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EN
Introduction. Over the past decades, anthropometric studies have focused more on secular changes in body height and weight, and less on changes in head features. Meanwhile, changing socio-economic conditions, especially the nutritional status of the human population, support the need to document some of the metric head features in children and adolescents. Aim. The aim of this study was to determine whether there has been changes over time in the morphological development of the head with respect to socio-economic conditions at the turn of the last century on sample population of children and adolescents from Rzeszów. Material and methods. In the years 1978/79, 1993/94, 2003/04 and 2013/14, a total of 9041 Rzeszów children aged 4 to 18 were examined. Anthropometric measurements were based on a technique developed by Martin and Saller. The following features were taken into account: head length and width, morphological face height, maximum face width, nose height and width, and head circumference. The relevant head, face and nose indices were calculated from the measured data. New indices for head circumference have also been proposed. Results. Such changes as head elongation, shortening of morphological face and nose height, and widening of the nose from hyperleptorrhinus to leptorrhinus were found in both sexes. Conclusions. 1. During the past 35 years there have been noticeable changes in the morphological characteristics of the head, face and nose. 2. Further follow-up to the development of head features is recommended.
EN
The paper presents basic issues related to the health care system and the main regulations for the health care of children and adolescents in Poland. The author discusses the health care system resources and services provided to this group with special emphasis placed on preventive health care. The article concludes with the evaluation of the Polish health care system for children and adolescents. The author argues that some changes are needed in this area.
EN
The essence of the article is to draw attention to the importance of preventive measures in the field of addiction to harmful substances undertaken in schools towards children and youth. The results of a pilot study conducted for one of the schools as part of the diagnosis of phenomena related to the occurrence and use of psychoactive substances by adolescents will be presented. In view of the growing number of problem behaviors among children and adolescents and the threats to their development and health, the issues raised are extremely important. The range of occurrence and the reduced initiation limit of reaching for harmful substances are a difficult problem for modern pedagogy, psychology, sociology and therapy. Strengthening preventive actions is a challenge for the modern school, for which the priority should be to care for the integral and multilateral development of students. The school period is for a child and a young person an important time of changes in the spheres of development and shaping of identity and personality. It is important that young people receive support to help them solve problems and avoid risky behavior.
EN
The article looks at the questions related to health education, prevention and health promotion programs in the Polish schools. The paper begins with a rationale for more active involvement in health‑promoting activities. The first section presents shortcomings in the implementation of programs concerning health education, as well as low effectiveness of school prevention programs designed to counteract risk behaviour and obstacles to health promotion in schools. Next, the obstacles to effective implementation of health‑related activities are covered. In the final section, the necessity of integration of education and health policies is discussed.
EN
This article discusses the most serious and frequent health problems among children and adolescents in Poland, the main reasons causing these problems and prospects for the future. The paper begins with a rationale for promoting children’s and adolescents’ healthcare and the modern approaches to the health assessment. In the next sections selected issues related to health condition of children and adolescents are discussed: trends in physical and motor developments, subjective health status, health behaviours, mortality, main health problems (injuries, psychosocial health problems, chronic diseases, obesity, dental caries, disability, cancer, infectious diseases, disorders of vision, hearing and motor systems).
Studia BAS
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2014
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issue 2(38)
113-138
EN
The article provides an overview of mental health problems among children and adolescents in Poland. It begins with a review of Polish and international documents and action plans concerning mental health. In the next two sections the author presents the actual data about epidemiology of mental health disorders and characteristics of the most frequent mental health problems. As the analysis shows, in the last few years in Poland the prevalence of mental disorders among children and adolescents rapidly increased. The next sections focus on the risk and protective factors for mental health. The article concludes with some recommendations for improving mental health care system in Poland.
