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EN
Entrepreneurs made up about a quarter of the burghers involved in the industry of the interwar Lviv. However, a vast majority of them were the owners of small workshops, large entrepreneurs accounted for less than 5% of this social class. But the small and medium-sized businesses dominated among the factories' owners. During the interwar period, the quantity of entrepreneurs decreased among the persons involved in the city's industry. There was also a tendency to reduce the use of the hired labour by them. The employment structure of the Lviv entrepreneurs during the 1920s-1930s did not change significantly, but it varied depending on the size of the share capital. A vast majority of the small artisans were employed in the sewing and haberdashery, food, construction, woodworking and metalworking industries, while the owners of large enterprises invested their capital in the food, printing, mineral, wood and paper industries. From the ethnic and denomination point of view, the Lviv entrepreneurs were dominated by two groups: Poles (Roman Catholics) and Jews, while Ukrainians (Greek Catholics) and the representatives of other nationalities accounted for a small percentage. However, during the years 1921-1931 they showed a rapid growth rate.
EN
The article focuses on methods employed in censuses in order to obtain data on population, as well as on changes being introduced currently to these methods. Basic characteristics of censuses are discussed and the main uses of census data. The article presents an overview of new methods which have emerged as an alternative to censuses using methods traditionally employed, including the use of new hardware and software technologies, sampling and administrative registers. Particular attention is paid to countries with the most advanced census methodology. Changes introduced in the National Census of Population and Housing 2011 in Poland are also discussed.
PL
Zwiększające się zapotrzebowanie na rzetelną i aktualną informację na możliwie niskim poziomie agregacji jest rosnącym wyzwaniem dla polskiej statystyki publicznej. Zastosowanie integracji danych z różnych, w tym administracyjnych, źródeł umożliwia wykorzystanie informacji pełnej w sensie pokrycia oraz bogatej merytorycznie. Łączna obserwacja cech obserwowanych w oddzielnych zbiorach generuje efekt synergii zwiększający zasób wiedzy pochodzący z badań społeczno-ekonomicznych.
EN
Increasing demand for reliable and current information at the lowest possible level of aggregation is a growing challenge for the Polish public statistics. Application of data integration of different, including administrative, sources enables the use of information in terms of full coverage and rich in substance. The joint observation of variables observed in separate data collections generate a synergy effect increasing amount of knowledge derived from socio-economic research.
EN
The article presents the scale of the professional activity of women who lived in Cracow in the second half of the 19th century. The author’s intention has been to verify – at least in relation to the urban population – the common belief that before the First World War women did not take up paid jobs to a larger extent. The analysis contains the Historical International Standard Classification of Occupations (HISCO). The records of censuses of 1869, 1880 and 1890 have been the main source for the analysis; thanks to them it was possible to create a database of urban inhabitants. After having analysed the changes in the size of the population of Cracow in the second half of the 19th century the author attempted to assess what the percentage of the dynamic increase of the Cracow’s population might be accounted for by immigrants, identified through their place of birth and citizenship. The incoming population changed the structure of the Cracow’s community as far as age and sex are concerned. The majority of the immigrants were young adults, mostly women, and they were l ooking for a job. In 1869 every sixth woman that lived in Cracow was working; eleven years later – every third, and after another 10 years – nearly 40% of them. Three quarters of professionally active women from Cracow were Roman Catholic, and only one quarter – Jewish. The article also presents the structure of marital status of working women from Cracow and the type of jobs they had – according to the main groups of HISCO. It has been proved that the women did not take up jobs motivated by the war crisis; at the end of the 19th century in Cracow there were more working women than in 2012 in Polish towns.
EN
The article assesses the prospects of the research on the population and family of the Kiev Voivodeship in the 18th century. The article has been based on the analysis of archival existing materials, which potentially might become a basis for such research (birth and death registers of various religions, censuses, state tax tables). The diversity and quantity of the research material makes it possible to work out detailed analytical methods. The second half of the century is especially rich in sources, and the condition of the existing materials allows a detailed analysis of the state and dynamics of changes in the population of the whole region at several points of time. Prospects of the research on the structure and size of the family and household of various social and ethnic groups seem promising. Among other things the materials concerning two censuses carried out by the Polish and Russian authorities have survived. In spite of the territorial and chronological incompatibility of the materials they offer many possibilities to analyse most of the potential research questions, especially the ones concerning the second half of the century.
