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The crisis management system and the civil protection system. Similarities, differences, possibilities of standardisation

100%
Pietrek G.
Security and Defence Quarterly
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2017
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vol. 16
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issue 3
75-88
EN
Crisis management, civil protection and civil defence are terms which are used every day by theoreticians and practitioners. Are they really diff erent or are they synonyms? Using various research methods (analysis of expert literature, analysis of legal acts, comparison, synthesis and reasoning) in the following article, the author makes an attempt at providing answers to such questions. Th e article also presents the author’s opinion on the future of the above-mentioned systems, indicating that with some modifi cation and legal regulations, it would be possible to develop a uniform system which would be able to function effi ciently in crises, emergency situations, during armed confl icts or in a time of war, providing a proper level of management to all the operations involving civil protection and rescue services.
2
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From Mobilization to Lessons Learnt – Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations in Mozambique 2019

80%
Zwęgliński T., Stefańska M.
Security Dimensions: International & National Studies
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2021
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vol. 36(36)
94-121
EN
This article is a joint effort of civil protection and humanitarian aid experts to compare and search for a common ground of the two relief and recovery mechanisms deployed to disasters. The hypothesis says that efficiency and close collaboration of civil protection and humanitarian aid is a key requirement to reduce the impact of major disasters on developing countries and affected populations. As a case study tropical cyclones, Idai and Kenneth that hit Mozambique in 2019 have been chosen. Strategic and operational documents, lessons learnt reports, statistics, appeals, donor response decryptions, semi-formal interviews with delegates to Mozambique, personal experiences and findings have been used. Starting from the situation analysis the authors presented needs assessment tools and different assets mobilized to the operation, then they showed how these assets were allocated to sectoral activities. The decision-making process and collaboration with the host nation were included. Lively discussion on main challenges allowed to formulate a few key recommendations for the future. Strengthening international cooperation and coordination through a complex mechanism of sharing competencies among different stakeholders, proper division of tasks and responsibilities, and reviewing lessons learnt from relief operations seem to be key factors to develop and improve the whole aid system.
3
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Terrorism and the Hybrid Warfare in Aspect of War in Ukraine

80%
Wróblewski W.
Polish Political Science Yearbook
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2022
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issue 4(51)
95-107
EN
Contemporary terrorism is characterised by a complex and networked model of operation. While the main objectives of terrorist acts remain the same, the attack environment, tactics and tools are changing. The international community is taking steps to strengthen counter-terrorism systems, but these are peaceful solutions. These models do not consider the conditions of hybrid armed conflicts in which terrorism is an element of combat tactics. It is a relatively new phenomenon and particularly dangerous for the civilian population. The acts of terror in hybrid warfare are not mechanisms with a simple scheme of action, and, as we try to show in this article, they represent a deliberate and broad spectrum of action. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand terrorism in the context of the threat of hybrid war (especially when terrorist acts complement hybrid tactics or significantly replace conventional tactics). This type of threat must be recognised before achieving its strategic goals. From the substantive point of view, the article studies the problem of terrorism as one of the threats of an armed conflict in Ukraine, commonly known as hybrid war.
4
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WSPÓŁDZIAŁANIE ADMINISTRACJI PUBLICZNEJ W SYTUACJACH KRYZYSOWYCH NA POZIOMIE POWIATU. CASUS CHOJNIC

80%
Czyż R.
Security, Economy & Law
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2017
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issue 4/2017 (XVII)
EN
Public administration minimizes or eliminates threats affecting the security level. Crisis management activities are described in the Act on Crisis Management, which defines in the area of crisis management: competent authorities, their tasks and rules of operation, planning documents and financing of activities. The county self-government has its own and commissioned tasks of above communal nature, related to the removal of direct threats to public safety and order, defense, flood protection, including equipment and maintenance of the county flood prevention and fire protection and prevention of other extraordinary threats to human life and health and the environment. The cooperation of public administration within the framework of fusion on the county level has an impact on the efficiency of managing the security system organized at this level.
5
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PERSONAL PROTECTION OF PEOPLE DURING A PANDEMIC