7
75%
EN
In recent years, the situation of child and adolescent psychiatry in Poland has dramatically deteriorated. 24-hour psychiatric wards dedicated to minors are overcrowded and it is almost exclusively patients who are a direct threat to their own health or life that are hospitalised. About 20% of children and adolescents have symptoms of various mental disorders, of which 10% (about 400,000) require specialist care. Depression is one of the most common health problems among children and adolescents and its prevalence increases with age and puberty. Depression can be chronic, with constant severity, or recurrent, when symptoms return in the form of mild, moderate or severe episodes. The mood disorders occurring in the developmental period carry many negative consequences in the emotional, social and educational functioning of the patient. They increase the risk of self-destructive behaviours, suicide, abuse of psychoactive substances, as well as later difficulties in many areas of life during adulthood.
EN
Objectives The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between the body mass index and sports and physical activities in an unbiased, simple, random sample of teenagers from mid-northeastern Poland. Material and Methods Children and adolescents aged 10–19 years old were surveyed. The Internet-based survey was conducted to collect information on physical activity, leisure time, studying hours, weight, and height. Results Obesity was found to be low in the study population. The overall prevalence of overweight was not higher than 8%. Only 0.6% of participants were underweight. Overall, 68% of them confirmed participating in sports. Boys were frequently more active than girls (> 70% boys and > 60% girls). Participants mostly played soccer, volleyball, handball, or basketball (30.5%); 7% of them practiced martial arts and 16.5% of them participated in swimming. Sports activity significantly influenced body mass index. Obesity was not related to the lack of participation for physical activity in girls but a significant relationship was observed in boys (p < 0.02). The risk of obesity or overweight for inactive teenagers increased 2-fold (p < 0.01). Conclusions We report the overall participation of teenagers from 2 cities in mid-northeastern Poland in sports and physical activities and demonstrate that the lack of statistically significant differences in the body mass index and obesity and overweight is prevalent among boys and girls. Obesity was significantly related to less physical activity in boys, and the likelihood of obesity or overweight increased in inactive teenagers. Thus, we suggest that the importance of overweight and obesity prevention programs should be emphasized. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(6):771–782
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Joga dla dzieci i młodzieży

63%
Forum Oświatowe
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2021
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vol. 33
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issue 2(66)
95-108
EN
In the last few years, there has been a significant increase in self-aggressive behavior among children and adolescents in Poland and a deterioration of their general mental health. A sedentary lifestyle, parental consent for a time “filled” with electronics, inadequate diet, lack of contact with nature, weakening family ties are only a part of contemporary conditions for the development of children and youth. It becomes so important to strengthen personal resources, which are health potentials, from an early age. The aim of the article is to present the values of yoga and relaxation and their psychosomatic practices as appropriate means of strengthening the mental and physical well-being of children and adolescents.
PL
W ostatnich kilku latach odnotowuje się w Polsce znaczny wzrost zachowań autoagresywnych wśród dzieci i młodzieży oraz pogorszenie ich ogólnego stanu zdrowia psychicznego. Siedzący tryb życia, przyzwolenie na czas „wypełniony” przez elektronikę, nieodpowiednia dieta, brak kontaktu z naturą, osłabienie relacji rodzinnych, to tylko cząstka tworząca współczesne warunki rozwoju dzieci i młodzieży. Obowiązkiem i koniecznością w kontekście chęci zapobiegania problemom zdrowotnym wśród dzieci i młodzieży staje się wzmacnianie już od najmłodszych lat zasobów osobistych będących potencjałami zdrowia. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przybliżenie walorów jogi i relaksacji, ich psychosomatycznych praktyk jako właściwych środków umacniania dobrostanu psychicznego i fizycznego dzieci i młodzieży.
10
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UCZYĆ SIĘ OD MISTRZÓW

63%
PL
Celem rozważań jest spotkanie z dwoma niezwykłymi profesorami i nauczycielami akademickimi, architektami – Juhani Pallasmaą i Kazimierzem Wejchertem. Wydane w zbliżonym czasie książki pt. Oczy skóry – Architektura i zmysły (1996) i Przestrzeń wokół nas (1993) uczą Czytelników uważności w odbiorze przestrzeni. Przestrzeń traktowana jako materia poznawcza w procesie i za pomocą wszystkich zmysłów jest łatwiejsza w odbiorze i bardziej przyjazna człowiekowi. Nauka płynąca ze spotkania z Mistrzami jest niezwykle przydatna dla studentów i wykładowców na kierunkach architektonicznych.