PL
Podstawą źródłową artykułu są Spisy Komisji Porządkowej Cywilno-Wojskowej, które są dobrym źródłem do analizy struktury demograficznej ludności pod koniec XVIII wieku, szczególnie w przypadku większych terytoriów takich jak powiat. W pracy skupiono się głównie na różnicach występujących miedzy miastem a obszarami wiejskimi w powiecie proszowickim województwa krakowskiego. Populacja powiatu proszowickiego była młoda, choć średni wiek był nieznacznie wyższy dla ludności miejskiej. W miastach mieszkało więcej kobiet, ale nie była to przewaga znacząca. Większość ludności w ciągu swojego życia zawierała przynajmniej jeden związek małżeński, przy czym występowały różnice w przebiegu cyklu życia kobiet i mężczyzn. Wiele kobiet wraz z wiekiem wdowiało i nie zawierało ponownych związków. Natomiast analiza zróżnicowania populacji z uwzględnieniem płci, wieku i stanu cywilnego wskazuje, że struktury demograficzne ludności miejskiej i wiejskiej nie były znacząco odmienne, podobnie jak nie odbiegały od innych dotychczas zbadanych populacji z obszarów dawnej Rzeczypospolitej (Kujawy, ziemia wieluńska).
EN
The source basis for the article are the censuses of the Civil-Military Order Commission, which generally are a good source to any analysis of demographic structure at the end of the 18th century, especially in the case of bigger regions such as counties. In the article the main attention is paid to the differences between the town and the rural surroundings in the Proszowice County of the Cracow Voivodeship. The population of the Proszowice County was young, although the average age of urban population was a little higher. Women outnumbered men in towns but insignificantly. The majority of the population contracted at least one marriage, but the cycles of men and woman lives were different. Many widows did not contract new marriages. An analysis of the population diversity according to their sex, age and marital status has proved that the demographic structures of rural and urban populations were not significantly different, and neither were they different from other populations so far analysed that lived within the borders of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Kujawy, Wieluń Land).
EN
The censuses carried out by the Royal Prussian Statistical Office in Berlin are of particular importance for the historical research of the 19th century population in Prussia, including the lands largely inhabited by people who spoke Polish or Kashubian. Nevertheless, these censuses were not discussed in greater detail. Attention was mainly focused on the reliability of the censuses organised until 1840, and subsequently on matters related to the statistics of the mother tongue. The aim of the article is to show the evolution of the method of census taking, data processing, features implementation and the presentation of the results in the years 1840–1910, with particular emphasis placed on the census of 1871 and its reception among the society, mainly on the Polish lands under German rule. The research is largely based on the monumental Preussische Statistik (Statistics of Prussia), which contains the census documentation and comments provided by provincial authorities. Moreover, normative sources and older studies were used in the study. The article proves that censuses in general evolved until 1871, and then only the studied content featured changes which were discussed and assessed. A revolution in data management was brought by the use of A cards in 1871, which made it easier to perform complex statistical groupings for selected demographic characteristics. The implementation of new solutions was accompanied by the introduction of the principle of self-enumeration. It encountered obstacles, however, especially in the eastern provinces of Prussia, which is primarily associated with the level of education and the knowledge of the German language among the population, mainly its Polish-speaking members. The results presented in the article should prove useful to historical demographers, and social and economic historians.
PL
W badaniach historycznych nad ludnością w XIX w. w Prusach, w tym na ziemiach licznie zamieszkanych przez ludność posługującą się językiem polskim i kaszubskim, istotne znaczenie mają spisy ludności przeprowadzane przez Królewskopruskie Biuro Statystyczne w Berlinie, które mimo to nie doczekały się szerszego omówienia. Uwagę skupiano na rzetelności spisów organizowanych przed 1840 r., a następnie na sprawach związanych ze statystyką języka ojczystego. Celem artykułu jest pokazanie zmian w sposobie przeprowadzania spisów, opracowywania danych, implementacji cech i prezentacji wyników w latach 1840–1910, ze zwróceniem szczególnej uwagi na spis z 1871 r. i jego odbiór społeczny, głównie na ziemiach polskich pod panowaniem niemieckim. Badanie w dużej mierze opiera się na monumentalnej Preussische Statistik (Statystyka Prus), w której zawarto dokumentację spisową oraz uwagi nadsyłane przez władze prowincjonalne. Ponadto wykorzystano źródła normatywne i dawne opracowania. W artykule dowiedziono, że zasadniczo spisy ludności podlegały ewolucji do 1871 r., a następnie już tylko zmianom w zakresie badanych treści, które omówiono i poddano ocenie. Rewolucją w zarządzaniu danymi było zastosowanie w 1871 r. kart A, które ułatwiły wykonywanie złożonych grupowań statystycznych dla wybranych cech demograficznych. Wdrożeniu nowych rozwiązań towarzyszyło wprowadzenie zasady samospisywania się. Natrafiało ono na przeszkody, szczególnie we wschodnich prowincjach Prus, co przede wszystkim należy łączyć z poziomem wykształcenia i brakiem znajomości języka niemieckiego, głównie ludności polskojęzycznej. Prezentowane wyniki badania powinny być przydatne dla demografów historycznych oraz historyków społecznych i gospodarczych.
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