Search results

1

THE QUESTION “WHY?” AS THE FOUNDATION FOR KNOWLEDGE OF CAUSES IN ARISTOTLE

100%

Gondek P.

Studia Gilsoniana

|

2013

|

vol. 2

91-105

EN

According to Aristotle, philosophical knowledge consists in the discovery of the first causes that occur in reality. For this reason, the quantitative and essential analysis of the causes was the fundamental task for philosophical reflections. Aristotle considered it a priority to show the ways the causes are discerned in the aspect of questions that occur in the cognitive process. The question “why” is the question that Aristotle regarded as fundamental for the acquisition of philosophical knowledge. The phenomenon of this question is revealed when we indicate that it corresponds to the causes that occur in reality. The causes discerned in this way become the foundation for building the method of causal knowledge.

2

Generalna zasada kauzalności – czy rzeczywiście przebrzmiały spór?

75%

Olechowski M.

Studia Iuridica

|

2016

|

vol. 64

113-124

PL

In 1952 Witold Czachórski posited as a general principle of Polish contract law that legal actions leading of a transfer of wealth require for their validity a proper cause; the rule was construed as a mandatory one and precluded the creation of abstract obligations unless expressly permitted by law. Czachórski’s theory was underpinned by an in-depth analysis of the entire body of civil law, as well as axiological considerations that emphasized the need to control contractual fairness (Section 1). After 40 years of largely uncontroverted acceptance the rule was abruptly abandoned by the Supreme Court on grounds of freedom of contract (Section 2). Despite its fundamental nature, this change was not accompanied by any in-depth discussion in legal doctrine (Section 3). While unsatisfactory on a theoretical level, it seems in retrospect that this was, at a time of systemic transformation to a liberal market economy, a pragmatic and perhaps inevitable approach that served to further the newly re-established principle of freedom of contract. Paradoxically, however, with the contemporary shift to a more control-oriented approach to freedom of contract it would not be entirely surprising to see a rebirth of the role of cause and of Czachórski’s theory some time in the future (Section 4).

3

A Casual Analysis in Research on History of Education

75%

Vakhovskyi L., Ivchenko T., Sechka S.

Journal of Education Culture and Society

|

2022

|

vol. 13

|

issue 2

253-262

EN

Aim. The purpose of the study is to reveal the cognitive potential and limitations of causal analysis in historical and pedagogical research and to consider alternative methods of explaining historical and pedagogical facts. Methods. Methodological significance for the study were the principles of historicism, objectivity, historiographical tradition, taking into account the totality of facts. To implement the goal a set of theoretical methods was used: analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalisation, and systematisation of scientific positions, historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical actualisation of the problem. Results. The essence of causality as one of the most important forms of interconnection and interdependence of phenomena and processes of being, expressing a special genetic relationship between them, reveals the specificity of functional and stochastic (random) causality. Historical forms of determinism were characterised: classical (linear), non-classical (non-linear) and neoclassical (fractal). Conclusion. The search for monocausal determination in the study of historical and pedagogical processes seems unproductive. To get a more complete and reliable picture of the cause-effect relations the causal analysis should be complemented by teleological analysis, which will make it possible to find out not only why, but also for what purpose certain actions were carried out. Only in this case is it possible to provide scientific and objective historical explanations and interpretations, the adequacy of understanding of historical and pedagogical facts, to find ideas and meanings in the past experience, which will help to solve contemporary educational problems, to predict the development of education in the future.

4

Problem rozumienia przyczyny u presokratyków. Przejście od αρχη do αιτια

75%

Gondek P.

Studia Ełckie

|

2013

|

vol. 15

|

issue 4

467-481

EN

The primary ideal of philosophical investigations was focused on seeking for causes which existed in the world of nature. First attempts were concentrated on discovering a basic constructive element (proto-element), which also was to be the primitive principle (ajrchv) of life and transformations in the world. That current was represented by such philosophers as Heraclitus, Empedocles, Anaxagoras or Diogenes of Apollonia, who endeavored to describe the reality and its intrinsic processes in a broader causal context. They emphasized mate-rial and dynamic causes for originating things and keeping them in existence – causes which transcended a homogeneous principle. The variety of phenomena in the world demanded to seek for causes of different kinds, and became a sig-nificant step for understanding the reality in a strictly philosophical way. With having distinguished functions of causes, mentioned thinkers gave a solid foun-dation for understanding cause as aijtiva in later philosophy (of Plato and Aris-totle). According to first philosophers, however, the existence and function of causes remained completely dependent on the material component of the reality, which proved that pre-Socratic philosophy was entirely dominated by the physi-cal view of the world.

