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EN
The article deals with the problem of the formation of students’ cognitive independence at heuristic learning of foreign languages. To take into account the increased interest in learning foreign languages more actively various innovative technologies are being introduced in education. They ensure the free choice of the students concerning the forms and methods of learning. The formation of cognitive independence – one of the most important components of self-realization of students’ cognitive and creative potential – is considered the leading requirement for modern education. Heuristic education can be considered the most perspective educational technology that allows personalizing educational process, developing students’ creative abilities, implementing reflection, self-appraisal, self-control and self-organization, as constituents for creative self-realization of the personality. Teachers often conduct the process of learning foreign languages using just reproductive methods without any motivation. Heuristic education provides new didactic reserves for active motivation of students’ cognitive activity during the creation of a significant to them educational product. The last one is a main purpose of the students’ cognitive and creative activity at heuristic learning of foreign languages. It’s such factors as: removal of ratings and time limits, democratic style of communication, the situation of choice, personal significance, productive, creative kind of work with regard to age condition. You need to create situations in which students would have the need and desire to express their views and defend it. Modeling conditions of discussion in educational process advantageously differs from the situations of domestic nature, the discussion is not tied to specific circumstances (theatre restaurant), and the target audience is the natural venue for the debate. The subject of the speech appears as a problem which might cause the professional, personal interest of students taking into account their experience, mental skills and encourage them to express their own point of view. The goal of communication should not be linguistic but practical and caused by the life's needs. In the article we present examples of heuristic cognitive and creative activity that ensures the successful formation of students’ cognitive independence at learning foreign languages. The special attention is drawn to the students’ independent work as one of the forms while performing foreign language tasks.
EN
The role of independent work in the conditions of implementation the competence approach in modern school is described in the article. Today it is considered to be an important factor of the «learning skill» competence formation. The subjective competences are formed on the basis of the experience of independent solving problems and though independence versatile interpreted by teachers and psychologists, it provides obtaining the activity techniques, awareness and validity of actions, criticism, ability to make a decision, manifestation of individuality, etc. The instrument of acquiring independence, independent learning activity is an independent work, which is organized by the pupil, and is motivated, controlled and realized at the convenient time for him. This requires self-regulation, targeted control of one’s own actions and in learning activities – matching the capabilities of the students with the requirements for designing a self-learning process and the ability to consciously control it. The formation of skills of self-learning requires external influences that provide a rational organization of independent work to strengthen all of the cognitive processes of students: sensation, perception, memory, attention, imagination, thinking, skills to submit one’s own verbal judgments. Independent work includes such functions as learning, developing and upbringing, which integrate the chemical methods, concepts, laws and theories with the skills to work consciously with different information resources and use the gained knowledge in practice. This approach provides the formation of the personal character and behavior features. Together this forms the ability to self-learning, which is an integral component of the competence «learning skill». With the change of the education system from traditional to the competence, change the methods of productive learning, among which the author distinguishes such groups: cognitive, creative (oriented at creating by students their own educational product) and organizational-activity. Systematic use of a wide variety of multi-level independent work and various forms of its implementation, gradually teaches students self-learning. The skills of self-control and self-assessment are carried out through informed choice feasible level of tasks. This, in turn, will provide continuous self-examination of the level of knowledge of program material.
EN
Pedagogical reflection must take into account numerous shades of meaning of the word ‘loneliness’ in both the theory and practice of education if it is to discover the role of loneliness and solitude in intellectual upbringing and self upbringing and in shaping cognitive independence. Using the word ‘loneliness’ in pedagogical reflection aiming at perfecting educational theory and practice requires ordering analyses. It is necessary to deal with common misunderstandings in the perception of loneliness, reduced to undesirable state of solitude and the lack of relations with others. It is not enough to understand loneliness only as solitude, while bearing in mind the heritage of philosophy and pedagogy, which reveal a deeper and existentially vital meaning of loneliness. Anthropological and axiological understanding of loneliness as a purifying and liberating force differs from emphasising painful feelings and dejection, which is contemporary associated with loneliness, as can be seen from comments on the Internet. Thanks to the features attributed to loneliness, it is an act of liberating from social ties constraining independent thinking and cognitive independence. Experiencing such loneliness, understood as solitude arrived at through self upbringing, allows an individual to shape his spiritual freedom and intellectual autonomy. Learned helplessness in the face of loneliness is shaped by education based on extreme reductionism (‘sociologism’) in which a man is perceived only as net force of natural and social forces acting on him, and his shaping is treated as shaping an element of society. Admitting that a man has the right to loneliness in a form of solitude is possible, if he is not reduced to net force of natural and social forces. Thanks to such loneliness, an individual inner world which opposes social forces can be created. Accepting the fact that ‘a person always learns alone’ emphasizes the role of intellectual upbringing and self upbringing as well as experiencing loneliness and solitude, which shape the ability of autonomous learning and lead to cognitive independence.
PL
Z wielością odcieni znaczeniowych słowa „samotność”, która występuje również w teorii i praktyce edukacyjnej, musi się liczyć refleksja pedagogiczna, dążąc do rozeznania roli samotności i odosobnienia w wychowaniu i samowychowaniu intelektualnym oraz w kształtowaniu samodzielności poznawczej. Posługiwanie się słowem „samotność” w refleksji pedagogicznej, mającej za zadanie doskonalenie teorii i praktyki edukacyjnej, wymaga porządkujących analiz. Trzeba się rozliczyć z rozpowszechnionymi nieporozumieniami w pojmowaniu samotności, której sens redukuje się do niepożądanego stanu osamotnienia i braku relacji z innymi. Na rozumieniu samotności jedynie jako osamotnienia nie można poprzestać, znając dziedzictwo myśli filozoficznej i pedagogicznej, wydobywającej głębszy i egzystencjalnie doniosły sens samotności. Antropologiczno-aksjologiczne rozumienie samotności jako siły oczyszczającej i wyzwalającej jest odmienne od eksponowania bolesnych doznań i przygnębienia, które współcześnie – co widać w dominujących internetowych treściach – przede wszystkim zespala się z samotnością. Dzięki właściwościom przypisanym samotności stanowi ona akt wyzwalania się z więzów społecznych krępujących niezależność myślenia i samodzielność poznawczą. Doświadczanie takiej samotności – jako odosobnienia wypracowanego dzięki samowychowaniu – pozwala kształtować wolność duchową i autonomię intelektualną. Wyuczoną bezradność w obliczu samotności kształtuje edukacja oparta na skrajnym redukcjonizmie („socjologizmie”), w którym człowieka postrzega się tylko jako wypadkową determinujących go sił przyrodnich i społecznych, a jego formowanie traktuje się jako urabianie elementu społeczeństwa. Przyznanie, iż człowiek posiada prawo do samotności, która przybiera postać odosobnienia, jest możliwe, gdy nie redukuje się go do wypadkowej sił przyrodnich i społecznych. Dzięki tej samotności może się kształtować indywidualny świat wewnętrzny, przeciwstawiający się naporowi sił społecznych. Uznanie faktu, że „człowiek uczy się zawsze sam”, eksponuje rolę wychowania i samowychowania intelektualnego, a także doświadczenia samotności i odosobnienia, które kształtują umiejętność samodzielnego uczenia się i umożliwiają samodzielność poznawczą.
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