80%
Michailiuk B.
The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies
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2020
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issue 2
EN
The article focuses on the general principles regarding personal protection of people during a pandemic. The author indicates the difference between the concepts of an epidemic and a pandemic, characterizes civil protection, and specifies classification and possibilities of incorporating personal means of protection against biological infection. The text also highlights measures that contribute to protection of health and life of civilians as well as personal means of protection in the armed forces.The publication is based on the analysis of available literature on the subject. In the research process, the author used his many years of experience in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland (the chemical troops), including data gathered from simulation of conduct in CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear) contaminated environment.
6
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Spanish Civil Protection System as a Part of European Union Emergency Response

80%
Zwęgliński T., Cordero M. R.
Internal Security
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2019
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vol. 11(2)
165-177
EN
European Union is a union of sovereign democratic countries which commonly agreed to integrate and, depending on the area, cooperate towards achieving better quality of life of European citizens. In the case of safety and security, since it is still national domain mainly, rather cooperation than integration aspect is prevailing. Since threats do not respect administrative borders it is the most important to do as much as possible for the cooperation improvement which, in fundamentals, could be done by knowing and understanding each other’s national civil protection and emergency response systems. Things are getting even more complicated if the object of scientific inquires in this respect is a country which is actually a federation of autonomous states as in the case of Spain or Germany. Then the national system as a matter of fact is being composed of a few or even several autonomous regional systems which are constituted and regulated on the regional level of the federation. This type of situation results from the historical, political, geographical backgrounds and due to many more reasons, however, it is always good to put a question how such systems operate in case of emergency? In order to present a synthetic description of the Spanish civil protection and emergency response system scientific methods of cognition such as the critical analysis of legal acts and normative documents as well as synthesis were used in the research. The study concluded with the future challenges for the system which should be undertaken to improve its efficiency.
7
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Safety Issues of the Rail Transport System in Poland during COVID-19: A Review Based on Statistics and Research

80%
Nowacki G., Jaworska K.
Polish Political Science Yearbook
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2024
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issue 1(53)
207-226
EN
The paper presents the characteristics of the rail transport system, including passenger and freight transport during the Covid-19 pandemic. The entities responsible for the safety of the railway sector were presented, among which were the Railway Transport Office, the company PKP PLK S.A., and the Railroad Security Guard, which played the most critical role. The paper presents statistical data for railway accidents and casualties in 2018–2021. It was noted that the Covid-19 pandemic significantly reduced passenger and freight transport. 2021 was the European Year of Railways; it was also an exceptional, demanding, and significant year for changes taking place on the railways. Throughout this time, the Office of Rail Transport promoted rail as a safe, ecological, and comfortable means of transport. Based on statistics and empirical research, the main problems of the railway sector were discussed, and the research hypothesis was verified positively.
8
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Analysis of the Dutch Crisis Response System in the Context of the Common European Union Resilience

70%
van Duuren C., Zwęgliński T.
Internal Security
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2019
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vol. 11(2)
55-64
EN
The increasing integrity of the European Union member states is more and more regarding the security and civil protection aspects. On the other hand the priority in responsibility for the safety and security is still in the domain of the sovereign states. It means that the individual states of the EU are responsible for designing and managing their own security and civil protection systems. However, the integration processes within the EU trigger a significant need for an increase of common understanding of the individual member states’ philosophies, approaches and systems utilized in the domain of security and civil protection. Only then if we understand how the others work, we are able to assist them in a crisis or disaster. Therefore, it is highly important to share and understand each other’s systems between member states. The article presents the Dutch approach to national risk assessment as well as organizational aspects of internal security system applied in the Netherlands. It also suggest the future challenges which are at the near horizon of the system development.
9
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THE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN ICELAND’S SYSTEM OF CIVIL PROTECTION AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