5

The “Logic” of Aristotelian Causality: An Analysis of the Genesis of Artifacts

63%

Olesiak J.

Roczniki Filozoficzne

|

2015

|

vol. 63

|

issue 4

7-34

PL

Spór Arystotelesa ze starożytnymi fizykalistami przekazany w Fizyce II.8–9 dotyczy roli przyczyny celowej w przyrodzie. W artykule analizowana jest arystotelesowska teoria przyczyn jako szerszy kontekst tego sporu. Przyjmując analogię między naturą a sztuką oraz uznając paradygmatyczny charakter tworzenia artefaktów, autor stara się uzasadnić arystotelesowską teorię przyczyn. Badana jest geneza artefaktów z punktu widzenia tych aspektów teorii Arystotelesa, które są wyróżnione w jego wyjaśnieniu naturalnego powstawania. Omawia się zasadniczy charakter każdej przyczyny, różnice między przyczynami oraz swoistą zbieżność między trzema z nich, komplementarność między przyczyną sprawczą a celową, naturę i rolę pragnienia w procesie powstawania oraz prymat formy. Wprowadza się pojęcie pełnego czasowego przedmiotu (trans-temporal whole). Wskazuje się na konieczność uwzględnienia pełnego przedmiotu – obejmującego cały proces powstawania, wraz z jego źródłem – jako stosowny kontekst dla właściwego rozumienia powstawania. Przedstawia się także rozróżnienie pomiędzy perspektywą obiektywną i subiektywną, które jest szczególnie przydatne w wyjaśnianiu przyczynowości celowej.

EN

The present paper, taking as a point of departure Aristotle’s dispute with the ancient physicalists in Physics II.8–9 about the role of the final cause in nature, examines the context of the problem, his theory of the causes. Aristotle assumes an analogy between nature and craft and takes the production of artifacts to be paradigmatic. With these assumptions as guiding principles, the paper attempts to motivate his causal theory and propose what may be called a “logic” of the causes. It examines artefactual coming-to-be more closely, focusing on the aspects of Aristotle’s account that are highlighted in his explanation of natural coming-to-be: the basic character of the causes, the peculiar distinction between the causes and the accompanying the deeper coincidence among three of them, the complementarity between the final and moving causes, the nature and role of desire in coming-to-be, and the primacy of form. It introduces the notion of a trans-temporal objective whole and shows the need to consider the full whole—which includes the entire process of coming-to-be together with its source—as the proper context for a full understanding of coming-to-be. It also points out the importance of the distinction between the objective and subjective perspectives, especially useful in understanding final causality.

6

LOVE AS THE PRINCIPLE OF THE DYNAMISM OF BEINGS (AN ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENTS OF ST. THOMAS AQUINAS)

63%

Gudaniec A.

Studia Gilsoniana

|

2014

|

vol. 3

301-319

EN

In ancient times, people pondered “cosmic love” (eros, philotes, thymos), i.e., the universal power that underlies the phenomena of the universe. The force of love extends to all things, including man and his action. Philosophers remarked rather early that love is, as it were, the foundation for the phenomena and actions that are experienced. As love is both of the character of a source and is strongly present in its manifestations, it turns out to be something that, on the one hand, is best known, but on the other hand, not easy to understand. In parallel, people also considered the strictly personal form of love—philia, whereby people are joined with each other in a special relation, which is friendship (Aristotle started this conception). The analogical scholastic conception of love was an interesting combination of those two tendencies; love is the foundation of action and in the metaphysical order it becomes the principle that explains the domain of being that we call dynamism. This article discusses Thomas Aquinas’ doctrine of love; first, it analyzes love’s relationship with action, end, and knowledge, then, secondly, investigates the place of love in the order of the causes of action.

