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1
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The Role of Competitors and Customers in the Development of Environmentally Sound Technologies

100%
Marczewska M.
Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation
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2014
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vol. 10
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issue 2
39-61
EN
The article presents two important forces influencing the development of product innovations by suppliers of environmentally sound technologies, namely competitors and consumers. It discusses these phenomena on the basis of different theoretical approaches (Ansoff and Stewart, 1967; Von Hippel, 1987, 2005, 2007; Prahalad and Ramaswamy, 2004). The results of the study show that Polish companies-suppliers of environmentally sound technologies are willing to gain inspiration from both demand and supply side market players. In case of supply side of the market, in most cases inspiration was not aimed at copying existing successful ideas. The competitors are perceived rather as a source of inspiration for further development of technological solutions. Although companies concentrate on having a relationship with customers and track their behavior, these relations have not been established by the Polish companies researched here in order to treat users as co-creators of product improvements or novelties.
2
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A Brief History of Cycle Racing in the Opolskie Region: the Prudnik Area Clubs in the Years 1948-1990

86%
Czaczka P.
Journal of Physical Education & Health - Social Perspective
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2021
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vol. 10
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issue 17
36-47
EN
The article describes the early years of cycle racing in the Opolskie, primarily the history of the post-war Zarzewie Prudnik People’s Sports Club. The origins and the efforts of the local clubs to promote this discipline in the difficult post-war period are outlined. From the very beginning of their existence, the enthusiasm and resourcefulness of sports activists, the majority of whom became involved as volunteers in all initiatives aimed at the promotion of cycle racing in the area of Prudnik and the whole Opolskie region deserves appreciation. The very fact that from the very beginning special attention was given to the youth, which later translated into very good results of juniors and seniors, is of special importance. Black and white photos supplement lists of keen activists, committed athletes and their scores to commemorate the contribution of the local clubs to the greatest achievements in the history of road cycling in Poland.
3
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Segmentation of cosmetic services market in the Republic of Kazakhstan

86%
Dyussegaliyeva S.
Journal of Modern Science
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2018
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issue 3(38)
281-293
EN
In this article, the author considers market segmentation as a process of dividing the market into separate parts – segments that differ from each other with different sales opportunities of the manufacture’s products. The author demonstrates such segment of the consumer market as the market of cosmetic services. Principle scheme of segmentation of the cosmetic services market is shown. Criteria and characteristics (principles) of segmentation necessary for forming market segment are singled out. The article also focuses on the sequence of creating a market segment. The author reveals two principal approaches to marketing segmentation used in world practice. The basic principles of segmentation of the consumer market are described. Distribution of income by population groups, % in 2015-2017, is analyzed. (for April month), on the basis of which the possibility of breaking up potential consumers into stable segmental groups was considered, segmentation of the population on the basis of income can serve, when the entire population is divided into five 20% of groups. The author distinguishes and describes the characteristic features of the methodology, segmentation which consists of successive stages. The point of view of modern world marketing is to first see the market segments, and then the country. The issue is not so much about the market potential of Kazakhstan, but about the potential among all consumers of cosmetic services. The main companies now describe the segments of the world market and the niches that cross national borders. They can be achieved physically, using a variety of means of communication and distribution channels, but the psychological target orientation is realized similarly. These segments are identified on the basis of adherence to similar concepts of the ideal product. This allows the company to develop the same product range for such segments, and the product is sold to the same target segments for benefits in numerous countries. Goal: Purpose of this article is to consider the cosmetic services market segmentation as one of the most important marketing tools. Also consider market segmentation as a process of dividing the market into separate parts – segments that differ from each other with different sales opportunities of the manufacturer’s products. Identify such a segment of the consumer market as the market of cosmetic services. Analyze features of the distribution of income by population groups,% in 2015-2017 (for the month of April), also to break down potential consumers into stable segmented groups based on income, when the entire population is broken down into five 20% of the groups, to consider enterprises segmentation by the size of trade turnover and areas of activity. Methods: Methods of document analysis (translation of primary and especially secondary data into targeted information), analysis of methodological and educational literature, observation (the method of collecting primary marketing information about the studied, by monitoring selected groups, customers, employees of the enterprise) are used as methodological tools. Results: In this article, market segmentation as a process of dividing the market into separate parts is considered – segments that differ from each other with different sales opportunities of the manufacturer’s products. Also there considered such segment of the consumer market as the market of cosmetic services. Features of income distribution by population groups,% in 2015-2017, are analyzed (for the month of April), a breakdown of potential consumers into stable segmented groups based on income was also carried out, when the entire population is divided into five 20% of the groups, the segmentation of the enterprise according to the size of trade turnover and spheres of activity was considered.
4
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Czy potrzebna jest ustawowa definicja kartelu? Rozważania w oparciu o propozycję definicji zawartą w projekcie ustawy o roszczeniach o naprawienie szkody wyrządzonej przez naruszenie prawa konkurencji

