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Wstępne wyniki badań cmentarzyska kultury wielbarskiej w Linowie, gm. Świecie n/Osą, woj. kujawsko-pomorskie, stanowisko 6

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Bokiniec E., Sosnowski W.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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vol. LIV

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issue 54

147-152

EN

A destroyed Wielbark Culture cemetery at Linowo was discovered in 1986, and excavated in 1991–93. At the cemetery 39 graves dated to the Roman Period were found (19 pit graves, 3 urn graves and 17 inhumation graves). The skeletons were orientated N-S, deceased were laid on back, heads toward north, what is typical for the Wielbark Culture. However, the skeleton from the grave 66 was laid on his left side with legs bent, and in three undisturbed graves (68, 69A, 69B) the skeletons were placed without any anatomical order, as if the dead were quartered before burial. The oldest graves from the cemetery came from the phase B2/C1 (grave 17 with brooches type A.96; fig. 2), or even from the phase B2c (grave 105 with abrooche type A.128, fig. 2). Grave 1 with a brooch type A.162 and a silver S-clasp type B may be dated to the phase C1a. Quite richly were furnished inhumation graves from the phases C1b–C2. Grave 89 contained abrooche to type A.168, a few clay vessels and a necklace with 6 silver lunula pendants, 12 amber beads and 26 glass beads (Fig. 4), while grave 66 produced a fibula similar to type A.167, a necklace of 14 amber eight-shaped beads, 22 glass beads and bronze bucket-shaped pendant (Fig. 3). The youngest grave at the cemetery produced the belt buckle with thickened frame typical for the phase D (Fig. 2).

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Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Oblinie, gm. Maciejowice, woj. mazowieckie

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Czarnecka K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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vol. LIV

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issue 54

89-100

EN

A cemetery of the Przeworsk Culture at Oblin, site 5, gm. Maciejowice, woj. mazowieckie is located on a small elevation extended on N-S line, by the edge of the flood terrace of the old Vistula riverbed. It is possible that, in the time of use, bogs or floodwaters surrounded the cemetery. The cemetery is completely explored; 308 cremation graves, both pit and urn graves were found there. The earliest graves furnished with brooches type H, short brooches type B and type J can be dated to the phase A2 (Fig. 1–3). Very interesting is lack of the type K brooches, quite common in the other Przeworsk culture cemeteries of that time. Graves from the phase A3 produced vast amount of brooches type M (Fig. 4c). More significant finds from the Pre-Roman Period are swords, in a few cases found with ornamented scabbards (Fig. 5). Brooches type A.68 and A.236, shield grips with profiled rivet plates and shield bosses type J.6 (Fig. 7) and one-edged swords with narrow blade represent phase B1. Graves dated to that phase are not numerous, what suggests that on the cemetery in Oblin phase B1 lasted for relatively short time. Quite common for next phase B2, are iron trumpet-brooches with silver inlaid decoration (Fig. 9), and massive iron brooches of Almgren group V, with a crest. Very odd form presents an S-form brooch with an imitation of ahinged construction (Fig. 8a). Very significant for this cemetery is almost complete lack of bracelets and pendants; beads or melted glass clumps are also very rare. Weapon finds are, on the contrary, quite numerous. Most interesting among them is a an imported Roman sword ornamented with inlaid figure of Mars, and 3 unique barbed spearheads with extra barb on the edge of the socket. The latest finds – brooches of Almgren’s series 1, group V, variant 5 of trumpet brooches and Mazovian variant of Almgren’s group IV are connected with the very end of the phase B2 or perhaps phase B2/C1. Big, rectangular pits, even 2 m long, with very dark grave fill were atypical grave form in the phases A2 and A3. At the bottom often lays a layer of broken fragments of pottery. An urn, often covered with a bowl, or other big vessel, was usually placed in the corner. Pit graves were much more frequent then urn graves in phase B1, however, urn graves dominated in the phase B2. Grave pits are smaller, with brown, or light brown grave fill, sometimes even difficult to distinguish. Brown, coarse urns are much more frequent then black, polished 3-handle urns typical for the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture. Finds from Oblin, especially, from the early Roman Period differ from typical cemeteries of the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture such as Kamieńczyk or Nadkole and are closer to the finds known from the region on the other side of the Vistula river. It seems possible that the settlement of the people using the cemetery at Oblin could be placed on the western bank of the Vistula river.

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Grób kloszowy z Sinołęki, pow. miński

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Drzewicz A.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2011

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vol. LXII

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issue 62

232-236

EN

In August 2008 the staff of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (subsequently, PMA) received a report on the discovery, at the village of Kolonia Sinołęka, distr. Węgrów, of a cremation grave, unearthed and partly destroyed during illegal gravel extraction. The grave lay on the site of a cemetery of Pomeranian Culture and Cloche Grave Culture, inspected in 1929 by J. Antoniewiczowa in response to a report on two ploughed up burials: a cloche grave within a stone setting, and a stone cist grave containing two urns. One of these held a unique cross-shaped fibula, type Sinołęka, dated to Hallstatt D. The site, published as Sinołęka, site 1, occupies the summit and the south-western slope of a sandy elevation, with the small stream Gawroniec at its foot, between the villages of Sinołęka, distr. Mińsk Mazowiecki, and Kolonia Sinołęka, distr. Węgrów. During an investigation made by the PMA staff, the remains of the grave were excavated from the side of the gravel extraction pit worked on the site of the cemetery. The grave rested at the depth of c. 60 cm below the present-day ground surface, within a fine gravel deposit containing natural intrusions of clay. It contained a cinerary urn filled with cremated bones and a bowl placed over them in an upright position. The whole was covered with a large inverted clay vessel (cloche). Interspersed with the bones were the remains of damaged bronze and iron objects. No traces of the grave pit were identified. Osteological analysis identified the urned remains as an adultus/maturus (?) male and an adultus (20–30 years’ old) female whose bones bore traces of anaemia. Apparently, next to the set of vessels ‘traditional’ for Cloche Grave Culture (cloche, urn, bowl), the burial had not been provided with accessory vessels. In a departure from the most typical placement of the bowl lid – in an inverted position – the bowl had been placed upright inside the vessel. This feature of the burial rite, while rare, has been recorded in ‘cloche’ cemeteries in Mazowsze. The vessels discovered in the grave are quite typical for the Cloche Grave Culture both in their form and technology of execution.

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Cmentarzysko ciałopalne kultury wielbarskiej w uroczysku Wielka Kletna (Białowieski Park Narodowy, woj. podlaskie)

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Krasnodębski D., Dulinicz M., Samojlik T., Olczak H.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2008

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vol. LX

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issue 60

362-376

EN

The cremation cemetery of the Wielbark Culture located in Wielka Kletna Range in Białowieża National Park (Podlasie Province in eastern Poland) was discovered in 2003. During the archaeological excavations conducted in the strict reserve of Białowieża National Park, exploration methods minimising the disturbance to the natural environment were employed. Two trenches (23 m2 in total) were opened. Part of the cemetery was covered with a stone paving. Four graves, with no urns, containing bone fragments of four children and an adult man, were discovered. Burials were equipped with scarce ornaments (copper and bronze fibulae, glass beads), tools (spindle whorl), or elements of clothing (iron belt buckle), and – in one case – a set of five clay vessels. Moreover, in the surroundings of graves, over 200 potsherds (80% of them partly burnt), fragments of glass vessels and beads, and a few other artefacts (eg, a small copper knife) were also found. Both the artefacts found at the site and the radiocarbon dates of two charcoal samples from the graves pointed to the C1b–D phases of the Late Roman Period (ie, 3rd–5th c. AD).

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Materiały z cmentarzyska płaskiego w Łęgu Piekarskim, woj. wielkopolskie w zbiorach PMA

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Czarnecka K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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vol. LV