7

W poszukiwaniu przyczyn dynamicznego rozwoju organicznego. Uwagi metodologiczne

63%

Szkutnik D. A.

Filozofia i Nauka

|

2019

|

vol. 7/2

183-190

PL

Zamiarem badawczym autora jest naświetlenie problemów związanych z przebiegiem procesów regulacyjnych w rozwoju struktur żywego organizmu. W kontekście tak zakrojonego obszaru badawczego powstaje pytanie o rolę czynników i mechanizmów przyczynowych, rządzących procesami regeneracji i nowotworzenia. Pomimo ogromnej już zdobytej wiedzy w tym zakresie, droga do uruchomienia funkcjonalnej regeneracji niektórych struktur organizmu jest jednak ciągle daleka.

EN

Author’s aim is to highlight problems related to the course of regulatory processes in the structures of the living organism. In this research area the question arises what is the task of causal factors and mechanisms governing regeneration processes, including building new parts of the body. Despite the vast knowledge already gained in this field, the way to restore the functional regeneration of some structures of the organism is still to be discovered.

8

Odpowiedzialność cywilna nauczycieli

51%

Parszewski K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Ostrołęckiego Towarzystwa Naukowego

|

2009

|

vol. Zeszyt

|

issue XXIII

173-184

EN

The school plays very important roles. First of all, the school should provide with essential conditions to the development of each child. What is more, the school has to prepare the young person for performing family and civil duties.The whole process should be based on the most important principles, such as: solidarity, democracy, tolerance, justice and freedom. This article emphasizes the civil liability in teacher’s job and what is related to this process. The writer points out the meaning of civil liability and its relation with civil law. According to this article civil liability is essential part of law and it is necessary to learn law to become self-confident.

PL

Szkoła winna zapewnić każdemu uczniowi warunki niezbędne do jego rozwoju, przygotować go do pełnienia obowiązków rodzinnych i obywatelskich w oparciu o zasady solidarności, demokracji, tolerancji, sprawiedliwości i wolności. Stąd ogrom odpowiedzialności prawnej w zawodzie nauczycielskim i to nie tylko z zakresu odpowiedzialności cywilnej, co jest wynikiem rozważań w prezentowanym artykule, ale też odpowiedzialności karnej. Można tu znaleźć odpowiedź – czym jest odpowiedzialność cywilna i w czym się przejawia z punktu widzenia prawa cywilnego. Odpowiedzialność cywilna jak stwierdzono w artykule jest istotnym składnikiem prawa, da się ująć w pewne formuły, co pozwala nam przewidywać, kiedy czynimy zadość naszym obowiązkom, a kiedy wychodzimy na grunt niepewny, stąd warto przypomnieć nauczycielom, że pewność może przynieść tylko poznanie prawa.

9

Anselm of Canterbury: nature, order, God

51%

Malmon M., Malmon M.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

|

2020

|

issue 3

10

Generalna zasada kauzalności – czy rzeczywiście przebrzmiały spór?

51%

Olechowski M.

Studia Iuridica

|

2016

|

vol. 64

113-126

EN

In 1952 Witold Czachórski posited as a general principle of Polish contract law that legal actions leading of a transfer of wealth require for their validity a proper cause; the rule was construed as a mandatory one and precluded the creation of abstract obligations unless expressly permitted by law. Czachórski’s theory was underpinned by an in-depth analysis of the entire body of civil law, as well as axiological considerations that emphasized the need to control contractual fairness (Section 1). After 40 years of largely uncontroverted acceptance the rule was abruptly abandoned by the Supreme Court on grounds of freedom of contract (Section 2). Despite its fundamental nature, this change was not accompanied by any in-depth discussion in legal doctrine (Section 3). While unsatisfactory on a theoretical level, it seems in retrospect that this was, at a time of systemic transformation to a liberal market economy, a pragmatic and perhaps inevitable approach that served to further the newly re-established principle of freedom of contract. Paradoxically, however, with the contemporary shift to a more control-oriented approach to freedom of contract it would not be entirely surprising to see a rebirth of the role of cause and of Czachórski’s theory some time in the future (Section 4).

11

Causation and Intensionality in Aristotelian Logic

51%

Kovač S.

