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EN
The right of perpetual usufruct has been operating in the Polish legal system since the 1960s. The essence of this right consists in the possibility for the perpetual usufructuary to use land which is publicly owned, to the exclusion of other persons, along with the right to dispose of it. The content of the right to perpetual usufruct is therefore similar in substantive terms to the ownership rights, although it is subject to certain determinants particular only to this law. The limits of the rights of the perpetual usufructuary are determined not only by the provisions of acts, rules of social coexistence, but also by the provisions of the agreement for subjecting land to perpetual usufruct. In addition, the temporary nature of the law and the rules of payment, including the possibility of updating the annual fee for perpetual usufruct, meant that for many years legislative activities were undertaken in the scope of enfranchising perpetual usufruct users. The Act of 20th July 2018 on the transformation of the right of perpetual usufruct of land developed for housing purposes into the ownership right to this land performed normative enfranchisement of perpetual usufruct users. The procedure of confirming enfranchisement is made by the public administration authority in the form of a certificate. The requirement to issue a certificate sometimes demands that the authority conduct a multi-faceted analysis in terms of meeting the conditions for such enfranchisement. Both the material scope of the act, the content of the issued certificate and the paid character of the enfranchisement to which the provisions on state aid apply in practice generate many obligations on the part of the authority issuing the certificate. Due to the universal character of the enfranchisement process and some of its specific features, the legal solutions proposed by the legislator in this area require a more in-depth analysis.
EN
The article deals with the features of agrarian training in the UK, the necessity of reforming the system of higher agricultural education in Ukraine in connection with more requirements of global competition in the agricultural labour market.
Organizacija
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2012
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vol. 45
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issue 2
59-74
EN
The paper presents the dynamics in number of top management system certificates (ISO 9001, ISO 14001) focusing on the situation in Slovenia in the last two years when a significant increase of cancelled certificates was noticeable. We studied this phenomenon in order to find out its reasons and effects on the performance of the organizations. Some recognized relations between quality management systems and company performance from literature review were used for setting hypotheses which were analytically proved. We assumed that quitting management system certificates was related to decrease in business performance. Empirical part of our research was based on the data of Slovenian certification bodies and on published annual financial reports of Slovenian organizations. In the survey some characteristics and performance of the organizations which gave up certification were analysed. We came to interesting findings that cancelling certificates was related to decrease in business performance and often even to closing of organizations. The downsizing of the business was increasing through the time. So, 2 years after cancelling certificates only 8% of the organizations still present growth in their income and revenue, besides almost 40% of them quit or would have to quit their business. It was also found out that the business performance after cancellation of the certificates was related to the business performance before it and to the reason for cancellation as well. Two years after cancellation there was a 3-times higher proportion of failed organizations (= 45% of previously non-profitable organizations) among the organizations that had operated at a loss before the cancellation of their certificates, compared to those previously having a profit. Among the claimed reasons for certificate cancellation organizational changes (in 35% of all the organizations losing certificates) and cancellation of certificates by certification bodies (in 41% of these organizations) were the most common ones related to the failure of these organizations.
EN
HSK (Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi – 汉语水平考试) and HSKK (Hanyu Shuiping Kouyu Kaoshi – 汉语水平口语考试) are the official Chinese language proficiency examinations for foreigners developed by Hanban (Office of Chinese Language Council International) and their results are acknowledged by many employers and institutions. They, for example, facilitate admission to universities, open the way to variety of scholarships, etc. But do they genuinely reflect the actual level of students’ proficiency? To answer this question, the authors has analyzed the structure and content of HSK and HSKK as well as their theoretical basis; they also tried to relate the Chinese examinations to the CEFR (2001). On the basis of their research, the authors point to the difficulties that Polish learners encounter when taking these examinations.
EN
There are few records showing the practice of the holy orders taken by local clergy in medieval Krakow diocese. With the exception of two short lists of acolytes ordained by bishop Jan Rzeszowski, we do not have any name lists of clergymen ordained by local ordinaries and suffragans. Consequently, studies on the holy orders of clergy from the diocese should refer to certificates of the holy orders bestowed upon individual clerics identified in studies to date. The archival search, performed in bishops’ files and consistory books from several dioceses belonging to late medieval Polish church organization, led to the retrieval of certificates of three clergymen from the Krakow diocese from the years 1460–1531: Andrzej (probably from MęcinaMała), Grzegorz from Olkusz and Jan from Jakimowice. The content of the certificates is of significance for studies on the prosopography of the Krakow clergy in 15th and mid-16th century.
