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The Labarum – from Crux Dissimulata and Chi-Rho to the Open Image Cross

100%

Bralewski S.

Studia Ceranea

2020

vol. 10

243-258

Based on the testimony of emperor Constantine the Great himself, Eusebius of Caesarea presented a labarum in the form of crux dissimulata crowned with the Chi-Rho. The continuers of his Church History in the next century, Rufinus of Aquileia, Philostorgius, Socrates of Constantinople, and Sozomen, only kept the cross-shape of the banner, excluding the christogram. This might have happened because in two main sources informing about the vision of Constantine – the accounts of Eusebius of Caesarea and Lactantius – it was not only the monogram of Christ that played a significant role. The motif of the cross also appears in them, in the account of Eusebius directly, and Lactantius indirectly. Furthermore, Christians interpreted the cross explicitly as a sign of victory. Eusebius wrote about the cross as a symbol of immortality, a triumphant sign of Christ overcoming death. In the account of the bishop of Caesarea, on the other hand, Constantine’s supposed vision included a triumphal sign in the form of a luminous cross, or the symbol of the trophy of salvation. Numismatic evidence also cannot be ignored. Already during the reign of Constantine the Great, the Chi-Rho appeared on the coins both on the shields and on the labarum. However, starting from the reign of Constantius II, coins that were minted included the cross instead of the Chi-Rho on the labarum. It also began to be placed on the shields, in their central part, where the monogram of Christ used to be. Over time, the cross replaced the entire labarum. The iconography present on the coins may prove that the phenomenon of identifying the labarum or Chi-Rho with the cross was not limited to church historiography and was more widespread, although it should be remembered that coins continued to also be decorated with the letters Chi-Rho. Therefore, the representation of the cross did not replace this symbol. However, it cannot be ruled out that the increasingly common image of the cross on coins also contributed to the aforementioned perception of the labarum by church historians.

Łódzki ośrodek naukowy historyków Kościoła

51%

Różański M.

Nasza Przeszłość. Studia z dziejów Kościoła i kultury katolickiej w Polsce

2015

vol. 123

237-246

Dzieje kościoła łódzkiego nie posiadają bardzo bogatej bibliografii. Utworzony po II wojnie światowej Uniwersytet Łódzki nie podjął się badań nad problematyką religijności i funkcjonowania lokalnego Kościoła. Te lukę wypełniali duchowni, którzy zdobywali warsztat naukowy w Uniwersytecie Warszawskim, Katolickim Uniwersytecie Lubelskim i Akademii Teologii Katolickiej w Warszawie. Ich badania skupiały się zasadniczo wokół trzech zagadnień merytorycznych. Pierwszym były dzieje Kościoła katolickiego w Polsce. Zasadniczo dotyczyły one okresu staropolskiego. Drugim, najbogatszym w opublikowane prace były dzieje Kościoła w regionie. Opublikowane prace dotyczące dziejów poszczególnych instytucji kościelnych i parafii. Ostatnim są opracowania o charakterze hagiograficznym ukazujące życie świętych, błogosławionych i sług Bożych związanych z terenem regionu łódzkiego.

The history of the church of Łódź does not have a rich bibliography. The Universi-ty of Łódź created after World War II did not undertake research on the issue of reli-giousness and the functioning of the local church. The existing gap was filled by the clergy, who acquired their academic skills at the University of Warsaw, the Catholic University of Lublin and the Academy of Catholic Theology in Warsaw. Their re-search was mainly focused around three problems. The first one was the history of the Catholic Church in Poland, especially the Old Poland. The second, richest in pub-lished works, was the history of the regional church. The published works concerned the history of various church institutions and parishes. The last problem is connected with hagiographic works presenting the life of saints, the blessed and the servants of God in the Łódź region.

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1 Nasza Przeszłość. Studia z dziejów Kościoła i kultury katolickiej w Polsce

1 Studia Ceranea

1 Bralewski S.

1 Różański M.

1 2020

1 2015

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The Labarum – from Crux Dissimulata and Chi-Rho to the Open Image Cross

Łódzki ośrodek naukowy historyków Kościoła