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issue 55

209-218

EN

The collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw contains materials from a cemetery at Łęg Piekarski, Great Poland (Wielkopolska), originating both from chance finds as well as from brief but methodical research conducted in 1936 by Z. Durczewski. Unfortunately, substantial gaps in the documentation, loss of many of the original labels and the fact that grave inventories may have been mixed up when already in storage seriously hinder the reconstruction of the original grave assemblages. Establishing the actual number of graves is additionally made difficult by the fact that a cemetery of the Cloche Grave culture was also found on the same site, as confirmed also by 1975–77 investigation by K. Jażdżewski. In his publication E. Petersen listed - apart from finds originating from a “princely” grave – an Early Roman Period urned grave labelled as no. 1, and only a part of material originating from other cremation graves in storage at the State Archaeological Museum (E. Petersen 1940, 50, 51). Petersen nowhere explains what principles guided his selection of material for publication. At present the State Archaeological Museum collection contains the following materials: 1. Fragments of a Cloche Grave Culture urn defined as belonging to grave 1 (original label); 2. Finds identified as inventory of grave 2 (according to labels copied in the 1970s) include: an urn (Fig. 1a), a bowl (Fig. 1e), a cup (Fig. 1f), a vessel (Fig. 1g), an iron fibula similar to type A.76 (Fig. 1b), an iron single-edged sword (Fig. 2f), a fragment of an iron scabbard (Fig. 2k), an iron spur, so-called Stuhlsporn (Fig. 1d), two iron lance-points (Fig. 2c,d), a fragment of another iron point (Fig. 2e), an iron knife with a bronze hilt plate (Fig. 1c), two fragments of iron shears (Fig. 2b), two fragments of an iron mounting (Fig. 2i,j), two iron rivets (Fig. 2g,h), a frame of a bronze buckle, slightly deformed in fire (Fig. 1h), a fragment of an iron fitting (Fig. 2a) and numerous fragments of considerably damaged iron objects; 3. Grave 3 (original label) is represented only by lumps of melted bronze. The “princely” grave, labelled as grave IIa, contained fragments of a cup (Fig. 5a) and of glossy black vessels (Fig. 5b–e, 6a,b,f,h,i). Several score uncharacteristic pottery fragments, including a Cloche Grave Culture vessel, had been recovered, according to the labels, from ditches 1–4 and 8–10 (Fig. 6c–e,g). Artifacts originating from undetermined finds included two iron scabbard clasps (Fig. 3i, j), iron shears (Fig. 3a), a spike of an iron spur (Fig. 3h), a fragment of a bottom of a bronze vessel, mouth fragment of a bronze vessel (Fig. 3b), a fragment of a sheet bronze hoop (Fig. 3c), fragments of a bronze vessel damaged in fire, two ornamental bronze discs (Fig. 3d,e), two bronze rivets, presumably belonging to the ornamental discs (Fig. 3f), fragment of an iron tendril fibula (Fig. 3g) and a Marcus Aurelius denarius (A. Kietlińska 1957, 282). Moreover, the State Archaeological Museum contains materials from a flat cemetery published by E. Petersen (labels copied in the 1970s). To summarise, it may be said that the site at Łęg Piekarski included a Cloche Grave Culture cemetery and a burial ground of the Przeworsk Culture but the number of graves in the cemetery in question remains virtually unknown. K. Jażdżewski also identified several graves during his investigation of the site (K. Jażdżewski 1978, 128). The material from cremation graves is dated almost without exception to phases B1 and B2 of the Roman Period. This makes them contemporary with “princely” graves. Finds dating from the Pre-Roman Period are not in evidence even among stray finds recovered from trial trenches. This suggests the lack of continuity between the cemetery of the Cloche Grave Culture and that of the Przeworsk Culture. The latest material includes a bronze fibula type A.162 dated to phase C1b–C2 and a fragment of an iron tendril fibula, which may be dated generally to the Late Roman Period.

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Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Sochaczewie, woj. mazowieckie

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Opaszowska K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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vol. LV

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issue 55

197-207

EN

The collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw contains a striking set of artifacts discovered by chance at Sochaczew, woj. mazowieckie (PMA, IV/9606) in a field known as “Poświętne” (Fig. 1, 2). The set in question includes: 1. A bottom of a bronze vessel, probably a bucket (Fig. 3c). 2. Three fragments of another bronze vessel (Fig. 3d). 3. A damaged bronze trumpet fibula with a support plate (Fig. 3b). 4. A bronze belt buckle in three fragments (Fig. 3a). 5. A bronze knife (Fig. 3g). 6. A bronze mount in the shape of an escutcheon with three rivets (Fig. 3f). 7. A fragment of a bronze wire twisted or folded from two elements, known only from an archival line drawing (Fig. 3e). The set reportedly contained another fibula, which did not survive. According to a spoken communication by the finders the described objects had been found in a vessel made of sheet bronze. Originally they probably were a part of an inventory of an urned grave. The same field “Poświętne also produced 37 fragments of Przeworsk Culture pottery (Fig. 5a–i). This supports an earlier information that cremation graves had been dug up on the site suggesting that Poświętne may have harboured a destroyed cemetery. The bronze fibula (Fig. 3b) represents type A.71 and is the principal dating element of the entire assemblage. Stylistic similarity of the fibula from Sochaczew to fibulae of type A.75 helps to date it to phase B1b, possibly, the very beginning of phase B2. The bronze belt buckle (Fig. 3a) corresponds to type AA10 acc. to R. Madyda-Legutko (1987) i.e., forms derived from elongated figure-of-eight buckles which occur in Central European Barbaricum in phase B1. Change of proportions seen in the buckle from Sochaczew as compared to other specimens of its type suggests that it may have a slightly later chronology (beginning of phase B2). Bronze knives similar in form to the specimen from Sochaczew (Fig. 3g) are known primarily from the western part of the Przeworsk Culture and from the area of present day Denmark. They are in evidence through the entire Roman Period, mainly in richly furnished graves. Their presence has been associated with high social and material status of the deceased; it is also possible that knives had a magical or religious function. The vessel, of which only fragments have survived (Fig. 3c), originally probably served as an urn. The diameter of the vessel bottom from Sochaczew indicates that it may have been a bucket or a cauldron; this is also true of fragments of the other bronze vessel (Fig. 3d). An exceptional object is the bronze mount in the form of an escutcheon (Fig. 3f). The only analogy known to the author is a loose find from the settlement at Jakuszowice, Little Poland (Małopolska) (Fig. 4). In case of both specimens there is no full certainty whether they are archaeological or historical finds. Analysis of the chemical composition of metal samples taken from individual items demonstrated that three: the fibula, belt buckle and knife were made of brass, almost identical in composition. The alloy used in the mounts from Sochaczew and Jakuszowice is a so-called lead bronze not used on Przeworsk Culture territory and neighbouring areas. The entire set of objects most of which probably were a part of an inventory of an urned cremation burial may be dated to phase B1b, at the latest the beginning of phase B2. Pottery fragments discovered in the field “Poświętne” (Fig. 5a–i) may be linked with the destroyed Przeworsk Culture cemetery, in use from the Late Pre-Roman Period until the Late Roman Period. Some 300 m to the south of the site numerous fragments of distinct pottery were discovered (Fig. 5j–p) indicating the presence of a settlement contemporary with the cemetery.

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Materiały z cmentarzyska ludności kultury łużyckiej w Chojnie-Golejewku, pow. rawicki, z kolekcji 93 Aleksandra Guttmana

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Drzewicz A.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2005

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vol. LVII

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issue 57

93-100

EN

The cremation cemetery situated between the villages of Chojno and Golejewko, distr. Rawicz, woj. wielkopolskie (Fig. 1), is one of the most striking and most richly furnished grave-fields of the Lusatian culture people in Wielkopolska, in use starting from BA IV until the Early PreRoman Period. The site, discovered during the second half of the 19th century, is known almost entirely from amateur investigation by local collectors who recovered the better preserved artefacts directly from the site or bought them from the peasants. In this way probably some 2000 graves were dug up, their contents subsequently became dispersed in a few dozen private collections in Poland and abroad. Eventually many of these artefacts were offered or sold to the Archaeological Museum in Poznań and the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. They were later analysed and published by Z. Woźniak (1959, p. 31–116). Other objects from the Chojno-Golejewko cemetery forming the Aleksander Guttmann collection fared differently. In 1919 one Colonel Tadeusz Jaworowski presented to the National Museum in Warsaw the following set: 12 pottery vessels – one of them a painted vase – and a number of bronzes (a bead, a ring, necklace fragments, a razor, fragments of bronze sheet, perhaps from two further razors), iron finds (a necklace?, a ring, two bracelets) and amber (a large bead) (Fig. 2–6). The objects were not accompanied by any documentation to help link them to particular grave assemblages and nothing can be learnt from the available sources about their collector or the Colonel. The Gutmann collection set passed to the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (PMA/III/65) only in 1987, but not before losing two vessels, probably during World War II. The set has helped to fill out the existing record of the cemetery at Chojno-Golejewko. Next to pieces which have numerous analogies among the already known material it includes a number of items previously not recorded at Chojno-Golejewko, namely, a bronze trapezoidal razor with a loop, attributed to the local type Gliniany, datable to BA IV, and two bracelets – a bronze and an iron specimen, fashioned from narrow strips of plano-convex sheet. The bronze bracelet is dated to BA IV – Hallstatt, and the iron piece is associated with Early Iron Age. All the objects from the Aleksander Guttmann collection fit the broad chronological framework determined for the cemetery at Chojno-Golejewko.