PL
Z terenu średniowiecznej diecezji krakowskiej posiadamy niewiele materiałów pokazujących praktykę święceń tamtejszego duchowieństwa. Z wyjatkiem dwóch krótkich wykazów akolitów ordynowanych przez bp. Jana Rzeszowskiego nie znamy też żadnych imiennych wykazów duchownych wyświęconych przez tamtejszych ordynariuszy i sufraganów. Z tego względu w badaniach nad święceniami kleru w tej diecezji warto sięgać do zapoznanych w dotychczasowych badaniach świadectw święceń poszczególnych duchownych. Kwerenda przeprowadzona w aktach biskupich i księgach konsystorskich kilku diecezji należących do polskiej organizacji kościelnej późnego średniowiecza pozwoliła na odnalezienie świadectw trzech duchownych z diecezji krakowskiej z lat 1460–1531: Andrzeja (prawdopodobnie z Męciny Małej), Grzegorza z Olkusza oraz Jana z Jakimowic. Zawartość tych materiałów ma znaczenie dla studiów nad prozopografią krakowskiego kleru w XV i pierwszej połowie XVI wieku.
EN
Aim of the article: to investigate peculiarities of basic adult education functioning in Canada. Research methods: to achieve the mentioned aim the following methods were applied: theoretical – deduction, induction, analogy, analysis, synthesis; sociological – analysis and systematization of data; historical methods – comparative historical method, chronological method. In Canada, basic education includes a spectrum of credit and non-credit programs for students, who are older than average schoolchildren. The main assignments of basic adult education are to increase the level of general literacy; to develop social skills; to improve the level of conscience and independence; to increase chances of job acquisition at job market; to improve technological competence; to improve communicative skills. The main factors of adult education development are: changes, which take place in social life, new content of social processes and their interconnection, broadening of spectrum of personality activity, high pace of information oldening, shortening of terms of information validity. Key factors of a high level of adult education efficacy are: condusive psychological climate, development of educational plan at the beginning of educational process, high level of financing, methodological background of every course, highly qualified teachers, application of the most effective strategies, high level of communication with community, development of students’ motivation. The main subtypes of literacy are family literacy, cultural literacy, adaptation literacy. Concept “illiteracy” presupposes social, cultural and technical illiteracy, which are united in “functional illiteracy”. In professional sphere, functional illiteracy is viewed as inability of a worker to fulfill his functional duties, because of the changes that take place at a work place. The main levels of literacy are: the first level presupposes inability to read and understand texts; the second level presupposes ability to read simple, easily written texts, but ability to interpret within the borders of general context and personality uderstands his/her low level of litracy; the third level is characterized by highly developed renading skills, but there are difficulties in text understanding; the fourth and the fifth levels are characterized by general cultural and professional skills and by ability to make many-sided analysis of information.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono analizę wyników nauczania zdalnego i stacjonarnego w Szkole Podstawowej w Skwierzynie na przestrzeni lat 2019-2021. Rozważania dotyczące problemu ściągania stanowią pierwszą część skryptu; druga przedstawia i opisuje badanie przeprowadzone w oparciu o wyniki w nauce, polegające na analizie sprawozdań z nadzoru pedagogicznego dyrektora szkoły, którą dopełnia ankieta przeprowadzona wśród uczniów klas 5-8. Przedstawiono w niej nastawienie uczniów do ściągania.
EN
In this article, he presents an analysis of the results of remote and stationary teaching at the Primary School in Skwierzyna over the years 2019-2021. Considerations regarding the problem of downloading constitute the first part of the script; the second presents and describes a study conducted on the basis of school results, consisting in the analysis of reports from the pedagogical supervision of the school headmaster, which will be completed by a survey conducted among students of grades 5-8. It describes students’ attitudes about cheating.
PL
Celem badań było określenie postrzegania przez konsumentów żywności oznaczonej certyfikatami poświadczającymi jej cechy właściwe dla zrównoważonej konsumpcji. Wykorzystano dane pierwotne zebrane metodą CAPI w 2016 roku na próbie 146 osób, za pomocą walidowanego kwestionariusza, zawierającego część eksperymentalną. Respondenci nie uznali symboli certyfikatów za ważny czynnik wyboru żywności. Certyfikat nie był też dla nich ważnym wyznacznikiem wysokiej jakości produktu i ponad połowa nie wyraziła gotowości zapłacenia więcej za certyfikowane produkty. Większość badanych zadeklarowała znajomość co najmniej jednego certyfikatu spełniającego ideę zrównoważonej konsumpcji. Mimo że produkty z tymi certyfikatami w opinii badanych są droższe i trudno dostępne, większość postrzegała je jako bardziej naturalne i zdrowsze. Oczekuje się, że wraz ze wzrostem poziomu świadomości ekologicznej i konsumenckiej społecznej odpowiedzialności wzrastać będzie wpływ tych oznaczeń na decyzje zakupowe konsumentów.