Studia Philosophiae Christianae

|

2013

|

vol. 49

|

issue 2

117-136

EN

We want to show that Aristotle’s general conception of syllogism includes as its essential part the logical concept of necessity, which can be understood in a causal way. This logical conception of causality is more general then the conception of the causality in the Aristotelian theory of proof (“demonstrative syllogism”), which contains the causal account of knowledge and science outside formal logic. Aristotle’s syllogistic is described in a purely intensional way, without recourse to a set-theoretical formal semantics. It is shown that the conclusion of a syllogism is justified by the accumulation of logical causes applied during the reasoning process. It is also indicated that logical principles as well as the logical concept of causality have a fundamental ontological role in Aristotle’s “first philosophy”.

12

The Antinomy of Future Contingent Events

51%

TKACZYK M.

Roczniki Filozoficzne

|

2018

|

vol. 66

|

issue 4

5-38

EN

The antinomy of future contingents is here understood as a trilemma whose horns are (a) the thesis of the closed past, (b) the thesis of the open future, and (c) the thesis that all events can be represented at any time. The latter thesis can take different forms, like the principle of bivalence or the thesis of divine foreknowledge. Different versions of (c) lead to different versions of the antinomy itself. The antinomy has been formalized. It hasbeen proven that the theses (a), (b), and (c) make up an inconsistent set but are consistent with each other. Possible solutions have been considered. It has been argued that there are only two global solutions to the antinomy: radical determinism (fatalism) and retroactive causality. The latter solution has been recommend-ed and developed.

PL

Antynomia przyszłych zdarzeń przygodnych jest tutaj pojmowana jako trylemat i składa się z (a) tezy o zamkniętej przeszłości, (b) tezy o otwartej przyszłości oraz przyjmującej różną post-ać (c) tezy o możliwości reprezentowania wszystkich zdarzeń w dowolnym czasie. Ta ostatnia teza może przyjąć postać zasady dwuwartościowości, tezy o wiedzy uprzedniej Boga lub inną postać. Różne wersje trzeciej tezy wyznaczają różne wersje antynomii przyszłych zdarzeń przygodnych. Anty¬nomia została sformalizowana. Wykazano, że tezy (a), (b) oraz (c) tworzą zbiór sprzeczny, ale parami są niesprzeczne. Przedyskutowano możliwe rozwiązania antynomii. Pokazano, że są tylko dwa globalne rozwiązania: skrajny determinizm (fatalizm) oraz akceptacja retroaktywnych związ¬ków przyczynowych. To drugie rozwiązanie zostało zarekomendowane i opracowane.

13

The Antinomy of Future Contingent Events — a Rebuttal

51%

Tkaczyk M.

Roczniki Filozoficzne

|

2018

|

vol. 66

|

issue 4

197-215

EN

In this paper I account for some of the topics raised by the Authors of the papers included in the debate I focus mainly on the following topics: the concept of representation and reliability of my formal analysis of the future contingent antinomy, the concept of causation with an emphasis put on backword causation, the idea of timeless eternity and the position of religious beliefs in philosophical theories. Furthermore I shortly address topics of Ockhamism, Molinism, soft and hard facts, fragmentism and the concept of necessity.

PL

W artykule odnoszę się do wybranych uwag, zawartych w dyskusji nad moją wcześniejszą pracą, która otwiera niniejszy tom. Koncentruję się na następujących zagadnieniach: pojęcie re-pre¬zentacji stanu rzeczy, trafność mojej formalnej analizy antynomii przyszłych zdarzeń przygod¬nych, pojęcie przyczyny za szczególnym uwzględnieniem przyczyny działającej wstecz, kon¬cep¬cja bezczasowej wieczności, relacja tez religijnych w teoriach filozoficznych. Ponadto odnoszę się krótko do zagadnień ockhamizmu, molinizmu, rozróżnienia miękkich i twardych faktów, fragmentalizmu i pojęcie konieczności.

14

Metaphysics in the Lublin Philosophical School

51%

Krąpiec M. A., Maryniarczyk A., McDonald H.