EN
The aim of this essay is to present work of two extraordinary professors, architects Juhani Pallasmaa (Finland) and Kazimierz Wejchert (Poland). In their books, issued almost in the same period, “Eyes of the Skin – Architecture and the senses” (1996) and “The space around us” (1993), readers can learn about mindfulness in the perception of space. By cognitive processes and using all the human senses, professors proved that space is easier to accept, understand and is friendlier for people. Lessons learned from these Masters are extremely useful for students but also for teachers and lecturers in the fields of architecture.
PL
Statystyki światowe wskazują, że około 10-20% populacji dzieci i młodzieży doświadcza różnorodnych problemów ze zdrowiem psychicznym. Potrzeby dzieci z zaburzeniami psychicznymi są złożone. W celu zapewnienia im dobrej opieki i skutecznej terapii ważne jest zrozumienie kontekstualnych wpływów środowiskowych (zwłaszcza rodzinnych) leżących u podłoża zaburzeń zdrowia psychicznego. Rodzinne czynniki decydujące o problemach ze zdrowiem psychicznym dzieci i młodzieży to przede wszystkim jakość przywiązania, charakter wewnątrzrodzinnych relacji interpersonalnych i struktura rodziny.
EN
The prevalence rate of children and adolescents affected by anxiety, attention deficit, depression, addictions and other disorders is conservatively estimated at 10-20% young people at any given time. The needs of children with psychological dysfunction are complex. In order to provide children with quality care and appropriate management of mental health problems, it is important to understand some of the contextual issues (means family factors) that underlie a child’s etiology of a mental disorder. Family factors influencing mental health of children and adolescents are characterized by constant interaction of experience starting with early attachment, interpersonal family relations and structure of family.
Rozprawy Społeczne
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2018
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vol. 12
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issue 1
50-58
PL
Zgodnie z raportem Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO) co 40 sekund na kuli ziemskiej ktoś umiera śmiercią samobójczą i na ogół jest to osoba wkraczająca w życie. Samobójstwa nie należy traktować jako pojedynczego aktu odebrania sobie życia, ale jako działania związanego z całym szeregiem następujących po sobie etapów trwających czasami latami, z których ostatni najczęściej kończy się śmiercią. Proces samobójczy ma swój początek, określony czas trwania, mogący prowadzić do śmierci. Celem profilaktyki presuicydalnej jest zahamowanie tego procesu. Profilaktyka presuicydalna – uprzedzająca, ukierunkowana na jednostkę, jej najbliższe kręgi społeczne, głównie na rodzinę, szkołę a także na opinię publiczną zmierza do wyposażenia osób w wiedzę i umiejętności niezbędne do pokonywania trudności, dokonywania właściwych wyborów w życiu, inicjowania i wzmacniania czynników wspierających rozwój. Dąży do obalenia mitów i wytworzenia pozytywnych postaw wobec osób cierpiących. Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu przedstawienie zróżnicowanych form działań i wielorakich inicjatyw podejmowanych na poziomie globalnym przez WHO, ogólnopolskim poprzez realizację zapisów Narodowego Programu Zdrowia, a także na poziomie lokalnym, czyli środowiska szkoły, rodziny na rzecz ograniczenia liczby samobójstw. Omówienie powyższej problematyki przyjmuje charakter wycinkowy bowiem nie jest możliwe przybliżenie na kilku czy kilkunastu stronach owoców wieloletniej pracy prewencyjnej organizacji rządowych i pozarządowych.