EN
The aim of the research was to determine consumers’ perception of food labelled with certificates confirming the relevance of the sustainable consumption idea. Primary data were collected using the CAPI method with a validated questionnaire and experiment on the sample of 146 consumers in 2016. It was shown that consumers didn’t perceive the symbols of certificates as the important factor of food choice. Certificate wasn’t for them an important quality determinant and over half of the group didn’t express the willingness to pay more for products labelled with certificates. Most respondents declared knowledge of at least one certificate meeting the idea of sustainable consumption. Although certificated food products are perceived by the respondents as more expensive and difficult to access, the majority perceived them as more natural and healthier. With the rise of environmental awareness and consumer social responsibility the impact of certificate logos placed on the label on consumers’ purchasing decisions will increase.
RU
Цель изучения – определить восприятие потребителями продуктов питания, маркированных сертификатами, подтверждающими их черты, свойственные для устойчивого потребления. Использовали первичные данные, собран- ные по методу CAPI в 2016 г. на выборке в 146 лиц, с помощью утвержденного вопросника, содержащего экспериментальную часть. Респонденты не сочли символы сертификатов важным фактором выбора пищи. Сертификат тоже не представлял для них важного определителя высокого качества продукта; бо- лее половины их не выразили готовность уплатить больше за сертифицированные продукты. Большинство опрошенных заявили о своем знании по крайней мере одного сертификата по соблюдению идеи устойчивого потребления. Хотя продукты с этими сертификатами по мнению опрошенных более дорогие и трудно доступные, большинство воспринимало их как более натуральные и более здоровые. Ожидают, что наряду с ростом уровня экологического со- знания и социальной ответственности потребителей будет повышаться влияние этой маркировки на решения потребителей о покупке.
EN
The paper focuses on the issue of the impact of failing to fulfil one of the necessary conditions for entering into a religious marriage, which is the issuance of a religious marriage certificate, on the security of legal transactions. To this end, the paper analyzes the essential components of this condition, which is a proper preparation and timely delivery of documents that are the basis for issuing a marriage certificate by a civil registry office. Next, possible reactions of a civil registration body are presented in relation to a failure to fulfil any of the individual components of this condition for marriage. Then, the paper discusses specific consequences of not issuing a religious marriage certificate, presenting situations in which spouses and other persons involved in legal transactions in connection with the marriage concluded will not be able to exercise the rights (and obligations) that would arise if a civil registrar issued the marriage certificate. From a de lege ferenda perspective, it is postulated that the current regulations on concluding a religious marriage should be amended, which will make it possible to ensure the security of legal transactions and, in many cases, eliminate non-material harm and damage resulting from a failure to enter into a marriage.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest zagadnienie dotyczące wpływu braku realizacji jednej z przesłanek koniecznych zawarcia małżeństwa w formie wyznaniowej, jaką jest sporządzenie aktu małżeństwa zawieranego w formie wyznaniowej na bezpieczeństwo obrotu prawnego. W tym celu w artykule przeanalizowano istotne elementy tej przesłanki, którymi są prawidłowo sporządzone i terminowo doręczone dokumenty stanowiące podstawę sporządzenia aktu małżeństwa w USC, a następnie ukazano możliwe reakcje organu administracji stanu cywilnego w związku z niedopełnieniem poszczególnych elementów tej przesłanki zawarcia małżeństwa. W dalszej części artykułu odniesiono się do konkretnych skutków niesporządzenia aktu małżeństwa w formie wyznaniowej, przedstawiając sytuacje, w których małżonkowie i inne osoby uczestniczące w obrocie prawnym w związku z zawartym małżeństwem nie będą mogły korzystać z praw (i obowiązków), które powstałyby, gdyby kierownik USC sporządził konstytuujący ten związek – akt małżeństwa. Podniesiono też uwagi de lege ferenda dotyczące zmiany obecnych przepisów dotyczących zawierania małżeństwa w formie wyznaniowej, która pozwoli na zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa obrotu prawnego, niwelując w wielu przypadkach szkody i krzywdy niematerialne rodzące się z niezawarcia małżeństwa. 
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