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Nieznane materiały z cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej w Wólce Domaniowskiej, w pow. radomskim

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Czarnecka K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2005

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vol. LVII

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issue 57

67-72

EN

Material from the cemetery of the Przeworsk culture at Wólka Domaniowska (M. Olędzki 2000) held by the J. Malczewski Museum in Radom includes a number of previously unpublished items: 2 fragments of an iron shield-grip, type J. 6 (Fig. 1a); 2 small damaged iron spearheads with blunted edges (Fig. 1b.c); 7 damaged iron scabbard fittings (Fig. 2d); a bronze rivet from a sword hilt (Fig. 2c), iron buckle, Madyda-Legutko type D1 (Fig. 2a), iron knife, flexed twice (Fig. 2b). Discovered inside a flattened shield-boss (Fig. 1d) the objects most probably belong to grave 66, which produced the rest of the shield-grip (Fig. 3c) as well as a one-edged sword (Fig. 3b). Another previously unpublished item in the Museum collection – iron shears (Fig.3a) – very likely belongs to the same grave inventory. The practice of depositing smaller objects inside shield-bosses is well known across the Przeworsk culture area. Deliberate disfigurement of grave goods, weapons mostly, is also quite common, unlike intentional blunting of spearhead edges, which is recorded at a much smaller number of sites, eg Wymysłowo, distr. Gostyń, grave 85 (S. Jasnosz 1952, fig. 62:1), Domaradzice, distr. Rawicz, grave 44 (B. Kostrzewski 1954, fig. 166:40) and Velatice, grave 4, Moravia (J. Tejral 1977, fig. 10:3). Blunted edges are noted also on a few spearheads from random finds, dated, similarly as grave 66 from Wólka Domaniowska, to phase B1. Evidence of the same custom is seen on spearhead finds from the Late Roman period, from eg Scandinavia and the Przeworsk culture area.

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Groby kloszowe z cmentarzyska w Stodzewie, gm. Parysów, stan. 3

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Andrzejowska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2003

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vol. LVI

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issue 56

131-143

EN

The site at Stodzew, comm. Parysów, woj. mazowieckie, lies at a distance of about 300 m NE from farm buildings, at a distance of some 500 m from the present-day channel of the Świder river on the highest elevation in the area (141.6 m above the sea level), in the moraine range of Siedlce Heights (Wysoczyzna Siedlecka) (Fig. 1). As in the past, the dune is at present mined for sand and gravel. The site at Stodzew came on record for the first time in the 1940s, the time when the large cloche grave cemetery was being excavated at the village of Transbór in the neighbourhood (A. Kietlińska, R. Mikłaszewska 1963, p. 296, fig. 35). Research at Stodzew was ultimately spurred by recently incoming reports on random new discoveries of cloche graves made during sand and gravel extraction. Fieldwork carried out at Stodzew in 1997 covered an area of ca 190 m2 of the top of the moraine elevation (Fig. 2). In addition, some 40 m2 disused mine workings indicated as the place where a number of graves had been buried were excavated (with negative results). Trenches cut in the W section of the study area produced, under a layer of humus and subsoil, which contained pottery fragments and numerous stones, the remains of a culture layer and features of a Przeworsk culture settlement. The cloche graves were discovered lower down, at the depth of more than a meter below the ground level, under a layer of yellow sand. The present article is concerned with Cloche Grave culture material recovered during a rescue excavations (features A – grave goods preserved in fine condition and B – heavily damaged) and during stationary fieldwork (partly damaged grave 1 and undisturbed graves 2 and 3). Features discovered in situ at Stodzew were classically “cloche grave” in form. Each held an urn covered by an upturned bowl. From the point of view of its construction grave 2 was exceptional, covered with two closely fitting cloches. The urn it contained (a large mug with a broken off handle) was accompanied by a small jug with a handle set below the rim. In grave 3, the bottom of the cloche was additionally covered with a large potsherd. The urn (a small jug with a broken off handle) stood on a ceramic support, a sherd from the same pot as the one used to cover the cloche. Urns from graves A, B, 1 and 2 held the remains of women aged 20–35 years, in grave marked as feature A, deposited together with the cremated bones of an infant. The remains of another child, presumably a baby, were buried inside grave 3, of unusually small dimensions 3. Grave 1 was deposited in a pit filled with ashes, graves 2 and 3 in pits dug in clean sand, their lower section only with difficulty distinguishable from their surroundings. In the upper section of the pit of grave 2 there was a concentration of burnt animal bone and potsherds. Species composition of the remains from grave 2a closely corresponds (except for the horse, not noted at Stodzew, and birds, rarely noted at other Cloche Grave culture sites) to animal species deposited in human graves (T. Węgrzynowicz 1982, p. 221, fig. 44). The most noteworthy items discovered among the grave furnishings were bone pendants. Two such specimens, fashioned from dog’s teeth roots (Fig. 4g.h), found inside the urn in grave 3, occurred together with the remains of earrings ornamented with beads made of blue-coloured glass with a yellow-white wavy line (Fig. 4i.j). An openwork comb-pendant (Fig. 4d, 5) was discovered in the urn in grave A among burnt human bones next to an iron hoop and the upper section of the arms of bronze tweezers. Any of the archaeological finds recovered at Stodzew may serve as a base for precise dating of the grave assemblages. However, a number of less reliable pieces of evidence let us to determine the general chronology of this cemetery. It was noted that most of the vessels in grave 2 and 3 are fine-walled, smoothed specimens with a developed form, richly ornamented. Together with the accompanying cloches they resemble in their features forms associated with the earliest interval in the relative chronology defined for Cloche Grave culture material in Mazowsze and Podlasie, which is placed in Ha D (M. Andrzejowska 1995, p. 132–135). Furthermore, grave 3 produced fragments of ornaments containing ia beads of blue-coloured glass with a wavy white or yellow-white inclusion. Similar specimens have been recorded in the area of interest in Lusatian culture assemblages dated to Ha D (T. Węgrzynowicz 1968, p. 509). Analogous dating is adopted for this ornament form with regard to the evidence from Pomeranian culture (cf M. Matthaus, Ch. Braun 1983, p. 56–58, maps 1, 2). Consequently, it may be concluded that at least some of the features at the cemetery at Stodzew originate from Hallstatt period D, the earliest period of the development of the Cloche Grave culture in Mazowsze.

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Cmentarzysko fazy wielkowiejskiej na stan. 1 we Władysławowie Chłapowie, woj. pomorskie

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Andrzejowska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2003