70%
Grzela J.
Przegląd Policyjny
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2020
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vol. 139(3)
54-66
EN
In Iceland, since 2008, there has been a centralisation and coordination of forces and resources needed to protect the population and civil security. Duties in the fi eld of civil protection at the national level are delegated to the National Police Chief, who acts in accordance with the government’s policy of civil protection and security. The system’s reliability has been achieved thanks to the close cooperation of offi cials from many levels of government and self-government administration, which is overseen by the National Police Chief.
10
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Civil Defense in Poland – Transformation Process after 1989, Current State and Modernization Proposals

61%
Kopczewski M., Szmitkowski P.
De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności
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2020
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issue 1(6)
75-87
PL
Obrona Cywilna w Polsce – proces transformacji po 1989r., stan obecny i propozycje modernizacji
RU
Гражданская оборона в Польше – процесс трансформации после 1989 года, нынешнее состояние и предложения по модернизации
11
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Legal protection of workers from moral harassment in the workplaces: a comparative study of the UAE law and French law

61%
AlKrisheh M., Alhajaya N., AL-Tkhayneh K. M.
The Lawyer Quarterly
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2021
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vol. 11
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issue 4
569-584
EN
The study tackles the worker’s protection under the purview of criminal and civil laws from harassment in the workplace. The researchers point out that the UAE legislator has not addressed moral harassment in the workplace either in the Penal Law or in the Regulation of Labor Relations. Meanwhile, the French legislator criminalizes moral harassment acts in the French Penal Law and regulates that in the respective labor law. This motivates us to examine this subject with sights set to have this study as a proposal for the UAE legislator to draft provisions that criminalize moral harassment in the workplace. This study provides the punishment prescribed for this crime. It also describes this act in the Labor Law to determine the procedures set to protect the victims from harassment, to empower them to receive fair compensation, and to prevent the employer from harassing workers to push them to abandon work.
12
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System ratownictwa górskiego w Polsce

61%
Kolmann P.
De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności
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2022
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issue 2(8)
162-175
EN
The Mountain Rescue System in Poland
13
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Ochrona ludności w systemie bezpieczeństwa narodowego

61%
Jakubiak E.
Zeszyty Naukowe Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne
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2019
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vol. 15
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issue 1
82-99
EN
In many works in the field of security science, attempts were made to determine what the system of civil protection in Poland is, to create its definition and indicate the essence. The system of civil protection in Poland is currently in a phase of deep transformations. The legal basis for its operation is many fragmentary regulations, some of which were adopted in the time of People's Republic of Poland. The aim of the article is to present the definition of civil protection in the literature on the subject and to determine the position of civil protection in the national security system.
PL
W wielu pracach z zakresu nauki bezpieczeństwa starano się określić, czym jest system ochrony ludności w Polsce, stworzyć jego definicję oraz wskazać istotę. Wieloznaczność pojęcia ochrony ludności powoduje rozmycie znaczeniowe tego terminu. System ochrony ludności w Polsce jest obecnie w fazie głębokich przeobrażeń. Podstawą prawną jego działania jest wiele fragmentarycznych regulacji, spośród których część uchwalona została jeszcze w Polsce Ludowej. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie definicji ochrony ludności w literaturze przedmiotu oraz określenie pozycji ochrony ludności w systemie bezpieczeństwa narodowego.
14
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Analytical Approach to Cooperation Between Fire Brigade and the Police — Comparison Study on Base of Polish and Portuguese Experiences

