Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 12

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  compounding
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
EN
The present article scrutinises the linguistic research on word-formation processes in Tok Pisin - the major pidgin language in Papua New Guinea. In the first part of this paper, a few important facts about the very language - Tok Pisin - are given. Then, the article presents selected word-formation processes that are employed in Tok Pisin. The attention is focused only on compounding, conversion and reduplication. Each word formation mechanism discussed in this paper is illustrated by a number of examples. The examples are derived from the corpus of 17 news items written in Tok Pisin and obtained from the official Internet website of ABC Radio Australia, Australian Broadcasting Corporation in November 2004 (http://www.abc.net.au/ra/).
2
Content available remote

Coordinate compounding in English and Spanish

100%
EN
Coordinate compounding is a process which has been only sporadically considered in word-formation studies on Germanic and Romance languages. In this paper, we compare the situation in English with that in Spanish as far as formal structure and semantics are concerned. To this end, an operational definition of coordinate compounding is first provided, after which a semantic classification of coordinate compounds is developed. For each type, variants are discussed, representative examples are provided, and similarities and dissimilarities between the two languages are highlighted. We finish by raising the issues of recursiveness and productivity in coordinate compounding and we examine the possibilities of expansion and profitability of the different patterns. Our analysis reveals marked similarities between English and Spanish coordinate compounding at various levels, hinting at the possible existence of a cross-linguistic set of common core features in the class of coordinate compounds in both Germanic and Romance.
3
100%
EN
Reduplication as a word formation process is a relatively under-researched phenomenon in English. The aim of the paper, therefore, is to present different types of derivational reduplication ranging from the prototypical type based on exact repetition to the implied reduplication underlying the word formation process in cryptic rhyming slang. The article also strives to overview the typology of English rhyming slang as this is the domain of language where different types of reduplication abound. The article is written within the theoretical framework of sociolinguistics and morphology and offers ample citational evidence to substantiate theoretical assumptions.
EN
The article describes in detail some derivational elements involved in the process of agglutination occurring in word-formation system of modern Russian, analyzing semantic and functional characteristics of these word-building elements. The comprehensive analysis of the collected hybrid derivatives shows that globalization and the Anglo-American ‘linguistic hegemony’ increased the productivity of international morphemes, penetrating into the Russian word formation system through the mass media. Modern Russian language has been undergoing noticeable changes in word-formation models and in the inventory of actively productive derivational affixes. The following processes are noticeable: 1) resemantization and activation of international affixes; 2) development of new hybrid derivative models; 3) creation with the help of morphemes abstracted from composites new formally and semantically condensed nouns, which allows to notice an agglutination’s tendency.
EN
In this paper, the author focuses primarily on several new functional styles, and such productive word-formative processes as compounding and affixation in modern Slavic languages. Minor processes like blending, clipping, and back formation are left aside. Based on large corpora and smaller hand-collected samples of electronic texts, the data has been drawn from advertising, daily press and the communicational sphere of information technology. The author hopes to demonstrate that the functional side of word formation is significantly more complex than simple naming and/or syntactic recategorization, etc. This becomes particularly evident as one ventures beyond the rather stable area of the lexicon and its conventionalized word-stock, and begins to consider active coining of novel lexical items, something that depends heavily on contextual factors, including the semantic, stylistic, textual and social environments in which they occur. The very act of forming a complex word serves a specific purpose in the textual and/or situational context. It is often that particular and specialized functions can be discovered, many of a metacommunicative nature. The paper aims to examine the processes of productivity and to highlight creativity in word formation with respect to functional discourse roles. Lexical creativity in journalism, advertising and electronic communication is employed in order to achieve certain stylistic effects, such as humour or irony. It is also a device to convey to the reader a sense of the author’s learnedness, sophistication, distance, and so on. It manifests itself in puns and other kinds of word play, metaphorical extension, willful error and duplication of the role of an existing formation. The article also deals with the evolution of specialized word-formative types of complex words, ones that lack a connecting vowel as a mean of expression of complex concepts of attributive and contextual content. Composition of a new type of complex words corresponds to a historical drift in formation of analytic and agglutinative lines in Russian.
