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EN
The authors of the article use research tools typical of cognitive ethnolinguistics in order to reconstruct the Latin lingual and cultural image of HOME (domus romana). As a material base, they use predominantly the following language data: system-based (etymology and different meanings ascribed to the Latin lexeme domus, synonyms and antonyms, collocations, etc.) and text-based (texts that are examples of the artistic and professional discourse). On the basis of the analysis carried out they separate the basic dimensions of the Roman HOME conceptualization, such as: physical (home as a place, structure), social (familia romana), functional and cultural whose common ground is the idea of residence. Bearing in mind the complexity of the gathered language material the authors separate the following base profiles for the representation of HOME: material (home as a structure), patriarchal (home as a family seat), institutional (home as a seat for public institutions), and finally cultural (axiological and sacred) — home as a treasury with values and a place of religious adoration. Understanding of the concept of HOME in ancient times described in this article allows the authors to portray the conceptualization of this phenomenon as a multidimensional reality relating to various aspects of ancient Romans’ lives.
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EN
The notion of symbol, though popular and commonly used, has not so far received a satisfactory operational definition, i.e. a methodology of description that would allow to assign specific symbolic meanings to images in a foreseeable, “controllable” way. This is revealed by the different symbolic meanings which dictionaries assign to the same images. The paper uses examples from the Lublin Słownik stereotypów i symboli ludowych ‘Dictionary of stereotypes and folk symbols’ to question the rules for determining symbolic meanings and the “linguistic and cultural proofs” connected with the assignment of those senses – the rules that link the sun with life, truth and perfection, fire with love and passion, light with the God and heaven, dew with life-giving force and male sperm, wind with life-giving spirit, rainbow with the sign of peace, &c. The article reveals that the symbolic sense is sometimes prompted by the etymology, metaphorical meanings, parallel constructions, equivalence, or may also result from the genre convention of the text (an erotic, a dream book, a wishing carol), or finally from the beliefs and practices of bearers of folk culture. Regardless of all those attempts at determining symbolic meanings, the formulation of such meanings remains a hypothesis of a kind. Texts, especially artistic ones (where also folk texts belong), contain an unclosed semantic potential and remain unsaid, open and susceptible to new symbolic readings.
EN
The purpose of the article is to present an integrated research approach based on fundamental principles of cognitive ethnolinguistics and studies of multimodality in texts and discourse, and to apply it to a) reconstruction of stereotypes meaning, and to b) carry out a comparative study of the way the stereotypes are construed in four different languages.
EN
This article demonstrates how language and culture determine the use of German „Heimat”, „Heimatland” and „Vaterland” translated into Polish as „ojczyzna”. From the perspective of anthropocentric linguistics, the central research object is primarily the translator who is responsible for the appropriateness of the translation result. The explication reflects the theories within the scope of linguistic worldview, developed by J. Bartmiński and A. Wierzbicka. The cognitive aspects of literary translation will be explained on the example of Mascha Kaléko’s poems, originally written in German.
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EN
The author assumes that etymological analyses are “ethnolinguistically relevant” because by reconstructing the motivation of names, etymology allows one to reach the methods of linguistic conceptualization of phenomena and objects. He discusses the words świat ‘world’, kwiat ‘flower’, and gwiazda ‘star’ (endorsing Brückner’s and Sławski’s thesis that they all belong to a single etymological nest), and adduces examples of proverbs, riddles, and folk songs where the semantics of ‘world’, ‘flower’, and ‘star’ are joined, to demonstrate the benefits of directing etymological analyses to historically documented texts. Apart from phonetic arguments, the common element is the connotation of ‘brightness’, i.e. what makes it possible to look and to see.
EN
The article contains critical reflections on the image of school as it has been established in communication. The author refers to the theoretical findings in linguistic anthropology, and introduces the concepts of “the point of view” and “the cognitive perspective.” With the use of these concepts, knowledge derived from experiencing extra-linguistic reality can be extracted; the starting point for the reflection on the linguistic image of the world being the observation that language as such is an instrument for aggregating knowledge as well as evaluating the reality experienced by human beings. The analysis of the collected research material shows that the image of school imbedded in the language and public discourse (academic, cultural, in the media) is not uniform. The possible reason for this lack of uniformity is that community experience and a value system revealing individual and collective points of view is deposited in language.