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vol. LVI

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issue 56

145-188

EN

The cemetery at Władysławowo Chłapowo, distr. Puck, lies in the region of Kępa Swarzewska (Fig. 1), on a high (some 45–48 m above the sea level) table-land of the cliff coast of the Baltic (Fig. 2). First discoveries of graves in stone settings at Chłapowo (at present, Władysławowo Chłapowo) were recorded in the nineteenth century. Early in the next century numerous discoveries continued to be made in villages nearby (Amtlicher Bericht über die Verwaltung der naturgeschichtlichen, vorgeschichtlichen und volkskundlichen Sammlungen des Westpreußischen Provinzial-Museums für das Jahr 1896, p. 36; 1903, p. 29; 1913–1915, p. 20), but no materials or records from research made during that period have survived. In archaeological literature Władysławowo Chłapowo, site 1, appears for the first time thanks to the efforts of G. Ossowski, who in 1877 carried out sondage excavations and published its results (G. Ossowski 1879, p. 93, pl. XXVID:5–7; 1881, p. 66). Subsequent discoveries led to the exploration in 1892 by Dr. Lakowitz of 10 graves in stone settings (Nachrichten über deutsche Alterthumsfunde 1892, p. 82–83). In 1934 J. Krajewska excavated 10 graves and 6 hearth pits (ZOW 1935, p. 31). Basing on the grave inventory from Chłapowo published by G. Ossowski E. Petersen included it in the set of elements distinctive for what he distinguished as the Grossendorfer Gruppe (E. Petersen 1929, p.129, table I, item 9). Regular excavation work at the cemetery was initiated in 1947 by Jerzy Antoniewicz. During three seasons (1947, 1948 and 1950) 975 m2 were explored. Of 135 features uncovered at the time some 110 are definite or probable graves (partly damaged or destroyed), the remainder were pits or not easily identifiable areas of darker earth. Basing on their structure the features may be divided into two main categories: features with and without stone settings. The former may be distinguished further into three sub-types depending on the type and manner of utilisation of the building material. 1. Cist features. The side walls of the stone setting are formed by flat slabs of split sandstone or granite, or large flat stones set in the form of usually not very regular, most frequently, square-shaped boxes. The latter were usually additionally reinforced with pebbles to make the structure more tight and stable. 2. Walled-in features. The stone settings are formed by arranging irregularly shaped stones in a rectangular, usually square, outline. 3. Mixed structures. Side walls formed by stone slabs and flat stones as well as pebbles of diverse shape and size. The cover of the grave was in the form of a slab or flat stones (in type I graves) or cobbles of small irregular stones, which covered the features of all the three types, giving them the appearance of small stone-built domes. Inner measurements of the graves generally ranged between 30 and 60 cm, their height was around 30 cm. The bottom of the type I graves (in slab construction) was usually lined with dressed flat stone slabs; in all three types of structures the grave bottom was lined with flat stones and cobbles of small fieldstone. Only in one recorded case the urn stood directly on the sand bottom (grave 11). Graves in stone settings nearly always held burials deposited in cinerary urns. The only exception was Feature 16 containing a small quantity of burnt bone, spread on the grave bottom. Most of the urned graves held a single vessel with cremated remains. Only three burials (graves 68, 90, 100) contained two such vessels (in grave 68, perhaps even three). The urns were stood on the slabs or flat stones, occasionally in addition set about with small pebbles (eg in graves 1, 15, 73). In one case only (grave 12), the urn was strewn about with the remains of the pyre. In grave 24, the urn occurred together with a small pottery vessel probably holding the remains of the pyre. As a rule, the cremated remains had been deposited in different types of pots, usually biconical or vase-shaped forms. In a number of cases, jugs were used as cinerary urns (graves 23, 58, 67, 68 and presumably 79), in two, bulbous vessels with two handles set in the upper section of the vessel body. Three further graves (48, 59, 76) contained urns – vessels with a pair of perforations on the neck. Flat let-in lids covered them, similarly as the urn in grave 17, which also was unusual in form. Fragments of flat urn covers were discovered in a number of substantially damaged features. The report from the excavation by Lakowitz mentions three urns covered with flat lids (Nachrichten über deutsche Alterthumsfunde 1892, p. 83); for his part, Ossowski discovered a vessel with a pair of perforations inside one of the graves (G. Ossowski 1879, p. 93, pl. XXVI:D5). The mouth of this vessel still held a clay ring, most probably securing a lid fashioned from some organic substance, perhaps a piece of cloth. Another unusual way of closing the urn was by sealing its neck opening with clay (grave 28). On rare occasions, the urn was covered by another pot (grave 72?) and probably, plates of fired clay (grave 68). As a rule, urns were covered with inverted bowls but on several occasions, a bowl was placed inside the urn neck the right way up (graves 1, 67, 73, 75, 100). Accessory vessels occurred in three graves only: in feature 23 – a miniature bucket, in grave 75 – a jug, and in grave 44 –a small pyriform vessel. Metal objects – ornaments – mostly surviving in fragmentary form – were discovered only in eight graves: bronze pins – in graves 18, 42, 55, 76 (Fig. 8e, 18d, 21d, 29c), a unique iron pin – in grave 60 (Fig. 22j), bronze bracelets or fragments of bronze band – in graves 51, 52, 53, 55 (Fig. 18g, 21b.c.i). The most richly furnished grave is the one discovered by G. Ossowski, holding fragments of probably four bracelets of double wire and another specimen fashioned from a bronze band (G. Ossowski 1879, p. 93, pl. XXVID). In the group of features lacking stone settings three grave types may be arbitrarily identified: urned, cloche and unurned-pit graves. At Władysławowo Chłapowo five urned graves are recorded (41, 54, 95, 98 and 118). Only the first of them was a “purely” urned burial, deposited in the sand, without traces of a pit, pyre or any additional structures (Fig. 15). In two cases, urns were covered with a bowl, placed in the vessel mouth the right way up (graves 41, 54), in one case, upside down (grave 98). In two graves the cremated remains were held by pots with two high-set handles (graves 41, 118) once, by a deep bowl (grave 54). Accessory vessels or any grave goods did not accompany urned burials. Of nine graves (34, 36, 38, 40, 49, 56, 102, 104, 113) which were defined as certainly or probably belonging to the cloche type, graves 40, 102 and 104 were so badly damaged that it impossible to reconstruct their original form. They held only the fragments of a large vessel, which may have covered the urn. In the remaining burials, the mouth of the vessel covering the urn was surrounded or supported by stones. In grave 56, its bottom was lined with stones. In graves 43 and 38 the urn, and the in the latter case, also the cloche, had been strewn about with ashes from the pyre. Ample remains of the pyre (?) were also observed in the pit of graves 102 and 104, but they did not contain any bones. In cloche graves, the function of cloche as a rule was played by pots of various type, including one probably having two handles set underneath the rim. In grave 113 the cloche was a large bowl resting on stones, covering both the urn and the accessory vessel – jug. A miniature vessel (accessory vessel?) was also discovered in the pit of grave 104. Ovoid pots held twice the cremated remains with two handles set below the rim, in three cases, by jugs. Fragments of bowls were discovered in three graves (36, 40, 102), but only in the description of grave 36, it is noted that a bowl had covered the urn. The inventory of grave 102 included a fragment of a bronze rod (pin?), and grave 104 produced a fragment of a bracelet or neck-ring (Fig. 32e). During fieldwork, 39 features were uncovered of which 19 were defined during excavation as smudges, the rest as pit graves or pits. Most of the “smudges” are grey-coloured blotches of different shapes and dimensions, their depth, presumably slight, were not recorded. Features defined as pit graves or pits (except for feature 112) were circular or oval in shape. The dimensions of most pits were between twenty-odd to about 50 cm, their depth as a rule, not greater than twenty or so centimetres. The largest pits (21 and 94) had the depth of no more than 15 cm. The pits’ fill was dark earth full of pyre remains, in three features (7, 39, 121), with larger charcoal fragments. In eleven cases, the presence of ashes was noted, in nine (not always the same ones), of granite stones, usually burnt and concentrating at the bottom of the pit. All features contained sherds, some of which had evidently been in the fire (37, 101, 112, 119, 120, 121). Only seven pits produced bones, usually a very small quantity. It may be observed that the ceramic inventory of some pits resembles the set of vessels characteristic for the furnishings of cloche graves. At the same time the set of vessels (in which may be included pots with pairs of knobs on their upper body – cf feature 36) commonly occurred in features of the contemporary settlement at Juszkowo, distr. Pruszcz Gd. (pow. gdański) (L. J. Łuka, M. Pietrzak 1969, p. 88–89, fig. 5a.c.d, 6a, 7a; J. T. Podgórski 1971, p. 83, 86, fig. 4b.g; 1972, fig. 8–12). Other pits, less easily described, must have been the remains of hearths, fires and places of deposition of pyre remains associated with the functioning of the cemetery. Analysis of the distribution of the most frequently noted finds revealed a number of regularities. Biconical vessels apparently formed a concentration in the S section of the cemetery and were associated with the zone of graves in stone settings (Fig. 38). The same area also visibly produced a greater number of metal finds (Fig. 41), the SW section of the cemetery, vessels with paired apertures and flat lids (Fig. 38). The latter also occur in the N band of graves in stone settings, which was, at the same time, a zone of more numerous occurrences of vase-like vessels (Fig. 39). Vessels with a roughened body and smoothed neck, although apparently associated with the NE zone of graves in stone settings, are present in different types of features, whereas ovoid vessels with two handles set under the rim appear in cloche graves and in “pit” features situated in the NE “grave” part of the cemetery (Fig. 40). Jugs do not seem to be particularly associated with any of the named zones (Fig. 41). This apparent zonal distribution of features and grave goods may result both from chronological differentiation of assemblages in the cemetery and from observed dissimilarities in funerary rite, expressing different aspects of worship of the dead. Analysis of evidence from the cemetery at Władysławowo Chłapowo shows that features discovered at that site meet the criteria defined for cemeteries of Wielka Wieś phase (cf E. Petersen 1929, p. 116; J. Kostrzewski 1933, p. 59 ff.; 1958, p. 204–221 and 359–361, tables 54–62; W. La Baume 1939, p. 218 –phase A; J. T. Podgórski 1992, p. 205 ff.), considered at present to be the oldest phase of Pomeranian culture, datable to Ha C (Czopek 1997, p. 60). Obviously, the set of observed features of the funerary rite and movable inventories does not exhaust the full list of adopted diagnostic features. Absence of some of them, (eg, flat lids enclosing the urn rim, house urns or certain types of metal objects) may be the evidence of internal chronological differentiation of the identified phase, local distinctiveness of materials or result from the incomplete exploration of the partly destroyed cemetery.

11

Materiały z wczesnej epoki Żelaza z Kalisza Tyńca, woj. wielkopolskie

100%

Karch B.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2003

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vol. LVI

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issue 56

87-101

EN

A multiple culture site “Nogajec”, Kalisz Tyniec (Fig. 1), was discovered by accident in 1936 during sand extraction. Finds salvaged at the time (Fig. 2, 3a–f) were offered by lawyer Sulimierski to the provincial museum (Muzeum Wielkopolskie) in Poznań. The site was excavated three times during the same year but, unfortunately, records from this investigation have not survived. All that is known is that T. Wieczorowski from the Prehistory Department of the provincial museum of Wielkopolska in Poznań explored four graves (Fig. 3g, 4; cf T. Wieczorowski 1939, p. 158) and that finds recovered from seven graves by Professor Z. Zakrzewski, Archaeological Monuments Conservation Officer for the Poznań and Pomeranian provinces, attached to the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, can no longer be traced (D. Durczewski, Z. Śmigielski 1970, p. 76–77). Late in 1936 Z. Zakrzewski renewed investigation at Kalisz Tyniec and uncovered 23 more graves (Fig. 5–10). The present catalogue presents the entire surviving Lusatian Culture material from “Nogajec” in keeping of the Archaeological Museum in Poznań and the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw.

