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EN
The author evokes some hypotheses on the question of the negative way as a structural data in relation to the process of Beckettian writing (the critical position with respect to language; the practice of dispossession; disfigurement) by taking up elements of his books published by Classiques Garnier in 2019: La parole trouée. Beckett, Tardieu, Novarina, and Les Voies négatives de l’écriture dans le théâtre moderne et contemporain.
EN
The concept of ‘norm’ in linguistics is intertwined with several issues. Firstly, with the conditions of a paradigm shift, in other words, with the way of passing the baton in a linguistic relay race, with the taxonomy of the accepted realizations, and finally, with the very system of language, where the norm ensues from the totality of axioms adopted by a given research perspective. This latter aspect, as the organizers of this year’s Meeting emphasize, subsumes also the issue of the balance between the contrastive forces which are active within a system. In the present article the topic of coincidentia oppositorum (the reconciliation of opposites) in the oeuvre of a French linguist André Martinet is a leading theme for discussing the communicative dimension of some varieties of European structuralism and for going beyond dichotomies in the description of linguistic phenomena. The paper also focuses on Martinet’s contribution to contemporary phonology and discuses a fraction of the scholar’s achievements. In particular, the paper addresses the theory of linguistic economy, the stand against binarism and the conceptualization of linguistic units, as well as Martinet’s contribution to modern phonology.
PL
Pojęcie normy w językoznawstwie wiąże się z wieloma zagadnieniami. Norma uwidacznia się na przykład przy warunkach zmiany paradygmatów, czyli niejako w sposobach przekazywania pałeczki w sztafecie pojęć opracowywanych i uzyskanych przez kolejne pokolenia badaczy języka. Norma zakłada też normatywność, czyli taksonomię poprawności i niepoprawności użyć języka (swoistą aksjologię). Ponadto o normie można mówić w ramach samego systemu języka nie zakładając ewaluacji, gdzie wynika ona niejako z całości aksjomatów przyjmowanych przez daną perspektywę badawczą. W tej ostatniej kategorii, jak to podkreślają organizatorzy tegorocznej edycji Zjazdu, mieści się też zagadnienie równowagi między przeciwstawnymi siłami działającymi w ramach systemu. W niniejszym artykule właśnie temat ‘pogodzenia przeciwieństw’ w dorobku francuskiego językoznawcy André Martineta (1908–1999) będzie nurtem przewodnim do refleksji na temat komunikatywnego wymiaru niektórych odmian europejskiego strukturalizmu i wychodzenia poza dychotomie opisu zjawisk językowych. W szczególności skupię się na teorii ekonomii językowej, stanowisku przeciw binaryzmowi, ontologii pojęć językoznawczych, jak również na wkładzie Martineta do fonologii współczesnej.
EN
Kleopatra – królowa, kochanka, matka – transformacja wizerunku. Transformations are not only conditioned by facts encompassing narrower or wider panoramas: from concentrating on death and one (political) role (the ode of Horace), through recalling Cleopatra’s mature life and love (the drama of Shakespeare), to creating an image embracing the heroine’s whole life with its numerous roles, but as a mother and a daughter in the first place, because even her lovers resemble a father and a child (the fictional biography of Karen Essex). Above all, they appear to be more connected with different attitudes towards universal references lying within human cognitive abilities. Horace’s didactic opposition of contradictory patterns leads to the victory of one of them — and it is a linear pattern, as an equivalent of modern myth, which is accepted by the author himself. In Shakespeare, it takes a form of tragedy resulting from the fragmentary character of each pattern, one of which introduces change (archaic myth) and the other constancy (modern myth), and from a painful attempt to combine them. In Essex, the vision of the world in which archaic myth, strongly represented by a child, triumphs is utopian. Irrespective of the differences, all the works realize the essential role played by images developed by heroes, and especially by authors, in human cognition
EN
Parabola is the essence of the short film Two Men and a Wardrobe (and likewise Mammals and The Fat and the Lean). Parabola is dominant of the genre, not merely an occasional and distinguishing attribute. In its interior, we find traces of other genres. These include noir comedy, slapstick burlesque, existential drama, the thriller, and drama of the absurd, grotesque and macabre. The poetic dimension of Polanski’s short film, in which reality confronts and permeates the skilfully constructed and captivating fantasy presented by the artist, allowing all the elements of the genre to be combined into a common whole.
PL
Parabola is the essence of the short film Two Men and a Wardrobe (and likewise Mammals and The Fat and the Lean). Parabola is dominant of the genre, not merely an occasional and distinguishing attribute. In its interior, we find traces of other genres. These include noir comedy, slapstick burlesque, existential drama, the thriller, and drama of the absurd, grotesque and macabre. The poetic dimension of Polanski’s short film, in which reality confronts and permeates the skilfully constructed and captivating fantasy presented by the artist, allowing all the elements of the genre to be combined into a common whole.
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