This paper conducts a semantic network analysis of Scottish political party manifestos from the 1999, 2003, 2007 and 2011 elections to predict coalition formation. A manifesto is a tool of political communication that represents a party’s ideology and discusses issues considered crucial for each election. Semantic analysis of party manifestos represents an innovative method for examining the relations among political parties. Parties that are closer in the semantic network have a greater potential to form political coalitions. Semantic distances and two-mode semantic network analysis also proved to be a viable method for describing a country’s political climate and power structure, without requiring prior knowledge of country’s political makeup, and without pre-conceived notions. The results indicate that a semantic analysis of political party manifestos can be used to predict coalitions, but factors other than semantic similarity must be considered. Semantic network analysis provides an accurate picture of the distribution of power and centrality of issues for any given election.
Cooperative game theory instruments application to the corporate finance M&A research issues provide an ability to extend the field considered and conclusions obtained. The paper presents the M&A cooperative games modeling and its empirical implementation to analyze the airline strategic alliance as M&A deal.
The terrorist attacks in New York on 11th September 2001 resulted in a new method of armed conflict which was asymmetric in character, on this occasion in Afghanistan. The ISAF faced the Taliban – a rival who had an advantage because of local knowledge and help from some of the neighbouring countries, such as Pakistan, and international terrorist organizations such as Al-Qaeda. The Taliban maintained surveillance on the ANSF which supported ISAF. As a result, attacks described as green on blue happened which were caused also by a conflict of a cultural and religious basis between Afghan soldiers and ISAF soldiers. Due to its unpre-dictability and the impossibility of stating its area and time, they became one of the biggest dangers for ISAF soldiers during that difficult mission.
Artykuł jest opracowaniem konceptualizacyjnym stanowiącym przygotowanie do badań nad kształtowaniem się zmiennych koalicji między państwami członkowskimi w polityce rolnej Unii Europejskiej. W pierwszej kolejności dokonana została ocena stanu badań, następnie przeselekcjonowano problemy uzasadniając zasadność prowadzonych rozważań. Zaproponowano hipotezy badawcze wraz z pytaniami prowadzącymi do weryfikacji hipotez. W dalszej części artykułu podjęto próbę wskazania paradygmatów oraz technik i narzędzi pomocnych w zdiagnozowaniu zaproponowanych problemów badawczych.
EN
This article is a conceptualization study aiming to provide the groundwork for research into the formation of changing coalitions among European Union Member States. Firstly, it assesses the current state of research, follows with a selection of research problems and provides validation for the research considerations raised. It poses research hypotheses and questions that verify the hypotheses. The latter part of the article attempts to identify the paradigms, techniques and tools able to diagnose the research problems posed.
Artykuł przedstawia problem funkcjonowania frakcji w Parlamencie Europejskim i tworzenia koalicji między poszczególnymi grupami politycznymi na podstawie Regulaminu i danych z siódmej kadencji PE. W artykule analizie zostały poddane zasady tworzenia frakcji określone w Regulaminie PE oraz wynikające z tych przepisów konsekwencje dla współpracy partii narodowych na forum Parlamentu. W drugiej części artykułu przedstawione zostały kwestie związane z tworzeniem koalicji między grupami politycznymi w PE, fenomen „wielkich koalicji” oraz problemy definicyjne związane zarówno z tym zagadnieniem, jak i funkcjonowaniem całego systemu politycznego UE w tym kontekście.
EN
The article presents the problem of the functioning of factions within the European Parliament and the formation of coalitions between individual political groups basing on the Rules of Procedure and data from the seventh term of the EP. The article involves an analysis of the principles for forming factions as specified in the Rules of Procedure of the EP and the consequences for the cooperation of national parties in the Parliament arising from these regulations. In the second part of the article, matters concerning coalition formation between political groups within the EP are discussed together with the phenomenon of ‘grand coalitions’, related definitional problems and the functioning of the entire political system of the EU in this context.
The author begins the article by calling attention to Duverger’s methodological principles, which he then draws on to analyse and interpret ‘Duverger’s laws’ concerning the effect electoral systems have on parties and party systems. Duverger’s classification of party systems, which he asserts are closely linked to electoral systems, is dealt with in the conclusion of the article, where the author draws attention to the more elaborate version of the classification that is hinted at in parts of his 1951 book Les partis politiques and that he then formulated explicitly in 1960. The author compares this later version with Sartori’s famous typology of party systems.
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