EN
Word-formation and compounding in Italian present many interesting challenges (classification of compounds, its interpretation and types of semantic relationship that may hold between the compound’s elements). This article attempts to examine a different one - the orthography of one productive compounding pattern in present-day Italian, that is Verb + Noun compounds. Various accounts of Verb + Noun ortography are reviewed, with special focus on the status of hyphenated words. In light of this data, the author focuces also on the problem of inclusion of compounds as multi-word units by dictionaries. The aim of this research is to contrast theoretical prescriptions with some data samples of Italian (Noun) Verb + Noun compounds drawn from La Gazzetta dello Sport (2016-2020). With this analysis the author wants to examine more in detail whether the use reflects what Italian grammarians claim about the Verb + Noun compounds ortography rules, because in various researches conducted in this field that aspect has often been neglected.
7
72%
EN
The paper presents research concerned with the ability of children to identify Czech compound constituents and the factors affecting this ability. It focuses on the constituent family size effect, i.e. the number of compounds sharing the constituent (type frequency), and it also compares the results with an English study by Krott and Nicoladis (2005). Unlike the English study, the Czech data do not confirm the family size effect on the child’s success during the identification. The primary factor seems to be the knowledge of the motivating word. Our paper discusses differences in Czech and English compounding and points out some problems of the reliability of the results achieved using a child-questionning method (“Why do we call a merry-go-round a merry-go-round?”).
EN
The subject matter of this paper is English nominal compounding — the process of putting nouns together to form a new lexical item. More specifically, this paper addresses the issue that is commonly taken for granted in available accounts of compounding, i.e. the recursiveness of English endocentric nominal compounds. Corpus data indicates a great disparity between the frequencies of noun-noun compounds and multi-noun structures. Our study gives possible reasons behind the low number of occurrences of noun compounds composed of more than two words. Corpus evidence points to the conclusion that English multi-noun compounds are typically constructed with nouns that have been previously lexicalized; such lexicalized compounds commonly function as the base for more complex noun structures; the low frequency of multi-noun compounds emerges as a result of insufficient number of lexicalized noun-noun constructs. The small number of multi-noun compounds has no effect on the overall compound productivity as the process of multi-noun compound creation in the mind of a speaker is identical with that of noun-noun compounding — compounding always consists in putting together a modifier and a head, regardless of the number of nouns within a compound. The structure of any compound is a reflection of the way it is created in the mind of a speaker.
PL
Złożenia w języku angielskim stanowią częsty przedmiot analizy morfologicznej. Dotychczasowe badania językoznawcze koncentrowały się głównie na złożeniach zawierających tylko dwa elementy; przedmiotem tego artykułu są angielskie złożenia wieloczłonowe. Dane korpusowe wskazują na dużą rozbieżność między liczbą złożeń dwuczłonowych i wieloczłonowych. Wynika z nich, że o ile wysoka produktywność złożeń dwuczłonowych nie podlega dyskusji, złożenia wieloczłonowe występują znacznie rzadziej. Głównym celem artykułu jest wskazanie przyczyn niskiej częstotliwości złożeń wieloczłonowych, szczególnie tych zbudowanych z więcej niż trzech rzeczowników. Badając korpus języka angielskiego pod kątem złożeń można wnioskować, że złożenia wieloczłonowe składają się w dużej mierze ze zleksykalizowanych elementów, oraz że zarezerwowane są przede wszystkim dla tych rejestrów językowych, które wymagają formułowania zwięzłych komunikatów. Zleksykalizowane złożenia dwuczłonowe często stanowią bazę dla konstrukcji zbudowanych z większej ilości rzeczowników. Rzadkość występowania złożeń wieloczłonowych jest więc rezultatem niskiej liczby wysoce zleksykalizowanych złożeń dwuczłonowych, które mogłyby stanowić podstawę dla dłuższych złożeń. Niska częstotliwość złożeń wieloczłonowych nie ma znaczenia dla ogólnej produktywności złożeń w języku angielskim, jako że proces ich powstawania jest identyczny jak w przypadku złożeń dwuczłonowych. Artykuł koncentruje się na złożeniach endocentrycznych, jako że stanowią one najbardziej liczną i produktywną podgrupę złożeń.