12

Groby kloszowe na warszawskiej Sadybie

100%

Andrzejowska M., Stanaszek Ł. M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2006

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vol. LVIII

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issue 58

378-384

EN

Construction works carried out in September 2005 in the garden of a private villa in Morszyńska Street (Fig. 1), in Sadyba quarter in Czerniaków (in Warsaw’s southern district Mokotów), led to the uncovering of two cloche graves set close together. Both cloche vessels occurred at the depth of ca 120 cm from the present--day ground level, within clean yellow sand (Fig. 2). Both of them rested on a ‘stand’, ie a layer of several dozen heavily burnt sherds from different vessels (Figs. 3f.g, 4, 5), arranged tightly in a rectangle. The two burials were probably contemporaneous and may be viewed as a single deposit consisting of two graves. Under the cloches (Fig. 3a.d) were found urns with burnt human bone. The complete urn found in grave ‘A’ – with a broad body and smoothed neck (Fig. 3a) – was covered by a hemispherical bowl with a polished body (Fig. 3b), set upright over the mouth of the urn. The urn from grave ‘B’ – with a broad body and roughened surface and smoothed neck (Fig. 3e) – broke during construction and was dumped outside the grave. The rectangular ‘stand’ included fragments of a vase-like vessel with a tall neck (Fig. 3f), ornamented bowl with a short neck (Fig. 3g) and two large broad-bodied vessels with well-defined necks emphasised by notched cordons (Figs. 4, 5). The pottery from Morszyńska St. is typical for Cloche Grave Culture ceramic forms known from the region of Mazowsze (cf T. Węgrzynowicz 1988, p. 8–10, fig. 5); in ornamentation and technology it is also consistent in general with vessels known from Cloche Grave Culture sites recorded in the area. The only non-typical feature is the ornamentation of sherds from the bowl which were used to make the rectangular ‘stand’, and the notching of the lip of the bowl from grave ‘A’. Also worth noting is careful preparation of the mixture of clay and large amount of crushed rock temper used to roughen (by daubing) the cloches and urns. The urn from grave ‘A’ contained the remains of an adultus woman, slender and tall (approximately 160–164 cm), in good physical condition. Grave ‘B’ produced the remains of a mature woman (?). Degenerative changes observed on spinal bones of this individual suggest hard living and heavy labour. Bones collected in the area around the two graves included a fragment of a young roe deer tibia diaphysis.

13

Cmentarzysko kultury grobów kloszowych w Wieliszewie, pow. legionowski

100%

Węgrzynowicz T.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2006

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vol. LVIII

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issue 58

215-264

EN

The cemetery of Cloche Grave Culture at Wieliszew, comm. loco, was discovered in 1985 and excavated, starting the following year, over four seasons, probably in its entirety (Fig. 2). Situated in an area of dune sands it suffered substantially from production activity of a fruit-and-vegetable processing plant, then owner of the area (Fig. 3). In the course of investigation ‘features’ were identified – when the level of preservation made it possible to define at least approximately their nature and function – and ‘clusters’, presumably the remains of destroyed features – when encountering groups of pottery fragments and/or cremated bones. A total of 47 features were explored: 46 graves belonging to the discussed gravefield, a pit from the Medieval Period and four ‘clusters’. A human skeleton burial discovered outside the burial ground is presumably of modern date (Fig. 20). The cemetery at Wieliszew belongs to the category of so-called ‘pure’ funerary complexes, ie, ones which do not feature grave forms and finds typical for Pomeranian Culture, which started to be recorded in Mazowsze during approximately the same period as Cloche Grave Culture (at the end of Early Iron Age) and left its imprint on the ideology and economy of the local population. Three categories of grave deposits were identified as follows: cloche graves (22), urned cremation graves (7), unurned cremation graves (2). The remaining graves were too deteriorated to identify their form. The graves were mostly set within pure sand, without traces of the cremation pyre. Anthropological analysis of bone remains was not made as the degree of destruction and mixing would have made the result unreliable. Cloche graves consisted basically of three vessels: an urn covered with a bowl, the two covered with a much larger vessel – a cloche; occasionally there was also a fourth vessel, a bowl standing under the urn or, as in feature 17, a miniature jug. The cloches was always inverted, the bowl placed either bottom down or up. The graves had no stone or ceramic settings, a feature occasionally encountered in other cemeteries in Mazowsze. In addition to bone remains ten burials produced small objects which mixed with the bone fragments – metal, glass, bone and antler items – all damaged to a greater or lesser extent by fire (Figs. 18d, 29d, 35a, 36a–c); as such these objects may be interpreted as dress accessories of the buried individual. Urned graves consisted of a cinerary urn containing bone fragments and covered with a bowl, all except one inverted; only a single urn was covered by a base of another vessel. The graves contained no other grave goods. Pit graves consisted of bone remains placed within a pit in a compact arrangement suggesting that originally they were wrapped tightly in fabric or hide. There were no grave goods. Presumably the pit grave category included two other features which, unfortunately, were recorded inadequately; they contained cremated animal bones and animal bones with a small admixture of human bone. Cremated animal burials, relatively frequent in Cloche Grave Culture, are always deposited within a grave pit. A number of isolated animal bones was recorded at Wieliszew, occasionally also inside cloche and urn graves. Some features were set so close together that they must be synchronic At Wieliszew there were six or seven such complexes consisting of two or three graves, always of cloche type. Beside synchronic deposition this arrangement indicates existence of ties, presumably of kinship, which linked the buried individuals, but the lack of anthropological determinations makes it impossible to trace any possible relationships. We can only conclude that individuals buried in these graves had been accorded a very special form of cloche grave burial and were accompanied in death by furnishings exceptionally rich for the whole cemetery, all of which suggests that they must have occupied a special position in their community. In Cloche Grave Culture there is no general tradition of producing pottery vessels specifically for funerary purposes. Nevertheless it is difficult to image the thin-walled elaborately ornamented urn vessels being used for everyday domestic purposes. In some (but not all) jugs and mugs the handle was missing and was not discovered elsewhere in the grave pit; perhaps handles were knocked off from vessels in some symbolic ritual. Presence in the grave inventory of non-ceramic grave goods is confirmed most often only by traces of copper patina or (exceptionally) iron rust adhering to the bones. The only iron object was an item of toiletry – tweezers. Other small finds included fragments of copper or bronze wire and sheet, melted remains of glass beads, and objects fashioned from bone and antler: two small plates with a central perforation, a bone pin, and a heavily burnt ornamented hammerlike antler object (however, not a single find of a similar hammer is recorded in Poland). All these objects, regardless of their material, are forms with known analogies in Hallstatt material, its younger phase in particular. The pottery from Wieliszew does not differ technologically from ceramics known from other ‘pure’ Cloche Grave cemeteries in Mazowsze. Ornamentation is relatively modest and tends to be uncommon. The only exception are four bowls with ornamentation widely different from the typical Cloche Grave Culture repertoire (Figs. 16d, 25c, 26e, 35b). All four bowls are decorated with motives produced by making short and deep incisions arranged in wavy line, star or flower pattern. The composition of these motives is fairly unskilled, the artist apparently failed to plan the individual designs on the vessel body, something never observed in Cloche Grave pottery. Another exceptional find is a bowl with inlaid design of four small metal rings pressed into the soft clay (Fig. 41a.b). This decorative technique is not recorded either in Cloche Grave Culture or in the region. Dating ceramics in Cloche Grave Culture is very difficult. In their features the vessels from Wieliszew are consistent with the assumption that the cemetery was already in use in late Hallstatt period, before Pomeranian Culture would have left its imprint on the funerary rite or pottery styles. Archaeological evidence is insufficient to determine whether the gravefield continued into early La Tčne but its small size probably reflects its short duration. The presence of the four exceptional bowls discussed earlier, almost certainly the product of one pottery-maker, helps to confine the time of deposition of graves which contained these vessels to the period of professional activity of a this individual (35 years at most?). It is also likely that during this time burials were deposited within an area confined on both sides by graves containing the vessels in question. The graves are additionally dated by their grave goods of Hallstatt date (Fig. 54). Imaginably, outside the area marked by the graves with bowls burials were deposited during a younger phase of the cemetery but for lack of evidence this issue cannot be examined in more detail. Excavation at Wieliszew produced a small body of artefacts attributable to other culture units and chronological divisions: flints (discussed in A. J. To¬maszewski 2006), 3 fragments of Trzciniec Culture pottery (Fig. 55f), 6 fragments of Early Medieval vessels (Fig. 55a.c–e.g). A medieval pit (Fig. 48), presumably associated with production activity, contained in its fill a fragment of a gothic hand-moulded brick and a fragment of a wheel--thrown jug (Fig. 51a); another fragment of a turned medieval vessel was also discovered, not associated with the pit in question (Fig. 55b).

