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EN
Responsibility is a pillar of Max Scheler's ethical personalism, visible in all dimensions of his rich thought: anthropological, sociological, ethical, and philosophico-religious. It was also an important inspiration for Dietrich Bonhoeffer, as the author of Sanctorum Communio confessed. Responsibility and co-responsibility become the pathos of the process of reality’s becoming, with human participation, in the face of the absent Christ or the powerless god. In this essay, I try to compare the concepts of Scheler's “collective person” (Gesamtperson) and Bonhoeffer's “congregation”. For the author of Formalism in the Ethis and material Value Ethics, the collective person becomes a kind of proof of the existence of God; for the author of Sanctorum Communio, in turn, the congregation becomes Christ. The ethics of the model person, analyzed thoroughly by Scheler as the process of self-identification on the three levels of ens amans, volens and cogitans, seem to be correlated with the very process of being in the stead of Christ, i.e. substitution. But even with the many fundamental points of contact between these concepts, we need to note the criticism that Bonhoeffer directed at Scheler and the core of Scheler's emotional analysis, i.e., the act of love itself.
PL
Według Maxa Schelera możemy mówić o następujących społecznościach: masa, wspólnota, społeczeństwo, osoba zbiorowa. Ten ostatni typ dzieli się na cztery rodzaje: państwo, naród, krąg kulturowy i Kościół. Scheler przedstawia świat społeczny jako przestrzeń, w której realizują się rozmaite wartości, począwszy od wartości hedonistycznych poprzez utylitarne, witalne, moralne, a skończywszy na duchowych i religijnych. Określonym typom wartości odpowiadają określone typy zbiorowości społecznych. Scheler przyjmuje, że na życie zbiorowości społecznych mają wpływ dwie grupy czynników: realne i idealne. Jego zdaniem na zmiany zbiorowości społecznych wpływają głównie wzory, które mają swoje źródło w obiektywnie istniejącej hierarchii wartości (tj. czynniki idealne).
EN
Scheler distinguishes between the following types of social structures: mass, life-community, society and collective person. This last structure is divided into four sub-types: state, nation, cultural circle and the Church. Scheler presents the social universe as a space in which diverse axiologies coincide: from hedonistic, through utilitarian, vital, moral up until spiritual and religious values. The particular axiologies correspond to the particular types of social organization. Scheler assumes that the life of each social formation is influenced by two groups of factors: real and ideal. In his opinion, changes is social structures are brought about by patterns that are anchored in the objectively extant hierarchy of values (i.e. in ideal factors).
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