72%
Kłopocki K.
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny
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2017
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vol. 6
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issue 1
47-57
EN
W projekcie ustawy o roszczeniach o naprawienie szkody wyrządzonej przez naruszenie prawa konkurencji, implementującej dyrektywę Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady 2014/104/UE z 26 listopada 2014 r. w sprawie niektórych przepisów regulujących dochodzenie roszczeń odszkodowawczych z tytułu naruszenia prawa konkurencji państw członkowskich i Unii Europejskiej, objętego przepisami prawa krajowego, pojawia się po raz pierwszy w polskim systemie prawnym definicja kartelu. W ustawie z 16 lutego 2007 r. o ochronie konkurencji i konsumentów, jak również w ustawach ją poprzedzających, m.in. ustawie o przeciwdziałaniu praktykom monopolistycznym, polski prawodawca definiował z kolei pojęcie porozumienia (ograniczającego konkurencję). Nie ulega wątpliwości, że oba terminy są częściowo tożsame. Kartel jest bowiem formą porozumienia. Czy tworzenie ustawowej definicji kartelu jest więc w ogóle potrzebne? Czy w przypadku nie wprowadzania definicji kartelu do polskiego ustawodawstwa będziemy w stanie sprostać wymaganiom zawartym w dyrektywie dotyczącym domniemania zaistnienia szkody w przypadku funkcjonowania kartelu? Co prawda projekt ustawy rozszerza owo domniemanie także na innego rodzaju praktyki naruszające konkurencję, jednak rozwiązanie to zdaje się stać w sprzeczności z założeniami, które leżały u podstaw tworzenia w dyrektywie nie tylko definicji kartelu, lecz także szerzej, założeniami leżącymi u podstaw tworzenia samej dyrektywy i będzie musiało zostać odpowiednio zmienione w toku prac legislacyjnych. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że innego rodzaju praktyki są niekiedy mniej szkodliwe od kartelu i tym samym nie zawsze będą pociągały za sobą szkodę. Chociażby w tym kontekście stworzenie odpowiednio precyzyjnej definicji kartelu wydaje się być zarówno przydatne, jak i konieczne.
5

The Role of Information for Recognising Business Opportunities

72%
Skerbinjek A.
Organizacija
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2008
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vol. 41
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issue 4
144-152
EN
Managers need a lot of knowledge and information to make decisions and recognize business opportunities. They can acquire this knowledge and information in different ways. Accounting information, particularly information relating to the creditworthiness of business partners and competitors, is important. Such information, which can contain non-accounting information, is often derived from annual reports. The fastest and cheapest way of accessing information is via the Internet. Because searching for information about different businesses on their Web sites can be time consuming, a quicker, more efficient option is to access this information on databases that contain useful information relating to the majority of businesses in the country. In this paper, we discuss the importance of knowledge and information for recognizing business opportunities. We also analyze the appropriateness of accounting information available from five of the most widely used databases concerning Slovene and Croatian businesses, for estimating the creditworthiness of businesses.
6
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Sankcje za niedozwoloną współpracę konkurentów: aspekty psychologiczne