EN
The starting point for this study is that (the majority of) conventional figurative units (CFUs) are conceptual in nature and that they somehow record and preserve the knowledge and even worldview of diverse cultures. The aim of this paper is to take a first step towards answering the question whether it is true not only that phraseology preserves the way a given culture understands the world (or understood it in the past), but if it works the other way round, i.e. if people using/knowing CFUs involving stereotypes - in this case, Czech idioms and collocations regarding nations and ethnic groups - tend to extend these stereotypes and attitudes beyond the linguistic sphere. For this purpose a survey questionnaire was created, by means of which the stereotypes underlying a varied sample of 13 Czech CFUs were related to the prejudices of the respondents
EN
An observation is made that the linguistic worldview is grounded in values, which play a decisive role in the shaping of a given community’s (collective) identity. Therefore, it is postulated that the folk Slavic axiological system (the world of values cherished in folk Slavic traditions) be investigated. The project called (ETHNO)EUROJOS – parallel to EUROJOS, an international research programme headed by Jerzy Bartmiński and based on standard language varieties and “national” traditions – would thus be concerned with the values common to Slavic folk cultures. It has been shown that Slavic nations are much closer to one another at the level of folk cultures than at the level of national, elite-shaped cultures. A survey among distinguished researchers in various Slavic traditions reveals that the values important for Slavs are: health and life, family and kinship, home, land, work and diligence, love, beauty, happiness, wisdom, frankness, integrity, faithfulness, justice, freedom, honour, faith (religion) and God. A description of these values could follow the methodological assumptions of the Lublin Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols.
PL
Autorka, wychodząc z założenia, że wartości leżą u podłoża językowego obrazu świata i stanowią o tożsamości wspólnotowej (zbiorowej), postuluje badanie ludowego słowiańskiego systemu aksjologicznego (świata wartości ważnych dla ludowych tradycji słowiańskich). Projekt pod nazwą (ETNO)EUROJOS – paralelny do międzynarodowego programu EUROJOS, realizowanego pod kierunkiem Jerzego Bartmińskiego na bazie języków ogólnych (standardowych) i tradycji ogólnonarodowych – miałby na celu analizę wartości wspólnych nosicielom słowiańskiej kultury ludowej. Na poziomie kultur ludowych narody słowiańskie są sobie dużo bliższe niż na poziomie kultur ogólnonarodowych, kształtowanych przez elity. Na podstawie sondażu przeprowadzonego wśród wybitnych badaczy różnych tradycji słowiańskich, można wstępnie przyjąć, że wartościami ważnymi dla Słowian są: zdrowie i życie, rodzina i ród/pokrewieństwo, dom, ziemia, praca i pracowitość, miłość, piękno, szczęście, mądrość, szczerość, uczciwość, wierność, sprawiedliwość, wolność, honor, wiara (wyznanie) i Bóg. Opis tych wartości mógłby zostać oparty na założeniach metodologicznych lubelskiego Słownika stereotypów i symboli ludowych.
EN
The study responds to Jerzy Bartminski’s call for using various kinds of data in doing ethnolinguistic research. The authors, thus, champion (i) the necessity of including textual data in reconstructing a linguistic worldview as well as (ii) a culturally-oriented non-systemic lexical semantics. That ethnolinguistic reconstruction cannot be based merely on dictionary-like information is shown by a critical assessment of purely systemic analyses of hussy, pheasant, and maid. It is concluded that textual evidence should be extensively explored and systematically used in cognitive ethnolinguistics as primary, rather than as supplementary data.
PL
Autorzy dowodzą konieczności uwzględnienia danych tekstowych przy rekonstrukcji JOS-u w myśl koncepcji etnolingwistyki kognitywnej Jerzego Bartmińskiego. Na przykładzie trzech kategorii konceptualnych oznaczonych angielskimi leksemami hussy ‘latawica’, pheasant ‘bazant’, i maid ‘pokojówka’, ‘panna’, pokazują na ile i o ile zmienia się językowy obraz świata po uzupełnieniu danych systemowych w postaci definicji słownikowych o znaczenia kontekstowe obecne w wybranych tekstach. Swoje rozważania i analizy umieszczają w szerszym kontekście metodologicznym, tj. sporu o sposób rozumienia i uprawiania semantyki leksykalnej. W tym względzie kontrastują metodologie JOS-u, otwarta na wiele typów danych, w tym danych tekstowych, z taką praktyką badawcza, która programowo zorientowana jest wyłącznie na dane słownikowo-encyklopedyczne.