EN
According to a report by the World Health Organization (WHO), every 40 seconds, someone commits suicide in the world, and it is generally a young person entering the world. Suicides should not be regarded as a single act of taking one’s life away, but as an activity involving a series of successive stages that last for years, most of which end in one’s death. Suicide has its origin and a certain duration often leading to death. The goal of pre-suicidal prevention is to stop the process. The pre-eminent pre-suicidal prevention targeted at an individual, his/her immediate social circle mainly at family, school and public opinion aims to equip people with the necessary knowledge and skills to overcome difficulties, make the right choices in life, initiate and strengthen the drivers of development. It seeks to overthrow the myths and create positive attitudes towards the suffering people. The present paper aims at presenting diverse forms of action and multi-level initiatives at the global level by the WHO, the nationwide one through the implementation of the National Health Programme and, at the local level, the local community, school, and family, by reducing the number of suicides. It is not possible to discuss the above-mentioned issue as it is impossible to approximate the long-term preventive work actions by governmental and non-governmental organisations on several pages.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje tematykę włączania osób z niepełnosprawnością w życie społeczne ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem uspołeczniania dzieci i młodzieży. Osoby mające niepełnosprawność fizyczną bądź intelektualną są szczególnie narażone na utrudnienia związane z psychomotorycznością oraz poczuciem własnej sprawczości. Publikacja ma na celu pokazanie, jak doniosłe znaczenie mają organizacje, w tym Fundacja Handicup Zakopane, zajmujące się wspomaganiem młodych ludzi dotkniętych niepełnosprawnością w ich wszechstronnym rozwoju. Fundacja ta swoją misję skupia na integracji społecznej przez szeroko rozumiany sport. Jako nadrzędny cel jej istnienia wymienia się promowanie kultury fizycznej oraz sportu, szczególnie wśród jednostek czasowo lub trwale niepełnosprawnych. Dodatkowo Handicup zajmuje się integracją sportowców o różnorodnych możliwościach psychofizycznych. Problematyka inkluzji społecznej osób z niepełnosprawnościami nadal pozostaje tematem otwartym na dyskusję naukową, odkrywającą nowe możliwości wspomagania tych osób.
EN
The paper deals with the social integration of people with disabilities, with special attention to the socialisation of children and young people. People with physical or mental disabilities are particularly vulnerable to disabilities in terms of psychomotor skills and independence. The present study aims to highlight the importance of organisations, including the Zakopane Handicup Foundation, which are committed to supporting young people with disabilities in their comprehensive development. The Foundation focuses on social inclusion in the broadest sense. The Handicup Foundation is a non-governmental organization that has been active in Zakopane since 2014. The main objective of the Foundation is to promote physical culture and sports, especially for people with temporary or permanent disabilities. In addition, Handicup deals with the integration of athletes with diverse psycho-physical abilities. In addition, some members of the organization, including children, are qualified to participate in the Paralympic Games. The issue of social inclusion of people with disabilities continues to be an open topic for scientific debate identifying new ways of supporting people with disabilities.
EN
The paper looks at the theoretical basis of research on social inequalities in health from the life‑course perspective. The author states that numerous studies have proven that the living conditions in the prenatal period, childhood and adolescence influence health at the later stages of life. The article introduces recent international publications focusing on effective intervention programs and systemic solutions implemented in various countries. Examples of interventions aimed at different age groups and specific health‑related problems are also discussed.
PL
Wykorzystanie seksualne dziecka zawsze jest doświadczeniem dlań niekorzystnym. Stanowi czynnik ryzyka zaburzenia jego rozwoju psychoseksualnego. Kluczowe jest więc poszukiwanie zasobów i możliwości wsparcia rozwoju dzieci i młodzieży wykorzystanych seksualnie w ich rodzinach – szczególnie podczas planowania i prowadzenia procesu diagnostycznego oraz terapeutycznego. Celem niniejszej pracy jest ukazanie konieczności stosowania teorii przywiązania i teorii systemowych we wsparciu terapeutycznym osób wykorzystywanych seksualnie. Nie bez znaczenia jest także obecność poruszanego tematu w literaturze pedagogicznej, co ułatwi współpracę profesjonalistów zajmujących się dziećmi i młodzieżą z rodzicami oraz pomoże efektywniej budować programy pomocowe.
EN
The sexual abuse of a child is always unfavorable experience for him. It is a factor of risk for his psychosexual development. It is therefore crucial to look for the resources and possibilities to support the development of children and adolescents sexually abused in their families – especially when planning and conducting a diagnostic and therapeutic process. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the need for the use of attachment theory and systemic theories in the therapeutic support of sexually abused persons. The presence of the subject in pedagogical literature is also essential, which will facilitate the cooperation of professionals dealing with children and adolescents with parents and will help to build aid programs more effectively.