Studia Gilsoniana

|

2016

|

vol. 5

|

issue 2

391-427

EN

The article is aimed at presenting the way in which metaphysics is understood and cultivated in the Lublin Philosophical School, Poland. It includes such topics as: the definition of metaphysics, metaphysical cognition (its object and the method for singling it out), ways of metaphysical demonstration and rational justification, and the relation of metaphysics to other domains of philosophy. In the light of the information delivered, it can be concluded that metaphysics in the Lublin Philosophical School is understood as a way of knowing in which the reason employs the universal laws of being and thought and strives to discover the first and singular factors or causes that render free of contradiction that which exists and which is given to us in a germinal way in the empirical intuition of the material world.

15

Civil defence as a problem in protecting the security of the population in situations significantly distinct from regular ones

51%

Lutostański M.

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

|

2023

|

vol. 55

|

issue 3(209)

230-250

PL

Obrona cywilna podlega kształtowaniu w oparciu o międzynarodowe i krajowe regulacje prawne w kontekście niebezpieczeństw wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych o realnie groźnych dla ludności cywilnej skutkach. Autor w podjętych dociekaniach skoncentrował się na dylematach prawnych i organizacyjnych obrony cywilnej w kraju. Refleksją poznawczą objął także przyczyny aktualnego stanu badanej instytucji oraz zawarł wstępne sugestie o prognostycznym charakterze, których uwzględnienie w praktyce mogłyby skutkować eliminacją stwierdzonych mankamentów.

EN

Civil defense is shaped on the basis of international and national legal regulations in the context of internal and external threats with really dangerous consequences for the civilian population. In his investigations, the author focused on the legal and organizational dilemmas of civil defense in the country. Cognitive reflection also covered the causes of the current state of the examined institution and included preliminary suggestions of a prognostic nature, the inclusion of which in practice could result in the elimination of the identified shortcomings.

16

Wcielenie w świetle teologów scholastycznych. Próba współczesnej relektury

45%

Koper D.

Teologia w Polsce

|

2014

|

vol. 8

|

issue 1

133-151

EN

The God’s will is unchangeable. It cannot be changed by sin, neither by people’s prayers nor gifts giving for God. The Jesus’ Incarnation is wanted by God even before the sin. But this thesis was not so sure, because there is no full answer to this theese in the Bible. We can try to find out the answer in the two major theological schools: tomistic’s and fraciscan’s. But unfortunatelly, there is a huge problem, because both of them state two very different answers. Today it is also very important question what caused the Incarnation, especially for theology. It is more proper to teach theology in a positive key, instead of thinking that all God’s actions are motivated by human’s sin.

PL

Wola Boża jest niezmienna. Nie może na nią wpłynąć tak arbitralne wydarzenie historyczne, jakim jest grzech. Nie może jej zmienić także modlitwa ani ofiary składane Trójjedynemu Bogu. Dlatego Wcielenie, jako odwieczne zamierzenie Stwórcy, nie mogło być umotywowane grzechem. Twierdzenie to jednak nie było w teologii oczywiste od zawsze. W ciągu niespełna dwóch tysięcy lat formowania się chrystologii pojawiły się różne stanowiska na ten temat, ścierały się wielkie szkoły teologiczne − tomistyczna i franciszkańska. Słowa Pisma Świętego nie dają bowiem jasnej odpowiedzi na temat motywu Inkarnacji.

17

The puzzle of causality

45%

Jadacki J., Jadacki J.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

|

2020

|

issue 2

18

Wcielenie w świetle teologów scholastycznych. Próba współczesnej relektury

45%

Koper D.

Teologia w Polsce

|

2014

|

vol. 8

|

issue 1

133-151

PL

Wola Boża jest niezmienna. Nie może na nią wpłynąć tak arbitralne wydarzenie historyczne jakim jest grzech. Nie może jej zmienić także modlitwa, ani ofiary składane Trójjedynemu Bogu. Dlatego Wcielenie, jako odwieczne zamierzenie Stwórcy, nie mogło być umotywowane grzechem. Twierdzenie to jednak nie było w teologii oczywiste od zawsze. W ciągu niespełna dwóch tysięcy lat formowania się chrystologii pojawiły się różne stanowiska na ten temat, ścierały się wielkie szkoły teologiczne: tomistyczna i franciszkańska. Słowa Pisma Świętego nie dają bowiem jasnej odpowiedzi na temat motywu Inkarnacji.

