy linie argumentacji, w których jest ona wykorzystywana. Wskazuję na to, w których punktach sceptycy mogą podważać - i podważają - te argumenty, jak również zwracam uwagę na główne, w moim przekonaniu, problemy empiryczne, eksplanacyjne i metodologiczne związane z tą koncepcją.

17

Znaczenie i dynamika efektuacji w działaniach zespołów projektowych IT

51%

Krawczyk-Bryłka B.

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie

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2021

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issue 2(992)

79-90

PL

Cel: Celem artykułu jest sprawdzenie, na ile wdrażanie zasad efektuacji jest korzystne dla efektywności zespołów projektowych pracujących nad innowacyjnymi rozwiązaniami i czy wpływa na ich satysfakcję. Metodyka badań: Badania ilościowe zrealizowano w studenckich zespołach projektowych z branży IT, opracowujących rozwiązania na zlecenie interesariuszy zewnętrznych. Do pomiaru zmiennych wykorzystano autorskie kwestionariusze. Przeanalizowano dynamikę modelu działań zespołów na dwóch etapach realizacji projektu. Wyniki badań: Wyniki pokazały małą zmienność modeli podejmowania decyzji w procesie realizacji projektu. Potwierdzono znaczenie integrowania efektuacyjnych i kauzalnych założeń w różnych obszarach funkcjonowania zespołu. Wnioski: Hybrydowy model podejmowania decyzji jest czynnikiem istotnym dla efektywności zespołu. Wkład w rozwój dyscypliny: Analiza efektywności zespołów projektowych w kontekście zasad efektuacji jest zupełnie nowym podejściem w polskiej literaturze przedmiotu.

EN

Objective: To determine how beneficial the implementation of the principles of effectuation is for the effectiveness of project teams and their satisfaction. Research Design & Methods: Quantitative research was carried out on student project teams working in the IT industry, developing solutions at the request of external stakeholders. Proprietary questionnaires were used to measure the variables. The dynamics of the team model was analysed at two stages of project implementation. Findings: Decision-making models used in project implementation do not evolve dynamically. The importance of integrating effect and causal assumptions in various areas of the team’s functioning is confirmed. Implications / Recommendations: The hybrid decision-making model helps boost team effectiveness. Contribution: The analysis of the effectiveness of project teams in the context of effectuation principles is a completely new approach in the Polish literature.

18

Mechanizmy decyzyjne w przedsiębiorstwach wcześnie umiędzynarodowionych

51%

Duliniec E.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2018

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vol. 294

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issue 2

99-128

EN

One of the aims of this article is to present a theoretical review and characteristics of two decision-making mechanisms in companies: effectuation and causation. As these mechanisms have not yet had an in-depth presentation in Polish research reports, a comprehensive analysis of their various aspects can be found in this article, in particular with regard to the early internationalisation of firms. The article is based on the newest literature on the topic. Critical views on the concepts of effectuation and causation have been discussed as well. Another aim was more practical: to present the current state of research on effectuation and causation, qualitative and quantitative projects, along with examples of several research instruments. The method used in the article is a critical review of the international literature on the topic, including both theoretical and more practical studies. As a result, the Polish terminology in the area has been clearly defined and all the main elements of effectuation and causation logics have been identified. Moreover, relationships between the two mechanisms and early (as well as late) internationalisation of companies have been discussed. One of the results has been to suggest topics of possible further studies, especially with regard to Polish early internationalising firms. In conclusion, it has been confirmed that there is still broad potential for research on the theoretical aspects of the concepts and their role in the internationalisation of companies.

PL

Teoretyczno-przeglądowym celem artykułu jest wszechstronna charakterystyka dwóch mechanizmów decyzyjnych w przedsiębiorstwach, tj. efektuacji (wynikowości) i przyczynowości (kauzatywności). W związku z tym, że nie były one do tej pory szerzej prezentowane w polskim piśmiennictwie, przedstawiono szczegółową analizę różnych ich aspektów, w tym zwłaszcza w kontekście wczesnej internacjonalizacji przedsiębiorstw. W artykule uwzględniono obszerną, najnowszą literaturę przedmiotu. Przedstawiono także szereg poglądów krytycznych wobec koncepcji efektuacji i przyczynowości. Drugim - aplikacyjnym - celem artykułu jest prezentacja obecnego stanu badań nad tymi mechanizmami decyzyjnymi. Przedstawiono przykłady instrumentów badawczych, stosowanych zarówno w badaniach jakościowych, jak i ilościowych. W artykule zastosowano metodę krytycznego przeglądu literatury światowej dotyczącej przedmiotu analizy, zarówno o charakterze teoretycznym, jak i praktycznym, w tym pozycji opisujących szereg instrumentów i wyników badań w tym zakresie. Efektem przeprowadzonych prac było: uporządkowanie terminologii, identyfikacja głównych elementów koncepcji efektuacji i przyczynowości, podsumowanie związków tych koncepcji z wczesnym (i późniejszym) umiędzynarodowieniem przedsiębiorstw. Ponadto jednym w wyników było wskazanie możliwych kierunków dalszych badań w tym zakresie, także odnośnie do polskich przedsiębiorstw działających na rynkach zagranicznych, zwłaszcza przedsiębiorstw wcześnie umiędzynarodowionych. Wnioski wynikające z artykułu pozwalają stwierdzić istnienie nadal znacznego potencjału badawczego w omawianym zakresie, zarówno jeśli chodzi o same podstawy teoretyczne tych koncepcji, jak i ich powiązania z internacjonalizacją przedsiębiorstw.