14

Chronologia cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej z młodszego i późnego okresu rzymskiego oraz z wczesnej fazy wędrówek ludów w Mokrej na Śląsku

88%

Biborski M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2010

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vol. LXI

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issue 61

137-151

EN

The cemetery at Mokra, district Kłobuck in Silesia, lies on a small wooded elevation. Discovered with the help of a metal detector and penetrated for some years by robbers the site came under excavation in 1995 and was investigated on a regular basis until 2004. Next to 476 funerary features the cemetery contained 3 features interpreted as sites where cremation was performed. Two concentrations of graves were distinguished: northern concentration dominated by burials dated to phase C1, and southern concentration, dated to phases C2–D (Fig. 1). These two zones apparently were divided by a ca. 5–10 m wide strip of empty ground which ran SW-NE. It is likely that the older area of the cemetery had been abandoned and younger graves were established deliberately at a certain distance from it. In the northern area of the cemetery a well-defined western boundary of the graves was detected suggesting the existence of some an at present intangible fencing. The southern burial zone extends along the W-E axis over an area of almost 110 m, with an observable grave concentration at centre. Also in this area there was a well-defined almost linear boundary of the extent of the graves The cemetery at Mokra is distinguished by the diversity of funerary traditions practiced. Among over a hundred urn graves most were without a discernible grave pit and only a small number contained the remains of the cremation pyre. Pit graves were much more numerous, but only a dozen-odd contained also the remains of the pyre. The western outlying area of the southern zone yielded a grooved feature (439), dated to the Migration Period, and a second, destroyed feature, possibly of the same type (M. Biborski 2004b, p. 134, fig. 8; 2006a, p. 129). Also identified in the cemetery were the remains of layered burial similar to features of Dobrodzień type (J. Szydłowski 1964), datable already to phase C2. Basing on the content of grave inventories and findings from planigraphy five chronological phases of utilisation of the cemetery at Mokra were identified. The oldest, phase I graves occupied the central area in the northern concentration. Diagnostic forms of this phase are shield-bosses type J.7a (type 3c acc. to Ilkjær 1993) and bosses with a pseudo-spike, U-shaped shield-grips with indistinct trapeze-shaped rivet-plates type J.9 (Ilkjær type 5a), spear points type XV acc. to Kaczanowski (1995), as well as type A.158 brooches with a stepped catchplate, and group A.VII brooches. Moreover, female graves contained brooches from group V (A.129) and II (A.41). On this basis the chronology of the discussed phase of the cemetery may be defined as phase C1a. Graves with weapons (e.g., grave 56 – fig. 2, 3) correspond to group 5, dated to the second half of the 2nd century AD (K. Godłowski 1992, p. 72). Presumably the oldest phase of utilisation of the cemetery at Mokra partly overlaps with phase I of the cemetery at Opatów, from which it is slightly younger. Forms characteristic for phase II at Mokra are grave inventories with hemispherical shield-bosses (Ilkjær type 5b) and bosses with a knob (Ilkjær type 5bc), grips with short indistinct trapeze-shaped rivet-plates type J.9 (close to type Ilkjær 5c), spear points type XI and XIX, swords type Folkeslunda-Zaspy, variant 2 (M. Biborski 2004c, p. 555; M. Biborski, J. Ilkjær 2006a, p. 193–200, fig. 132, 133) and tendril brooches, similar to type A.158. The grave goods in male burials from phase II may be classified to groups 6 and 7 (7a) of weapon graves (K. Godłowski 1992, p. 72–73, fig. 3; 1994, p. 170) datable to the close of phase C1a and greater part of phase C1b. This phase should be synchronised with phase II of the cemetery at Opatów and dated to the period starting from late 2nd through to mid-3rd century. Graves from this phase, e.g., grave 54 (Fig. 4) and grave 323, are situated in the western area of the northern concentration. Phase III at Mokra is synchronous with phase III of the cemetery at Opatów. Burials from this age clustered in the north-eastern zone of the cemetery as well as on the northern margin of the younger southern concentration, e.g., graves 126c (Fig. 5), 235 and 361 (M. Biborski 2000, p. 101–104, fig. 3; 2001, p. 131, fig. 2, 24). Diagnostic for this phase are hemispherical shield-bosses with concave collar and similar bosses with a wide collar (similar to Ilkjær type 7), shield-grips continue to be represented by type J.9 (similar to Ilkjær type 5c) and younger forms with more thickset lightly expanded rivet-plates (similar to Ilkjær type 5cx), spear points type XX and XXV, swords type Ejsbøl-Sarry (M. Biborski 2004c, p. 559; M. Biborski, J. Ilkjær 2006a, p. 259–271) and brooches similar to type A.166. Grave inventories with this set of weapons resemble group 7 of weapon graves known in Przeworsk Culture dated to the close of phase C1b and to phase C2, without including younger burials which occur within the framework of group 7b, dated to phase C3 (K. Godłowski 1992, p. 74, fig. 4; 1994, p. 170). The next, fourth phase of the cemetery Mokra is less well legible owing to the steady decline in the richness of grave inventories, e.g., there is no evidence of full sets of weapons. In graves from this phase we encounter e.g., shield-bosses type 8ad and 8bd, and shield-grips Ilkjær 5cx and 5e, spear points type XXIII and XXV, younger variants of A.VI tendril brooches, including specimens with metope ornament on the foot, and also buckles type H11 and H13 acc. to Madyda-Legutko (1987). Weapon graves from phase IV at Mokra correspond to the youngest assemblages in group 7b (K. Godłowski 1994, p. 170), and some even to group 8. At the current stage of research we may conclude that graves from phase IV mostly lie in the central younger zone of the southern area of the cemetery, where they cluster over just a few score square metres (e.g., graves 294, 282 and 225 – fig. 6). Phase IV of the gravefield at Mokra may be dated to the close of phase C2 through to phase C3, possibly, including the onset of phase D, i.e., the period from around the beginning of the 4th until just the beginning of the second half of that century. This phase would correspond to phase IV and presumably, also to phase V of the cemetery at Opatów. For graves of the youngest phase V at Mokra characteristic are weapons which correspond to group 8 of weapon graves from the close of the Roman and onset of the Migration Period (K. Godłowski 1992, p. 74; 1994, p. 178, fig. 1). In graves from this phase we encounter e.g., shield-bosses with a pointed spike similar to type Horgos (see e.g., E. Istvánovits, V. Kulcsár 1992, p. 50–51; M. Biborski, P. Kaczanowski 2001, p. 242, fig. 4) and late conical forms with a wide collar close to type Misery (H. W. Böhme 1974, p. 112, 323, pl. 128:6), thickset flattened shield-grips with indistinct rivet-plates, spear points type XXII and XXV, buckles type Strzegocice-Tiszaladány-Kerch, variant Tanais (A. Koch 1999, p. 171–172, fig. 11), tongue-shaped strap ends type Szczedrzyk, so-called long variants of tendril brooches (K. Godłowski 1970, p. 26), brooches decorated with a stamped ornament similar to Untersiebenbrunn-Sösdala style with the foot of a shape resembling brooches type Wiesbaden, and also, buckles type H16 and H25. In this phase belong e.g., graves 371, 398, 401, 439 and finds scattered in the later Dobrodzień type layered feature (Fig. 7) in the younger, southern part of the gravefield, and also, the grooved features in the western area of the cemetery. Phase V at Mokra coincides with phase D1, possibly, partly even with phase D2 (shield-boss type Horgos). This probably corresponds to the period from the final decades of the 4th through to the first decades of the 5th century. This phase corresponds only in part to phase V of the cemetery at Opatów where there is a lack of later chronological diagnostic forms, e.g. finds decorated in Untersiebenbrunn-Sösdala style, brooches type Strzegocice, so-called long tendril brooches and weapon forms characteristic for group 8 of graves with weapons from the area of Przeworsk Culture.

15

Mogiła Wielkoludów ... Szwedów czy konfederatów. Cmentarzysko kurhanowe w Pakalniszkach (północna Litwa) w świetle bada? Marii Butrymówny w 1897 roku