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EN
The notion of symbol, though popular and commonly used, has not so far received a satisfactory operational definition, i.e. a methodology of description that would allow to assign specific symbolic meanings to images in a foreseeable, “controllable” way. This is revealed by the different symbolic meanings which dictionaries assign to the same images. The paper uses examples from the Lublin Słownik stereotypów i symboli ludowych ‘Dictionary of stereotypes and folk symbols’ to question the rules for determining symbolic meanings and the “linguistic and cultural proofs” connected with the assignment of those senses – the rules that link the sun with life, truth and perfection, fire with love and passion, light with the God and heaven, dew with life-giving force and male sperm, wind with life-giving spirit, rainbow with the sign of peace, &c. The article reveals that the symbolic sense is sometimes prompted by the etymology, metaphorical meanings, parallel constructions, equivalence, or may also result from the genre convention of the text (an erotic, a dream book, a wishing carol), or finally from the beliefs and practices of bearers of folk culture. Regardless of all those attempts at determining symbolic meanings, the formulation of such meanings remains a hypothesis of a kind. Texts, especially artistic ones (where also folk texts belong), contain an unclosed semantic potential and remain unsaid, open and susceptible to new symbolic readings.
PL
W artykule dokonujemy krytycznej oceny wybranych tez, jakie powszechnie stawia się w odniesieniu do badań etymologicznych. Te tezy odnajdujemy w dominującym modelu etnolingwistyki i nazywamy go strukturalistycznym. Poddajemy go redefinicji w duchu etnolingwistyki kognitywnej, przede wszystkim zaś pytamy o rzekomo diachroniczny wymiar etymologii. Inspirację znajdujemy w pracach Yakova Malkiela, które następnie odnosimy do praktyki badawczej szeregu lubelskich etnolingwistów. W naszej argumentacji (i) uznajemy zasadność etymologicznego programu etnolingwistyki kognitywnej, jak i (ii) uzasadniamy potrzebę rozstania się z etymologią strukturalistyczną (także: sensu stricto, porównawczohistoryczną, formalną, systemową).
EN
A critical appraisal is attempted of the three structurally-designated theses that are typically voiced  in relation to what etymology is and what it consists in: (i) etymology is diachronic in scope, (ii) etymology involves the reconstruction of proto-forms and proto-senses, and (iii) etymology is based on the earliest possible attestations. The examination is guided and motivated by Yakov Malkiel's etymological research as well as by selected studies of the Lublin-based cognitive ethnolinguists. It is, then, concluded that etymological investigations are more likely to be productive and successful if (i) the temporal perspective employed is that of panchrony, not of the diachrony-synchrony distinction, (ii) the reconstruction aims at identifying ways of cross-generational conceptualisation (mentalities), rather than original forms, and (iii) the examination includes the whole of the historical spectrum of attestations, not just earliest records. This all leads to a full appreciation of the kind of etymology that feeds on texts, not words or lexemes, and on cognitive and experiential contexts, not on purely linguistic abstractions.
EN
The paper introduces a pilot study from ongoing ethnolinguistic research into the Czech concept of VÁNOCE ‘Christmas’. It is placed in the context of the theory of cultural key words referring to the author’s previous studies on the concepts of DOMOV ‘home, homeland’ and POHODA ‘well-being, comfort, rest, peace’. In the paper, the meaning of the concept of VÁNOCE is summarized in accordance with Czech monolingual dictionaries, the rituals and scenarios associated with the Christmas Eve are described using empirical research data, analysed are social discussions of Christmas (esp. of the baby Jesus) as well as examples of the conceptualization of Christmas in popular songs. The paper also includes several remarks on the Christmas stereotype in Czech sign language.