EN
The Structural-Semantic Features of Computer Terms in EnglishThe article is devoted to the study of the structural and semantic characteristics of computer terms in English. The peculiarities of the word-formation process and the functioning of English computer terms are analysed. Strukturalne i semantyczne cechy terminów komputerowych w języku angielskimArtykuł poświęcony jest badaniu cech strukturalnych i semantycznych terminów komputerowych w języku angielskim. Przeanalizowano specyfikę procesu słowotwórstwa i funkcjonowania angielskich terminów komputerowych.
EN
The article offers an overview of Czech compounding based on the classification put forward by Sergio Scalise and Antonietta Bisetto (cf. Bisetto — Scalise 2005; Scalise — Bisetto 2009). The classification is based on a combination of two hierarchical levels of analysis. The upper level divides compounds according to the grammatical (or syntactic) relation between the constituents into coordinate, subordinate and attributive structures. The lower level splits each of the three “macrotypes” into endocentric and exocentric compounds (on the basis of the presence / absence of a head). It is only at this point that the different lexical categories enter the scheme giving rise to various combinations (such as A + N, V + N and so on). Against the background of such a classification, which is in some important respects divergent from the onomasiological approach, the paper also concentrates on two special cases: first, on so‑called parasynthetic compounds of the type modrooký, vysokoškolský, bezvětří, nosorožec and others; second, on so‑called juxtapositions (spřežky), such as pomstychtivý or smysluplný, which are usually left aside within the onomasiological framework not being considered as fully‑fledged compounds.
Linguistica Pragensia
|
2020
|
vol. 30
|
issue 2
156-186
EN
This study aims to provide a thorough empirical examination of the hypothesis that French subordinate Noun-Noun compounds (stylo-bille — ‘ballpoint pen’) are mere variants of corresponding phrasal lexemes or syntactic phrases with the structure Noun-Prep-(Det)-Noun (stylo à bille). On the basis of extensive corpus data from FrWac, it will be argued that the relationship and the competition between French NNs and NPNs differ with respect to different subtypes of NNs. On the one hand, attributive NNs cannot have NPN variants, and appositive NNs as well as NNs in which the N2 has a bound meaning have synonymous NPN variants only occasionally. On the other hand, for subordinate verbal-nexus NNs the NPNs represent stylistic variants which seem to be always available. The case of subordinate ground NNs proves to be more complex since, in this case, both patterns are in competition (Aronoff 2016); data discussed in this paper indicate that this competition is steered by phenomena of constructionalization. Since French NNs tend to be organized around paradigmatic families with repeated components, we have put forward the hypothesis that such paradigmatic regularity underpins a progressive formation of ‘niches’ in which new subordinate ground NNs win the competition with NPNs. Moreover, mechanisms of constructionalization even give rise to new subpatterns of subordinate ground NNs whose NPN variants are ungrammatical. The competition between French NNs and NPNs, also documented on diachronic data from Google n-grams, reflects a change in naming strategies in French, especially from the 1960s onwards.