88%

Sawicka L., Grižas G.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2007

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vol. LIX

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issue 59

165-202

EN

The National Museum of Lithuania (Vilnius) and the State Archaeological Museum (Warsaw) have in their keeping ca 200 finds from an investigation made in 1897 by Maria Butrymówna of a barrowfield at Pakalniszki (Fig. 1), N. Lithuania (now Pakalniškiai, Panevėžio raj.). Basing on the original documentation from the site and the first publications (E. Majewski 1900; A. Spicyn 1902) the authors have reconstructed the original grave assemblages from Pakalniszki. Of two cemeteries identified at Pakalniszki one was a Roman Period barrowfield of the Letto-Lithuanian Barrow Culture the other, an Early Medieval flat burial cemetery (Fig. 2). The barrows were investigated in 19th/20th c. by Roman Szwojnicki, followed by Maria Butrymówna and Ivan Abramov. Contrary to some opinion the site was never excavated by Jonas Basanavičius; his research, referred by some authors to Pakalniszki, in reality was made at the cemetery near Raginėnai. In the first half of the 20th c. the site at Pakalniszki was lost to agriculture. During four days of investigation Maria Butrymówna excavated sixteen barrows containing graves from the Early Roman Period and also the modern period. Two grave deposits were exceptionally richly furnished. Barrow no. 3–a neck-ring with trumpet terminals (Fig. 4r.s); a triangular-footed brooch similar to type Almgren100 (Fig. 4p); two temple discs with ‘key-hole’ openings (Fig. 4c–e); a set of two reel-headed pins with a spool-shaped head with a set of pendants (Fig. 4f, 11); two cruciform pendants (Fig. 4a.b); a necklace of bronze circular and copper alloy cylindrical beads (Fig. 4g–o, 12); two solid bracelets with an ‘eye’ ornament (Fig. 10e); four slender bracelets of plano-convex se ction (Fig. 10a–d); a finger-ring of coiled wire (Fig. 13a–m). Barrow no. 11: two spiral discs (Fig. 5a.b); an imported enamelled brooch (Fig. 5c.d); a triangular-footed brooch similar to type Almgren 100 (Fig. 5f); bronze cylinders (Fig. 12); 20 crescentic ‘lunula’ pendants from a head ornament (Fig. 5g); a necklace of glass beads, bronze cylinders and openwork pendant (Fig. 5e, 6b–al, 12); sheet bronze appliqués (Fig. 6:a); two pins with a spool-shaped head with a full set of pendants (Fig. 7, 11); two solid ‘eye’ bracelets (Fig. 10e); two slender bracelets of plano-convex section (Fig. 10a–d); four finger-rings of coiled wire (Fig. 13a–m). Next to these two rich assemblages another neck-ring with trumpet terminals was recovered in barrow no. 15 (Fig. 9). Spiral discs are a form characteristic for Letto-Lithuanian Barrow Culture although their distribution in the southern part of the range of this archaeological unit is still poorly understood similarly as the lack of such finds in Latvia. Stylistically, spiral discs are quite uniform–nearly all are ornamented in the same way–with openwork zigzag on their perimeter or with pairs of scrolls, which only in two specimens known from the Stroked Ware Culture deposits was replaced by a series of knobs. Discs were typically worn in pairs, fastened to the headband or head-dress. The construction of the fastening differed depending on whether the ornament was worn at the right or the left temple. Spiral discs are thought to derive from discs with suspension loops known eg, from Kurmaičiai or Egliškiai. It is also possible that they developed with some stylistic inspiration from areas on the middle Volga, basin of the Vyatka and the Kama rivers, even, the foothills of the Urals. Basing on the assemblages from Sargėnai, grave 207, Paalksniai, barrow V, and a series of graves from Paragaudis (grave 2 in barrow III, grave 1 in barrow V, grave 1 in barrow XXVII) Spiral discs are placed in phase B2. Neck-rings with trumpet terminals have a broad distribution range across the eastern Baltic seaboard, from Mazury (Poland) to Finland. Most probably, they developed from Celtic ornaments. The neck-rings from Pakalniszki, are solid forms, relatively large, with ornamental terminals, classified to Michelbertas group II, characteristic chiefly for phase B2, although also noted in phase B2/C1, most frequently, in association with ‘eye’ bracelets, bracelets of plano-convex section, and eye brooches of the Prussian series. The youngest assemblage to produce a neck-ring with trumpet terminals was grave 197 at Veršvai but as the however the only such deposit it cannot serve as a basis for extending the dating of these ornaments. ‘Eye’ bracelets are a form distinctive for Letto-Lithuanian Barrow Culture, also noted in areas to the north of its range. In grave deposits they typically occur in association with neck-rings with trumpet terminals, eye brooches of the Prussian series, temple ornaments of coiled wire, and pins with a spool-shaped head, all of which places them within phase B2. Slender bracelets of plano-convex have a similar distribution range as ‘eye’ bracelets but their finds are more numerous in the northern area of the SE Baltic littoral. In grave deposits they are discovered most frequently in association with eye brooches of the main series, strongly profiled brooches, brooches similar to type Almgren 100, ‘eye’ bracelets, spiral discs, neck-rings with trumpet terminals, neck-rings with knob-shaped terminals, neck-rings with conical terminals, pins with a barrel-shaped head, and bracelets of plano-convex section; this places them in the Early Roman period, possibly, with some pieces continuing after the onset of the Late Roman Period. Pins with a spool-shaped head are a form characteristic mainly for the Letto-Lithuanian area, although they are also known from Prussian territory. Their finds are recorded in grave assemblages dated to phase B2 and B2/C1. Brooches similar to type Almgren100 enjoyed substantial popularity on Balt territory and that of the neighbouring Finno-Ugrians; they are a substantially mixed group. The finds from Pakalniszki find the only close analogy in brooch finds from Adakavas, Kėdainiai, Dauglaukis (grave 51), Skrzypy, and in specimens recovered by Massalitinov in the region of Kaunas. The form is dated quite reliably to phase B2, most probably, its younger stage. The imported brooch from Pakalniszki belongs in type Exner I.32, which corresponds to type Böhme 5:335. Sixteen similar brooches are known from Roman imperial territory and thirteen from the barbarian territory. The piece in question presumably originates from one of the Rheinish workshops. Exner I.32/Böhme 5:335 brooch finds in deposits are dated quite reliably to phase B2, however, a large number of these pieces lack context. Cruciform pendants recorded in Pakalniszki are quite unique. Their only analogies are pendants with five knobs but these are few and lack context to be dated more closely. Pendants with knobs are reminiscent of ‘Akmeniai’ pendants, inspired in their development by forms noted in Wielbark Culture, but have an earlier dating. Another unique piece is the openwork pendant which resembles to some extent pendants known from northern Latvia and Estonia in which area they are known from contexts dated to the Late Roman Period. The last on the list of non-typical forms from Pakalniszki are the ‘lunula’ pendants. They are an ornament typical for SE Baltic coast, but the specimens from Pakalniszki–solid metal, without openwork ornament or knobs on their terminals–are exceptional and have no direct analogies. The necklace beads from barrow 11 are type Tempelmann-Mączyńska 6, 8, 12, 91, 98, 99, 223, 287, 291 and 387, forms distinctive for Balt and Wielbark Culture environment. Finger-rings of coiled wire, bronze sheet appliqués, sheet bronze and wire cylinders are quite common forms. The Maria Butrymówna collection held by the National Museum of Lithuania includes a series of medieval finds (Fig. 3, 8, 13n–u, 14). It is not certain whether all of them were discovered at Pakalniszki, a part could originate from other sites. The set includes fragments of iron knives, a circular fire iron, and a leather fragment, a silver temple ring with an openwork bead, a bronze openwork bead, and a bronze key. The surviving documentation supports the validity of the reconstructed assemblages from Pakalniszki. Basing on the presence of unique forms which, at the same time, have a good diagnostic value, the chronology of the two grave deposits may be defined as the younger stage of phase B2, possibly, but less likely, the onset of phase B2/C1. Some of the finds from Pakalniszki testify to long-distance exchange with Roman Empire and with Finno-Ugrians.

16

Nieznane materiały z cmentarzyska z okresu wpływów rzymskich w Ostrowitem na ziemi dobrzyńskiej

75%

Kurzyńska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2017

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vol. LXVIII

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issue 68

296-302

EN

The cemetery at Ostrowite was first published by K. Hahuła in her study of Wielbark Culture in the Dobrzyń Land. In this contribution this author mentioned a bronze brooch type Almgren 95, now considered as lost, and a fragment of a three-layer comb, using them to establish the dating of the grave-field as phase B2/C1–C1a (K. Hahuła 1988, p. 100, fig. 4, pl. VI:7). Recently, the rediscovery of a brief note referring on the site at Ostrowite in the archives of the museum in Grudziądz (Muzeum im. ks. dr. Władysława Łęgi) dating to 1948 was followed by the publication of a sketch (Fig. 2) and a description of an urned burial discovered at that location that same year (H. Błachnio, W. Błachnio 2016, fig. 155–157). With this input it is possible to reconstruct the history of this discovery, identify the inventory of the urned burial, and the assemblage of stray finds picked up from the surface of the cemetery (Fig. 3). Now lost, the burial ground used to lie in the village of in Ostrowite, Commune Brzuze, County Rypin, on a tract of elevated ground, now fully lost to a gravel mine (Fig. 1). Błachnio unearthed an urned burial (Fig. 2), consisting of pottery vessels: a bowl, type XaA (Fig. 3:1), two handled cups, type XVA (Fig. 3:4) and XVC (Fig. 3:2), two diminutive forms, type XVIB (Fig. 3:3) and group XVII (Fig.3:5), next to which there was also a fragment of a three-layer comb, presumably antler, retaining a bronze rivet (Fig. 3:6), a fragment of a small bronze cylinder originally covering the brooch spring (Fig. 3:7) and a clay spindlewhorl (Fig. 3:8). Stray finds picked up from the surface of the cemetery included three bronze brooches, type Almgren 95 (Fig. 3:9–11), a fragment of a solid spring from a bronze brooch (Fig. 3:12) and around 100 uncharacteristic potsherds (now lost). Another find, reportedly recovered at Ostrowite was a bronze crossbow brooch, type Almgren 161 at Ostrowite (J. Janikowski 1976b, p. 82) is far from substantiated. The urned burial and the two brooches lacking context are datable broadly to phase B2/C1–C1a, the third brooch (Fig. 3:9) could be older, possibly dating to the end of the Early Roman Period, stage B2c. While the newly disclosed sources helped identify the exact location of the cemetery within the village they have not altered in any major way its dating to phase B2/C1–C1a (K. Hahuła 1988, fig. 4). At the same time, the newly available record suggests that the grave-field originally had a great many graves, now lost, and as such it could have a much broader chronological span.