EN

The God's will is unchangeable. It cannot be changed by sin, neither by people's prayers nor gifts giving for God. The Jesus' Incarnation is wanted by God even before the sin. But this thesis was not so sure, because there is no full answer to this theese in the Bible. We can try to find out the answer in the two major theological schools: tomistic's and fraciscan's. But unfortunatelly, there is a huge problem, because both of them state two very different answers. Today it is also very important question what caused the Incarnation, especially for theology. It is more proper to teach theology in a positive key, instead of thinking that all God's actions are motivated by human's sin.

19

Redpath on the Nature of Philosophy

45%

Delfino R. A.

Studia Gilsoniana

|

2016

|

vol. 5

|

issue 1

33-53

EN

In this article the author discusses Peter A. Redpath’s understanding of the nature of philosophy and his account of how erroneous understandings of philosophy have led to the decline of the West and to the separation of philosophy from modern science and modern science from wisdom. Following Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas, Redpath argues that philosophy is a sense realism because it begins in wonder about real things known through the senses. Philosophy presupposes pre-philosophical knowledge, common sense, which consists of principles rooted in sensation that make human experience, sense wonder, and philosophy possible. Philosophy is certain knowledge demonstrated through causes and thus philosophy is the same as science. Redpath understands science as a habit that we acquire through repeated practice. More precisely, a scientific habit is a simple quality of the intellect that enables us to demonstrate (prove) the necessary properties of a genus through their causes or principles. In this way, science is the study of the one and the many. Redpath argues that metaphysics is the final cause of the arts and sciences, providing the foundation for all of the arts and sciences and justifying their principles. Finally, he argues that with modernity’s loss of belief in God and its rejection of metaphysics as a science, utopian socialism has become an historical/political substitute for metaphysics.

20

Rola uzasadnienia sądowego w realizacji prawa do rzetelnego procesu sądowoadministracyjnego– standard strasburski

44%

Grzelak-Bach K.

Studia Prawnicze

|

2014

|

issue 4 (200)

13-31

EN

Following a brief introduction of article 6 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the author begins by analyzing case law from the European Court of Human Rights regarding the legal reasoning in judicial proceedings. The main premise of this paper is to present a formula for preparing legal reasoning in administrative court proceedings. The author draws attention to the role of judges who, in the process of adjudication, should apply creative interpretation of the rules of law, when they see errors or omissions in legislative provisions, or blatant violations of the European legal order. The conclusion of those deliberations finds, that the process of tailoring the approach to meet Strasbourg’s requirements should, on a basic level, be at the discretion of judges rather than the legislators.

Refine search results

THE QUESTION “WHY?” AS THE FOUNDATION FOR KNOWLEDGE OF CAUSES IN ARISTOTLE

Generalna zasada kauzalności – czy rzeczywiście przebrzmiały spór?

A Casual Analysis in Research on History of Education

Problem rozumienia przyczyny u presokratyków. Przejście od αρχη do αιτια

The “Logic” of Aristotelian Causality: An Analysis of the Genesis of Artifacts

LOVE AS THE PRINCIPLE OF THE DYNAMISM OF BEINGS (AN ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENTS OF ST. THOMAS AQUINAS)

W poszukiwaniu przyczyn dynamicznego rozwoju organicznego. Uwagi metodologiczne

Odpowiedzialność cywilna nauczycieli

Anselm of Canterbury: nature, order, God

Generalna zasada kauzalności – czy rzeczywiście przebrzmiały spór?

Causation and Intensionality in Aristotelian Logic

The Antinomy of Future Contingent Events

The Antinomy of Future Contingent Events — a Rebuttal

Metaphysics in the Lublin Philosophical School

Civil defence as a problem in protecting the security of the population in situations significantly distinct from regular ones

Wcielenie w świetle teologów scholastycznych. Próba współczesnej relektury

The puzzle of causality

Wcielenie w świetle teologów scholastycznych. Próba współczesnej relektury

Redpath on the Nature of Philosophy

Rola uzasadnienia sądowego w realizacji prawa do rzetelnego procesu sądowoadministracyjnego– standard strasburski