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EN
The morphological diversity of the inner anatomy of root canals in human permanent teeth is an issue mainly described in endodontics research. In recent years, it is a relatively new point in anthropological studies because it varies by sex, geographic and ethnic circumstances. An unusual number of root canals or their specific systems can differentiate populations around the world. The multiplicity of available methods for detecting root canal systems helps to better understand their complexity; however, most cannot be applied to anthropology due to limitations that occur in the bioarcheological material. Thorough knowledge of the heterogeneity and internal anatomy of the root canals supplies numerous classification systems proposed and improved over the years by many authors. A limited number of studies in the anthropological literature and future research will shed light onto the internal tooth morphology in historical populations. The aim of this paper is to describe various classification systems of root canals applied in endodontics. However, due to the often poor state of preservation and damage of archaeological derived remains, it seems that the best method is the approach that is the simplest and least complicated.
EN
In professional communication states that the methodology of science is one of the most frequent terms (it is an obligatory component of every science, every fuller understanding and action), in opinions on the content but there is no consensus. Of the many questions representatives of different opinions the authors selected especially those who according to their opinion best explain the functions and structure of the methodology of scientific knowledge, namely: what methodology isused and what features methodology in scientific knowledge and fulfill what the science department‘s methodology of scientific knowledge.
PL
Problemy osób cierpiących na zaburzenia osobowości skupiają zainteresowanie badaczy zarówno od strony klinicznej, jak i teoretycznej. Próba modyfikacji obowiązujących systemów klasyfikacyjnych konfrontuje badaczy z problemami niepewnego statusu empirycznego kryteriów rozpoznawania tej grupy zaburzeń oraz niedoskonałością narzędzi diagnostycznych. Tekst jest wprowadzeniem do numeru 2 Roczników Psychologicznych poświęconego zaburzeniom osobowości, a w szczególności koncepcjom historycznym i teoretycznym zaburzeń osobowości, narzędziom pozwalającym na diagnozę zaburzeń osobowości oraz na ocenę schematów poznawczych specyficznych dla zaburzeń osobowości (zarówno w świetle teorii poznawczej Becka, jak i teorii schematów Younga).
EN
Both clinical and theoretical aspects of the problems of people suffering from personality disorders attract researchers’ attention. An attempt to modify the current classification systems confronts scholars with the problems of the uncertain empirical status of the criteria for diagnosing this group of disorders and the imperfection of assessment instruments. The text is an introduction to a volume of articles devoted to personality disorders, particularly to historical and theoretical conceptions of personality disorders, instruments enabling the diagnosis of personality disorders and the assessment of cognitive schemas specific to personality disorders (in the light of both Beck’s cognitive theory and the Young schema theory).
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