61%
ZWĘGLIŃSKI T., Morgado C.
Internal Security
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2018
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vol. 10(1)
161-181
EN
Cooperation is one of the fundamental processes which shape the natural, social, economic and cultural environments. Therefore, it appears evident that this concept gained recognition within numerous scientific areas, which include, among others: management, economics, anthropology, sociology, political science, the psychology of work, and others. The scope of concerned aspects relates to human relations, it seems necessary to reflect on the subject of consideration from the point of view of sociology. In the contemporary world everybody operates within a global system, therefore everyone is interdependent. The paradigm of the organization constitutes of a man, the purpose and structure. Cooperation is the opposite of social conflict, hence by the means of cooperation conflicts may be prevented and through cooperation conflicts may be solved. Currently, the rescue system in Poland is based on organized but dispersed areas of responsibility among public authorities and non-governmental organizations. In Portugal, civil protection and relief operations are multidisciplinary activities developed by agencies, services and entities, at the national, district and municipal levels, duly organized in the Integrated Protection and Relief Operations System. Therefore cooperation between agencies should be a never ending process which is realized through all crises management phases. Only then it brings the synergy effect in the key moments of complex life-saving operations. These two agencies are almost always present on a scene of small and major incidents. Therefore the authors recognized that the problem is worth to be addressed as a comparison study on the base of Polish and Portuguese experiences.
15
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Z problematyki ochrony ludności. Istota ewakuacji w ujęciu powszechnym

51%
Kolmann P.
De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności
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2020
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issue 1(6)
88-98
PL
Pojęcie ewakuacji jest od wieków w powszechnym użytku, zarówno w mowie potocznej, jak i w ramach ustaleń czy regulacji odnoszących się do zapewniania szeroko rozumianej ochrony ludności. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki dokonanego przeglądu źródeł bibliograficznych pod kątem identyfikacji natury i istoty zjawiska ewakuacji. Wobec zidentyfikowania różnorodnych ujęć (w tym ogólnego i specjalistycznego), po dokonaniu ich usystematyzowania i analizy w ramach studium komparatystycznego, przedstawionego na gruncie dwóch powiązanych ze sobą artykułów, zaproponowano autorską definicję ewakuacji.
EN
The concept of evacuation has been widely used for centuries, both in colloquial speech and as part of arrangements and regulations relating to ensuring widely understood civil protection. The article presents the results of the review of bibliographic sources for purpose of identifying the nature and essence of the phenomenon of evacuation. Due to the identification of various approaches (including general and specialist), after systematizing and analyzing them within the framework of comparative studies, presented on the basis of two related articles, the author's definition of evacuation was proposed.
16
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Powszechna samoobrona ludności w XXI wieku. Analiza badań pilotażowych do rozprawy doktorskiej

51%
Domański D.
Bezpieczeństwo Obronność Socjologia
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2016
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issue 5
19-35
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników badań pilotażowych przeprowadzonych w ramach pracy doktorskiej autora dotyczących organizacji powszechnej samoobrony ludności wobec zagrożeń XXI wieku. Poruszone zostały problemy zagrożeń, samoorganizacji i istoty samoobrony ludności. Autor próbuje dociec, w jaki sposób sprawy samoobrony ludności i kwestie bezpieczeństwa pojmuje grupa respondentów. Dane zawarte w artykule są datowane na maj 2015 roku. Ich rozszerzeniem będą wyniki przeprowadzonych badań właściwych, zaprezentowanych w dysertacji.
EN
The objective of the article is to present the results of pilot research done among PhD student on the subject of organization of mass self-defense of the population against threats of XXI century. Discussing the problems of threats, self-organization and the essence of self-defense of the population. The author tries to find out how the matter of self-defense of the population and security issues conceives of respondents. The data contained in the article are dated in May 2015.
17
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Z problematyki ochrony ludności. Istota ewakuacji w ujęciu specjalistycznym