71%
Koczetkow B.
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
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2019
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vol. 81
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issue 1
221-233
EN
The article looks at the importance of hindsight bias in the process of the application of law, in particular with regard to provisions on competition in European Union law. The focus is on how such a bias can creep into the way the effects of cooperation between (potential) competitors are assessed. The issue is particularly important in the case of cooperation considered to have as its effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the internal market (which is prohibited under Article 101(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union). Reference is made to the way of preventing the negative effects of the hindsight bias on the judicial process that is advocated in the US scholarly literature. Furthermore, a competitive method to restrain liability for consequences of poor commercial decisions, without direct connection to the concept of cognitive errors, is presented. The author calls into question the application of this method to cases involving cooperation that is harmful to competition.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest znaczenie, jakie błąd oceny z perspektywy czasu ma w procesie stosowania prawa, a zwłaszcza przepisów z zakresu konkurencji w Unii Europejskiej. Uwaga skupia się na tym, jak błąd ten może zaważyć na ocenie skutków kooperacji pomiędzy (potencjalnymi) konkurentami. Sprawa ma szczególne znaczenie tam, gdzie przyjmuje się, że kooperacja wywiera skutki w postaci zapobieżenia, ograniczenia lub zakłócenia na rynku wewnętrznym (co jest zabronione na podstawie art. 101(1) Traktatu o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej). W tekście nawiązuje się do sposobu, który w literaturze amerykańskiej przedstawiany jest jako metoda zapobiegania negatywnym wpływom błędu oceny z perspektywy czasu na proces stosowania prawa. W artykule przedstawiona również inną koncepcję uwalniania od odpowiedzialności za nieprawidłowe decyzje gospodarcze, niezwiązaną ze sprawą błędów poznawczych. Autor podaje w wątpliwość zastosowanie tej koncepcji w sprawach szkodliwej dla konkurencji kooperacji.
7
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Формування інструментарію для графічної оцінки конкурентоспроможності підприємства

58%
Skrynkovskyy R., Shpak O., Protsiuk T., Noga I.
Path of Science
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2018
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vol. 4
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issue 1
1014-1021
UK
Метою статті є обґрунтування теоретичних положень та розроблення практичних рекомендацій з формування інструментарію для графічної оцінки конкурентоспроможності підприємства. Доведено, що графічна оцінка конкурентоспроможності підприємства та її інтерпретація ґрунтуються на аналітичній оцінці конкурентоспроможності підприємства. З’ясовано, що найбільш поширеним графічним методом (способом) оцінки конкурентоспроможності підприємства є побудова багатокутника конкурентоспроможності. Представлено приклад графічної побудови багатокутника конкурентоспроможності підприємства. Визначено, що ключовими (базовими) параметрами (бізнес-індикаторами) графічної оцінки конкурентоспроможності підприємства є: 1) ефективність функціонування (діяльності) підприємства (фінансово-економічна, виробнича, комерційна); 2) конкурентоспроможність продукції підприємства; 3) концентрованість ринку, на якому підприємство здійснює свою діяльність; 4) рівень менеджменту та якість трудового персоналу; 5) ефективність застосування інформаційних технологій в управлінні підприємством. Перспективою подальших досліджень у даному напрямі є розроблення аналітичного способу оцінки конкурентоспроможності підприємства на ринку.
EN
The purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical positions and develop practical recommendations for the development of the toolkit for graphical assessment of the competitiveness of the enterprise. It is proved that the graphic assessment of enterprise competitiveness and its interpretation are based on an analytical assessment of the competitiveness of the enterprise. It is revealed that the most common graphic method for assessing the competitiveness of an enterprise is the construction of a polygon of competitiveness. An example of graphic construction of a polygon of enterprise competitiveness is presented. It is determined that the key (basic) parameters (business indicators) of graphic evaluation of enterprise competitiveness are: 1) the efficiency of the operation (activity) of the enterprise (financial, economic, industrial, commercial); 2) the competitiveness of the company's products; 3) the concentration of the market in which the company operates; 4) level of management and quality of labor personnel; 5) efficiency of application of information technologies in the management of the enterprise. The prospect of further research in this area is the development of an analytical method for assessing the competitiveness of an enterprise on the market.
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