FR
Cet article vise à examiner empiriquement l’hypothèse selon laquelle les composés français de subordination du type Nom-Nom (stylo-bille) sont de simples variantes des synapsies ou des syntagmes nominaux correspondants avec la structure Nom-Prép-(Dét)-Nom (stylo à bille). En nous appuyant sur de nombreuses données extraites du corpus FrWac, nous défendons l’hypothèse selon laquelle la relation et la concurrence entre les NN et les NPN français diffèrent en fonction des sous-types de NN. D’une part, les NN attributifs ne peuvent pas avoir de variantes NPN, et les NN appositifs ainsi que les NN dans lesquels le N2 a un sens lié n’ont des variantes NPN synonymes qu’occasionnellement. En revanche, pour les NN subordonnés « verbal-nexus » les NPN représentent des variantes stylistiques qui semblent toujours disponibles. Le cas des NN subordonnés « ground » se révèle plus complexe puisque dans ce cas, les deux schémas sont en compétition (Aronoff 2016); les données discutées dans cet article indiquent que cette compétition est conditionnée par des phénomènes de constructionalisation. Étant donné que les NN français tendent à s’organiser autour de familles paradigmatiques à composantes répétées, nous avons avancé l’hypothèse qu’une telle régularité paradigmatique sous-tend une formation progressive de « niches » dans lesquelles de nouveaux NNs de subordination « ground » gagnent sur les NPN. De plus, les mécanismes de constructionalisation donnent même naissance à de nouveaux sous- jan radimský 157 patrons des NN pour lesquels les variantes NPN sont agrammaticales. Enfin, grâce aux données diachroniques de Google n-grams, il apparaît que la concurrence entre les NNs et les NPNs reflète un certain changement dans les stratégies de dénomination en français, notamment à partir des années 1960.
Linguistica Pragensia
|
2018
|
vol. 28
|
issue 2
131-153
EN
This study aims to anal yze a representative sample of French relational compounds such as “relations parents-enfants” (“parents-children relationship”) extracted from the FrWac corpus. Relational compounds have been defined as constructions made up of three nouns according to the structure N1-N2a-N2b with, on the one hand, a subordinative relation between N1 and N2 and, on the other hand, an exocentric coordinative relation between N2a and N2b. The analysis of extensive data from the FrWac corpus made it possible to show that French relational compounds can be described according to the same parameters as Italian relational compounds, namely: (a) the polyvalence / monovalence of the head noun (N1); (b) the (non-)autonomy of the modifier N2a-N2b; (c) the type of the subordinate relationship between N1 and N2a-N2b; (d) the nature of the coordinative relationship between N2a and N2b; and (e) the fact whether the relationship between N2a and N2b is oriented or not. On a more general level, the framework of Construction morphology made it possible to identify in the data the following three principal sources which lie behind the creation of the relational compounds: (a) the polyvalent nature of the head noun; (b) the use of the iterative binary structure with a “dvandva” modifier; and (c) the fusion of two binominal subordinate compounds into a single relational compound. To the best of the author’s knowledge, the last type has not been mentioned in previous studies on the topic.
FR
L’objectif de la présente étude est d’analyser un échantillon représentatif des composés relationnels français du type « relations parents-enfants » extrait du corpus FrWac. Les composés relationnels comportent trois noms selon la structure N1-N2a-N2b avec, d’une part, une relation subordonnée entre N1 et N2 et, d’autre part, une relation de coordination exocentrique entre N2a et N2b . L’analyse des données a permis de montrer que les composés relationnels français peuvent être décrits selon les mêmes paramètres que les composés relationnels italiens, à savoir : (a) la polyvalence / monovalence du nom-tête (N1 ); (b) la (non) autonomie du modifieur N2a-N2b; (c) le type de la relation subordonnée entre N1 et N2a-N2b; d) la nature de la relation de coordination entre N2a et N2b; et e) le fait que la relation entre N2a et N2b soit orientée ou non. Sur un plan plus général, le cadre de la Morphologie constructionnelle nous a permis d’identifier dans les données trois principales sources qui motivent la création des composés relationnels, à savoir : (a) la nature polyvalente du nom-tête; (b) le recours à la structure binaire itérative avec un modificateur «dvandva»; et (c) la fusion de deux composés binominaux subordonnés en un seul composé relationnel. À notre connaissance, ce dernier type n’a pas été mentionné dans les études précédentes sur le sujet.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.