51%
Kolmann P.
De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności
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2021
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issue 1(7)
175-188
PL
Pojęcie ewakuacji posiada różne znaczenia. Niektóre z nich znalazły zastosowanie w regulacjach i rozważaniach właściwych szeroko rozumianej ochronie ludności. W artykule zawarto wyniki dokonanego przeglądu źródeł bibliograficznych pod kątem identyfikacji natury i istoty zjawiska ewakuacji w ujęciu specjalistycznym. Wobec zidentyfikowania różnorodnych ujęć (w tym ogólnego i specjalistycznego), po dokonaniu ich usystematyzowania i analizy w ramach studium komparatystycznego – przedstawionego na gruncie dwóch powiązanych ze sobą artykułów – zaproponowano autorską definicję ewakuacji.
EN
The concept of evacuation has different meanings. Some of them have found application in regulations and considerations relevant to broadly understood civil protection. The article includes the results of the review of bibliographic sources for the purpose of identifying the nature and essence of the phenomenon of evacuation in the specialist perspective. Due to the identification of various approaches (including general and specialist), after systematizing and analyzing them within the framework of comparative studies – presented on the basis of two related articles – the author's definition of evacuation was proposed.
18
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Ochrona ludności w Szwecji jako przykład nowoczesnych rozwiązań w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa cywilnego

51%
Trocha J.
Zeszyty Naukowe Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne
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2017
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vol. 13
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issue 1
8-40
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano system bezpieczeństwa cywilnego Szwecji. Niniejszy system w opinii wielu ekspertów stanowi współcześnie wzorowy model rozwiązań odpowiadających za ochronę ludności. Autor swoją analizę rozpoczął od uwarunkowań zagrożeń kryzysowych i wojennych Szwecji na podstawie, których stworzony został system. Ważną rolę w realizacji zadań ochrony ludności wykonują także organizacje pozarządowe oraz przedsiębiorcy. Ponadto przedstaione zostały obywatelskie obowiązki Szwedów realizowane na rzecz bezpieczeństwa. Autor wyrażą nadziej e, i z niniejszy artykuł wzbogaci obszar wiedzy w przedmiotowym zakresie na temat roli systemu ochrony ludności wobec współczesnych zagrożeń. W Polsce na przestrzeni ostatnich lat trwały prace nad reformą ochrony ludności. W obliczu planowanych zmian, szwedzkie rozwiązania z dziedziny bezpieczeństwa cywilnego stanowić mogą źródła cennych doświadczeń podczas tworzenia nowej koncepcji ochrony ludności w kraju.
EN
This article presents the civil security system of Sweden. This system, in the opinion of many experts, is an exemplary model of a modern solution civil protection system. The author of his analysis began with the determinants of the crisis and war risks of Sweden on the basis of which the system was created. Non-governmental organizations and entrepreneurs also play an important role in the implementation of civil protection tasks. In addition, the Swedish citizens security obligations have been presented. The author hopes that this article will enrich the area of expertise in the subject matter on the role of civil protection systems in contemporary threats. In recent years in Poland, the sustainability of work on the reform of protection of population. In view of the planned changes in Poland to Swedish civil security solutions, can be used during creation in the civil protection concept.
19
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Cywilna organizacja ochrony i obrony narodowej w opinii społeczności lokalnych