EN
The aim of this paper is to explore issues related to children and adolescents with chronic diseases and their social functioning in Poland. The article begins with a theoretical framework, including definitions of categorical and non‑categorical chronic diseases. The author presents the data on occurrence of chronic conditions, social assistance for families with children with chronic conditions, education system (children with chronic conditions as children with special educational needs) and home education. In the second part the author looks at the functioning of children and adolescents with chronic diseases in social institutions (family, school, etc.). In the final section some recommendations with respect to improving the social functioning of children and adolescents with chronic conditions are discussed.
EN
The audit examined the effectiveness of competent bodies in the area of prevention of abnormal curvature in spine. In the first place, the audit focused on whether they were diagnosed and monitored, whether conditions in schools allowed for minimising their development, whether information and education campaigns were organised and whether those were effective. The audit covered 2017–2019, and it was conducted in five Polish regions: Lubuskie, Małopolskie, Podlaskie, Śląskie and Zachodniopomorskie. In each of these regions, the situation in two local administrative units (Polish: gmina) was examined, as well as in four primary schools. In total, the audit covered ten offices and 20 primary schools. The auditors gathered information on periodic screening of schoolkids and the number of diagnosed abnormal curvatures in spine – from the entities outsourced by school principals to provide school nurses services. Also, the findings of the audit carried out by the Sanitary Inspectorate were used, regarding ensuring appropriate equipment and conditions at schools and the weight of schoolbags. Moreover, a survey was conducted in schools, with the participation of 741 teachers and 1,956 parents of schoolkids.
PL
Analizie poddano skuteczność działań właściwych organów na rzecz profilaktyki wad postawy uczniów. Oceniono przede wszystkim, czy problem ich rozwoju jest należycie rozpoznany i monitorowany, warunki pobytu w szkołach zorganizowane tak, aby minimalizować czynniki sprzyjające powstawaniu wad, czy podejmowano działania informacyjne oraz edukacyjne i jaka była ich efektywność. Kontrolą objęto lata 2017–2019. Przeprowadzono ją w pięciu województwach: lubuskim, małopolskim, podlaskim, śląskim i zachodniopomorskim. W każdym z nich zbadano sytuację w dwóch gminach i czterech szkołach podstawowych. Łącznie kontrolą objęto 10 urzędów oraz 20 publicznych szkół podstawowych. Uzyskano też informacje dotyczące wykonanych badań bilansowych uczniów oraz liczby rozpoznanych u nich wad postawy od podmiotów leczniczych, z którymi dyrektorzy szkół zawarli porozumienie na udzielanie świadczeń pielęgniarki szkolnej. W informacji wykorzystano wyniki kontroli Inspekcji Sanitarnej na temat przestrzegania obowiązku zapewnienia wyposażenia stanowisk nauki oraz obciążenia plecaków. Ponadto w szkołach przeprowadzono badanie ankietowe, w którym wzięło udział 741 nauczycieli i 1956 rodziców
EN
The article is an attempt to describe the phenomena of peer rivalry and related cyberbullying present in new media in relation to literature for children and adolescents. The short stories analyzed ilustrate the real threats posed by virtual reality. This type of literature, both in form and content, is an important source of knowledge for young people , knowledge related to the world around them. Therefore, these stories are a good reading selection for parents, teachers and especially young people
PL
Artykuł jest próbą opisu zjawisk rywalizacji rówieśniczej i związanej z nią cyberprzemocy obecnych w nowych mediach w odniesieniu do literatury dla dzieci i młodzieży. Analizowane opowiadania są ilustracją realnych zagrożeń, które niesie wirtualna rzeczywistość. Tego rodzaju literatura zarówno w formie i treści stanowi dla młodego odbiorcy ważne źródło wiedzy dotyczącej otaczającego go świata. Opowiadania te są zatem dobrą propozycją do lektury tak dla rodziców, nauczycieli a zwłaszcza młodzieży.
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