PL
Artykuł jest pilotażową próba etnolingwistycznego opisu czeskiego pojęcia VÁNOCE ‘Boże Narodzenie’. Zostaje ono umieszczone w kontekście innych słów kluczy, z odwołaniem do wcześniejszych badań autorki dotyczących pojęć DOMOV ‘dom, ojczyzna’ i POHODA ‘wygoda, komfort, odpoczynek, spokój’. W niniejszej pracy pojęcie to jest opisane zgodnie z definicjami w jednojęzycznych słownikach języka czeskiego; uwzględniono także, na podstawie danych empirycznych, rytuały i scenariusze zachowań związane z Wigilią Bożego Narodzenia; poddano analizie dyskusje społeczne na temat świat (zwłaszcza dotyczące postaci dzieciatka Jezus) oraz przykłady konceptualizacji Bożego Narodzenia w popularnych  piosenkach. Artykuł zamykają wstępne uwagi na temat stereotypu świat w czeskim języku migowym.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problem niedosłowności w kontekście kognitywnie inspirowanych rozważań nad metaforą i metonimią. Przyjęto, że jedna i druga jest wyrazem skłonności człowieka do symbolizowania tego, co jest bardziej złożone i odległe dla ludzkiego doświadczenia przez to, co jest prostsze i bliższe. Selektywna analiza danych zgromadzonych w SSiSL (1996) w odniesieniu do hasła „wschód słońca” obnażyła szereg problemów metodologicznych: (i) metaforę i metonimię różni nie tylko liczba (jedna lub dwie) domen poznawczych zaangażowanych w procesie symbolizacji, ale także to, czy dane wyrażenie ma być początkiem, czy końcem tego procesu (część 2); (ii) relacja między przestrzenią, ruchem i kolorem może mieć nachylenie metaforyczne i metonimiczne, co zapewne relatywizuje związki także między innymi domenami (część 3); (iii) ludowa wizja świata pokazuje, że wyrażenia uznane dzisiaj za dosłowne (np. wschód słońca) są w perspektywie ich rozwoju znaczeniowego wyrażeniami symbolicznymi i jako takie zawierają utrwalone wartościowanie poprzednich pokoleń i ich sądy o świecie (część 4). Postuluje się zaadoptowanie rozróżnienia dokonanego przez Ronalda Langacker (1999) na aktualność i wirtualność w celu uniknięcia niektórych z powyższych dylematów (część 5).
EN
The article relates to the problem of the literal-versus-nonliteral nature of the symbolization processes, such as metaphor and metonymy. It is assumed that both are an expression of people’s tendency to symbolize what is more complex and distant for human experience by what is simpler and closer. A selective analysis of the data collected in SSiSL (1996) in relation to the entry wschód słońca ‘sunrise’ reveals a number of methodological issues: (i) metaphor and metonymy differ not only in the number (one or two) of cognitive domains involved in the process of symbolization, but also whether the expression refers to be the beginning or the end of this process (Part 2); (ii) the relationship between space, movement and color may have a metaphorical and metonymic orientation, which probably relativizes the relationships also between other cognitive domains (Part 3); (iii) the folk worldview shows that expressions considered literal today (such as wschód słońca ‘sunrise’) are, in the perspective of their semantic development, symbolic expressions and as such contain fixed valuations of previous generations and their judgments about the world (Part 4). It is postulated that Langacker's (1999) distinction between actuality and virtuality should be adopted in order to avoid some of the above problems and dilemmas (Part 5).
EN
The article deals with the question of what data are ethnolinguistically relevant, with a view to reconstructing the linguistic worldview. Types of data are considered with regard to the names of subdisciplines (etymological ethnolinguistics, dialectological ethnolinguistics, onomastic ethnolinguistics) and the object of study (cognitive ethnolinguistics). Special attention is paid to the data used in folk or national ethnolinguistics, with a discussion of the treatment of bylica ‘sagebrush, wormwood’ in the Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols, and of dom ‘househome’ in the Axiological Lexicon of Slavs and their Neighbours. Attention is paid to the entrenchment of features in the data from the language system, texts, and questionnaires. However, ethnolinguistically relevant data in this approach include not only those three kinds but also “co-linguistic”, “negative”, and “post-reset” data, connected with the “Polish map of non-memory” and “latent memory”.
PL
Autorka rozważa kwestię danych branych pod uwagę przy analizach w ramach etnolingwistyki jako dyscypliny badawczej stawiającej sobie za cel rekonstrukcję językowego obrazu świata. Typy danych rozpatruje w kontekście nazw subdyscyplin (etnolingwistyka etymologiczna, dialektologiczna, onomastyczna) i przedmiotu badań (etnolingwistyka kognitywna). Szczególną uwagę skupia na typach danych wykorzystywanych w ramach etnolingwistyki ludowej i narodowej. Analizuje pod tym kątem wyobrażenie bylicy w Słowniku stereotypów i symboli ludowych oraz domu w Leksykonie aksjologicznym Słowian i ich sąsiadów, omawia utrwalenie cech w danych systemowych, tekstowych i ankietowych. Jako typy danych relewantnych etnolingwistycznie w opisie językowego obrazu świata uznaje nie tylko system, teksty i ankietę, lecz także dane „przyjęzykowe”, dane „negatywne” i dane „wyzerowane”, związane z „polską mapą niepamięci” i „pamięcią utajnioną”.
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