19

Lex Aquilia źródłem współczesnej odpowiedzialności za czyny niedozwolone

38%

Poliszak J.

Themis Polska Nova

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2018

|

issue 1(13)

197-228

EN

The purpose of this article is to indicate that all the fundamental private law institutions regarding liability for delicts, negligence, detriments etc. have its roots in Roman law. Lex Aquilia and its creative interpretation made by classical Roman lawyers can be one of the most valuable examples of this historical process. The following essay emphasizes that the classical Roman jurists have developed such an important legal instruments as: the concept of fault, negligence, due diligence, causation etc. Moreover the article contains source texts with case studies and its explanations based on classical interpretation made by Roman lawyers. In addition, the last part of the lecture indicates the main similarities and differences between ancient and modern private law instruments. The article may be useful for law students and legal practitioners to understand the origin and main idea of modern legal principals and therefore improve their skills.

20

Kauzalita a rozsah odpovědnosti

38%

Janeček V.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

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2016

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vol. 155

|

issue 11

959-981

EN

The new Czech Civil code (CC) traditionally does not define causation and leaves this task to the judiciary and legal theory. Despite this statutory “silence”, the changes that stand behind the CC may lead to a conception of causation that is very different from that which has been used in the Czech Republic until recently. The aim of this article is to develop this new theory of causation which is based on an analysis of two crucial reformative features of the CC. In particular, the author seeks to answer how our conception of causation might be influenced by the declared (1) departure from materialism and (2) inclination to the idealistic western tradition.He examines the extra-contractual fault-based liability regime (§ 2910 CC) by a historical, doctrinal and comparative method and shows that the causation under current Czech law can be understood as a two phased ideal test of factual and legal causation (i.e. a relation between a breach of a duty and damage). However, the factual causation test is only a negative one. A positive legal causation (adequacy/scope of liability) is then implied by the statute. According to the CC, the causal link can be presumed where the damage was foreseeable by a rational average human,or by a person of average abilities. Each of these two presumptions plays a crucial role when assessing different causation (relating to primary or consequential damage). This theory may then substantially strengthen the procedural position of the claimant.

CS

Nový občanský zákoník (o. z.) ponechává tradičně vymezení příčinné souvislosti na judikatuře a právní teorii. Vzdor „mlčení“ zákona mohou ale vést změny, které stojí v pozadí o. z., k odlišnému pojetí kauzality, než které u nás doposud panovalo. Cílem tohoto článku je načrtnout do značné míry originální teorii kauzality, a to na základě analýzy dvou klíčových reformních momentů o. z. Konkrétně se autor snaží domyslet, co může pro kauzalitu znamenat deklarovaný 1) odklon od materialismu a 2) příklon k idealistické západní tradici, který přijetí o. z. pravděpodobně provázel. Na příkladu mimosmluvní odpovědnosti za újmu způsobenou vlastním zaviněním (§ 2910 o. z.) autor článku pomocí historické, doktrinální a srovnávací metody dokládá, že kauzalitu lze dnes chápat jako dvojstupňový ideální test faktické a právní souvislosti mezi porušením povinnosti a vznikem újmy. Faktická kauzalita je v takové koncepci nicméně jen měřítkem negativním. Pozitivní měřítko právní souvislosti (adekvátnosti/rozsahu odpovědnosti) pak podle autora plyne přímo ze zákona a je jím hned dvakrát presumované ideální měřítko předvídatelnosti škodního následku z hlediska rozumného průměrného člověka, respektive osoby průměrných vlastností. Každá tato domněnka hraje svou roli při posuzování jiné příčinné souvislosti (buď ve vztahu k první újmě, nebo k následné újmě). Nastíněná teorie může navíc výrazně posílit procesní postavení poškozeného.

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