17

Cmentarzyska z okresu wpływów rzymskich z Parsk, powiat grudziądzki

75%

Kurzyńska M., Andrzejowski J.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2017

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vol. LXVIII

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issue 68

287-296

EN

Two urned burials were discovered in the village of Parski, its western or south-western area presumably (Fig. 1:9.10), in 1900 and 1913 (see: W. Łęga 1930). Archaeological recovered at that time (Fig. 2, 3) entered the Stadtmuseum (City Museum) in Graudenz/Grudziądz (until 1920 in Prussia); of these only a bronze brooch, type Almgren 95, survived (Fig. 2:c) and is now in Muzeum Archeologiczne w Gdańsku (Archaeological Museum in Gdańsk); two cinerary urns and a glass jetton have gone missing. Further discoveries were made at Parski in 1939. At this time, the now Polish Muzeum Miejskie (City Museum) in Grudziądz acquired seven pottery vessels, some sherds and a bronze buckle; of these the buckle, type D29, one of the vessels (a jug, group IX), and a brooch possibly recovered the same year – type Almgren 162 (Fig. 5:a–c), are still in keeping of Muzeum im. ks. dr. Władysława Łęgi w Grudziądzu (The Father Dr. Władysław Łęga Museum in Grudziądz). In 1955, on a hummock in the north-eastern area of the village mined for sand (Fig. 1:1), the first head of the Muzeum w Grudziądzu after the war, J. Błachnio, collected a few dozen fragments of pottery, a jug (group IX), a bowl (type XaA) and two clay spindlewhorls (Fig. 5:d–l), provenanced to a Wielbark Culture cemetery. Fieldwork carried out in 1968 in the vicinity of the now obliterated hummock brought in an assemblage of pottery finds, daub, charcoal and animal bones, interpreted as the remains of Lusatian Culture and Wielbark Culture settlements (see: R. Boguwolski 1969; 1972). The materials recovered at Parski may derive from two separate cemeteries, in use in the Late Roman Period, phases B2/C1–C2, possibly even as early as phase B2 of the Late Roman Period. In the immediate vicinity of these cemeteries were two (or three) other grave-fields, of Roman Period date – one (possibly two) at Parski, in fields belonging to Reinhold and Hippke (identified in 1900 and 1913), another possible burial ground, at Nowa Wieś site 4a (Fig. 1:8), in use during phases B2–C1b, possibly as late as phase C2 (M. Kurzyńska, in print). Finally, a surface survey carried out in 1982 (R. Boguwolski 1982) recorded a group of settlements of Roman Period date (Fig. 1).

18

Uzbrojenie z cmentarzyska kultury luboszyckiej w Sadzarzewicach, pow. Krosno Odrzańskie

75%

Andrzejewska A., Demkowicz K.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

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2015

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issue 30

91-108

EN

The cemetery in Sadzarzewice (former Sadersdorf) is one of the most important archaeological sites in Lower Lusatia and it dates back to the pre-Roman and Roman iron ages. It was included into the Luboszyce culture by Grzegorz Domański in his work from 1979. Along with two other cemeteries, located nearby in Grabice and Luboszyce, the Sadzarzewice complex constitutes the oldest chronological horizon of this taxonomic group, and the region is regarded as the starting point of its later expansion. Despite the site’s great significance for the prehistory studies of the Oder basin, its state of study is far from satisfactory. This is mostly due to the fact it was discovered and explored at the end of the XIXth century, that is in the time archaeological methods were still in development. Further complication was caused by the history of the region – nearly all of the artifacts were lost during WWII, and as an effect, the cemetery’s inventory is known only from a publication dating back to 1895. Nevertheless, during my research for my dissertation on the armament of the Luboszyce culture, I managed to identify a couple of those lost finds. This small group consisted of an ornamented spearhead, an untypical javelin- or arrowhead, and a shield grip. The total number of Roman iron age weapon and equestrian equipment finds from the cemetery is 41 – 4 swords, 2 sword scabbard belt loops, 2 axes, 6 spearheads, 2 javelin heads, 7 arrowheads, 4 shield bosses, 2 shield grips and 12 spurs. The artifacts from Sadzarzewice fit into the phase B2b–C2 (late 2nd–3rd cent. A.D.) range. Those weapons that were possible to date with considerable precision can be situated within the phase C1, some even can be as old as B2b, although there is no certain evidence of such early chronology. Another notable feature of the Sadzarzewice artifacts is the evidence of various interregional influences – either from the West (the Elbian circle) and East (the Wielbark and Przeworsk cultures) which phenomenon, although characteristic for the Luboszyce culture in general, is best observed in the early stages of this unit’s development.

PL

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19

Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Niemirowie, gmina Mielnik, woj. podlaskie

75%

Rusin K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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vol. LIV

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issue 54

101-108

EN

The site is situated on the northern bank of the river Bug, about 400 m west from the Polish-Belorussian border. It is partly destroyed by a sandpit (Fig. 1). During the rescue excavations in 1984 and 1985 ten cremation graves (eight pit graves and two urn graves) and more then twenty undetermined pits were found here. Some of these pits, with big amount of charcoal located by the graves 4 and 11 (Fig. 4, 5) without any traces of relics of a pyre, could be linked with a cemetery. Grave 4 has a form atypical for the Przeworsk Culture – the urn was placed on the bottom of a shallow pit plastered with stones (Fig. 3). The Niemirów cemetery was used in phases B2b–B2/C1. The oldest find is a brooch similar to the type A.78 found in the grave 8 (Fig. 3). The strongly profiled brooches of the Mazovian variant typical for the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture, dated to the phase B2b–B2/C1a came from graves 4 and 5 (Fig. 3). Grave 9 with a brooch of type A.96 is dated to phase B2/C1. An ornamented lancepoint from destroyed grave 1 (Fig. 2) and a set of weapons from grave 5a, dug into grave 5, probably came from the same time. A chronological analysis indicats that the cemetery in Niemirów belongs to the group of small, shortlasting cemeteries, grounded in the end of the phase B2 on the north-eastern peripheries of the Przeworsk Culture territory. They are linked with an inner migration, maybe evoked by the expansion of the Wielbark Culture.

20

Uwagi na temat powiązań kultury oksywskiej z kręgiem jastorfskim i Europą Północną w świetle materiałów z cmentarzyska w Podwiesku, stanowisko 2, pow. Chełmno, woj. kujawsko-pomorskie

75%

Bokiniec E.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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vol. LIV

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issue 54

37-48

EN

The cemetery of the Oksywie Culture in Podwiesk, site 2, produced 480 graves; among them were 2 inhumation graves, 477 cremation graves and a single animal grave. Almost all of them (except the inhumation and 2 cremation graves) can be dated to the late Pre-Roman Period. Most interesting are graves furnished with iron brooches with a bronze sheet on the bow, iron “staged” brooches (Stufenfibeln) and bipartite iron belt clasps compound of two or three parts, all dated to the phase A1 and the earlier stage of the phase A2. These finds marked the first stage of the Jastorf Culture influences in the OksywieCculture. The iron brooches with bronze sheets occurred, always in pairs, in 6 graves (Fig. 1, 6, 7). Such brooches were not known from the Oksywie Culture until the horizon of Stufenfibeln and brooches of type C, and still existed in the phase A2. Their closest analogies came from the area on the lower Oder river and on Bornholm. Iron tripartite belt clasps are typical for the Oder group of the Jastorf Culture while bipartite clasps form local Bornholm type. In the Oksywie Culture they are known only from Podwiesk. Both types of belt clasps were found in Podwiesk together with Stufenfibeln and brooches with bronze sheet. Brooches with balls on the bow were quite common both in the Nordic culture and in the Jastorf Culture. A specimen found in Podwiesk (Fig. 1:9) has two connected balls. Such type is known from northern Jutland, Fyn and Bornholm, as well as from eastern Holstein and Mecklenburg. Most frequent in the Podwiesk cemetery are Stufenfibeln. 27 specimens were found in 22 graves. All of them are of the late La Tène construction, almost rectangular or trapezoid form with a band-shaped bow widened toward a head. Two groups of those brooches could be distinguished: brooches 3,5–5,5 cm long with short, 4–8-coil spring (Fig. 2) and brooches 4,0–6,2 cm long with longer, 8–13-coil spring (Fig. 3). The discussed finds indicate that in the early phase of late Pre-Roman Period on the southern Baltic coast appeared new forms of ornaments and costumes. Some of them could come from Gotland and Bornholm, others from the Jastorf Culture territory. Great number of those finds evidenced strong and constant connections between Pomerania and both Scandinavia and Oder-Elbe region.

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Mogiła Wielkoludów ... Szwedów czy konfederatów. Cmentarzysko kurhanowe w Pakalniszkach (północna Litwa) w świetle bada? Marii Butrymówny w 1897 roku

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Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Niemirowie, gmina Mielnik, woj. podlaskie

Uwagi na temat powiązań kultury oksywskiej z kręgiem jastorfskim i Europą Północną w świetle materiałów z cmentarzyska w Podwiesku, stanowisko 2, pow. Chełmno, woj. kujawsko-pomorskie