51%
Bryczek-Wróbel P.
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
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2023
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vol. 51
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issue 2
77-87
EN
The aim of the research was to seek answers to the in the area of current capabilities of defense and civil protection at the municipal level: how do you assess the civilian organization for national protection and defense in the indicated areas. The diagnostic survey (survey technique) was conducted from September 12 to September 23, 2022. The statistical sample was determined using targeted selection taking into account the entire area of the country. 336 communes were selected (21 from each voivodship) and the respondents were m.in mayors and their deputies (341 people). Using interdisciplinary research methods of analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, the results of the research were confronted with scientific reflection on the applicable legal acts. The results of the study showed that the civilian organization for national protection and defence at the local level mainly covers crisis management tasks and to a very limited extent. Harnessing the potential of local communities in this area is becoming a major challenge.
PL
Celem badań było poszukiwanie odpowiedzi na wyzwania w obszarze aktualnych możliwości obrony i ochrony ludności na szczeblu gminy: Jak oceniacie Państwo cywilną organizację ochrony i obrony narodowej we wskazanych obszarach? Sondaż diagnostyczny (technika ankietowania) przeprowadzono od 12 września do 23 września 2022 roku. Próbę statystyczną ustalono stosując dobór celowy z uwzględnieniem całego obszaru państwa. Wytypowano 336 gmin (po 21 z każdego województwa), a respondentami byli m.in. wójtowie/burmistrzowie i ich zastępcy (341 osób). Wykorzystując interdyscyplinarne metody badawcze analizy, syntezy, indukcji i dedukcji, wyniki badań skonfrontowano z naukową refleksją nad obowiązującymi aktami prawnymi. Wyniki badań pokazały, iż cywilna organizacja ochrony i obrony narodowej na szczeblu lokalnym obejmuje głównie zadania z zakresu zarządzania kryzysowego, i to w stopniu bardzo ograniczonym. Wykorzystanie potencjału społeczności lokalnych w tym obszarze staje się poważnym wyzwaniem.
20
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Implikacja terroryzmu w budowaniu mechanizmu odporności ludności cywilnej w hybrydowych konfliktach zbrojnych

51%
Wróblewski W.
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
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2023
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vol. 51
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issue 2
169-182
EN
Nowadays, the term hybrid warfare is increasingly common in the international security community. To date, several scientific and formal definitions of this issue have been developed, but it remains a contentious and imprecise concept. In common parlance, the term hybrid war is most often used to describe the so-called Ukrainian crisis, which escalated in 2022 and took the form of an informal armed conflict. Hybrid war is assumed to mean a combination of conventional and unconventional tactics of a military and non-military nature. One of the elements of hybrid threats is terrorism, which is a more widely analyzed threat in the routine security environment (state of peace) and in conditions of armed conflict. In contrast, in the case of a hybrid conflict, it is an issue that has been narrowly developed. Acts of terrorism in hybrid tactics can have a network character (i.e., an integrated multi-vector attack) and a cascading effect (i.e., effects affecting each other). Such a state of affairs can affect civilian security more broadly than in other states. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the use of terrorism tactics in a full-scale hybrid conflict and its impact on civilian security.
PL
Współcześnie w środowisku bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego coraz częściej funkcjonuje termin „wojna hybrydowa”. Dotychczas opracowano kilka naukowych i formalnych definicji tego zagadnienia, jednak nadal pozostaje ono pojęciem spornym i nieprecyzyjnym. W powszechnym przekazie pojęciem „wojna hybrydowa” określa się najczęściej tzw. kryzys ukraiński, którego eskalacja nastąpiła w 2022 roku i przyjęła postać nieformalnego konfliktu zbrojnego. Przyjmuje się, że wojna hybrydowa oznacza połączenie taktyk konwencjonalnych i niekonwencjonalnych o charakterze militarnym i niemilitarnym. Jednym z elementów zagrożeń hybrydowych jest terroryzm, który w rutynowym środowisku bezpieczeństwa (stan pokoju) oraz w warunkach konfliktów zbrojnych jest zagrożeniem szerzej analizowanym. Natomiast w przypadku konfliktu o charakterze hybrydowym jest zagadnieniem opracowanym w wąskim zakresie. Akty terroryzmu w taktyce hybrydowej mogą posiadać charakter sieciowy (tzn. zintegrowany atak wielowektorowy) oraz efekt kaskadowy (tzn. skutki wpływające na siebie wzajemnie). Taki stan rzeczy może mieć wpływ na bezpieczeństwo ludności cywilnej w szerszym zakresie aniżeli w pozostałych stanach. Istnieje zatem pilna potrzeba zrozumienia wykorzystania taktyki terroryzmu w warunkach pełnowymiarowego konfliktu hybrydowego oraz jej wpływu na bezpieczeństwo ludności cywilnej.
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