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PRZEMILCZANE I WYKRZYCZANE. O PRAWDZIE W DZIENNIKACH I PUBLICYSTYCE ZINAIDY GIPPIUS

100%
Krycka-Michnowska I.
Conversatoria Litteraria
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2016
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vol. 10
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issue -
277-289
PL
The subject of this paper are Zinaida Gippius’ diaries and her post-revolutionary opinion writing. The analysis of her texts leads to the conclusion that the writer attached particular importance to the category of truth. She thought her proclamation is a moral obligation of creators, a sign of their re-sponsibility for the word. At the beginning of the twentieth century she became a spokesperson for the notion of exceptional cultural mission of literature. In the spirit of classical Greek culture the norm became for her the unity of Beauty, Good and Truth. In numerous articles she advocated the need for the synthesis of the spiritual and material values, aesthetic and ethical ideals.
2

Zasada „3 P” — o czym milczą rodziny w powieści pozytywizmu?

72%
Budrewicz T.
Napis. Pismo poświęcone literaturze okolicznościowej i użytkowej
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2012
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issue 18
121-137
EN
The article raises the problem of avoiding certain topics in family conversations, which images were written by Polish novel of the second half of the 19th century. Documentary materials were taken from the works of the following authors: Stanisław Grudziński, Natalia Korwin–Szymanowska, Waleria Marrené–Morzkowska, Eliza Orzeszkowa, Bolesław Prus, and Henryk Sienkiewicz. Among there are very acknowledged authors as well as the secondary and forgotten. Due to such selection of sources, the phenomenon described in the article can be considered as an objective state of affairs. The nineteenth century novel was subjected to rigours of censorship, forcing authors to cipher (Aesop’s speech). The author proves that more important in the regulation of the topics of conversation was a moral taboo, which excluded speaking on some of them. The article justifies a thesis that it hindered dialogues within the family circle. This concerned mainly three areas: politics, money, and sexes (3 P in Polish). These areas of social life were dependent on legal regulations, which treated preferentially men. The absence of these topics in the conversations proves that the marriage did not have the democratic status of a partnership.
3

Trzymanie Kobiet Na Dystans Wykorzystywanie Kategorii Płci, Rasy I Różnicy W Profesjonalnym Sporcie

58%
Jakubowska H.
Kultura i Społeczeństwo
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2012
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vol. 56
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issue 3
75-94
EN
In the introduction, the author explains how categories of race and gender are understood in the social sciences. She then presents the world records set in running competitions; these are a departure point for a discussion of perceptions of race and gender and gender and racial differences in sports. The examples, which pertain to playing rules, financial questions and the media discourse, reveal two divergent strategies in the world of sports in regard to gender and racial differences. The first consists in explaining and legitimising differences with the help of the category of biological discourse, the second - based on political correctness - in ignoring them.
4
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„Smutná píseň je ve vzduchu” : Opakování jako textová strategie zpřítomňování skrytého

58%
Kazalarská Z., Marešová I.
Česká literatura (Czech Literature)
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2012
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vol. 60
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issue 2
147-172
EN
This article is devoted to intratextual, auto-intertextual, and intertextual research on rhetorical figures of literary repetition from the perspective of the 'emotional turn' in contemporary literary studies, based chiefly on the research of Gernot Böhme (b. 1937) and of Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht (b. 1948). A key concept of repetition here is textual strategy, how to evince the latent, concealed, and elusive elements of the text. The staarting point of the text consists not only in the latent phenomenon of atmosphere as a phenomenon of perception, but also, indeed in particular, in the question of the production of the atmospheres of the means of poetic language (the 'textual atmosphere' aspect), the question of the reproduction or quotation of the textual atmosphere (the 'intertextual atmospheres' aspect), and the question of 'intermedia migration' of atmospheres amongst the spheres of music and literature (the 'intermedia atmosphere' aspect). The article seeks to demontrate the operative potential of the proposed concepts first in an analytical part, which considers research on one 'atmospheric' verse from the poem 'Homesick Blues' by Langston Hughes (1902-1967) and its individual repetitions in the lyric verse of Ivan Blatný (1919-1990), Josef Kainar (1917-1971), and Miroslav Holub (1923-1998). The last part of the article focuses on problems of repetition as seen by adherents of structuralism and deconstruction, and proposes to understand repetition more broadly as oscillation not only between the poles of iterativity and iterability, but also between sense (Sinn) and presence (Präsenz).
5
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Ewolucja rosyjskiej maskirowski

58%
Modrzejewski Z.
Przegląd Geopolityczny
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2020
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vol. 33
65-79
PL
W artykule ukazano zasadnicze sposoby i środki prowadzenia działań wchodzących w skład tzw. maskirowki, realizowanych przez Federację Rosyjską. Zaprezentowano różne definicje maskirowki oraz wyjaśniono jej miejsce w walce informacyjnej, której rola szybko rośnie w związku z przenikaniem technologii informatycznych do wszystkich dziedzin działalności człowieka, w tym do środowiska wojskowego. Proces ten doprowadził do głębokich zmian w teorii i praktyce sztuki wojennej. Zmienił też poglądy na temat charakteru konfrontacji między stronami konfliktu, a także postrzegania wojny i metod jej prowadzenia. Szczególne miejsce w artykule zajmuje analiza ewolucji rosyjskiej maskirowki od drugiej wojny światowej do inwazji na Ukrainę, ukazana na historycznych przykładach.
EN
The article shows the basic ways and means of conducting activities that are part of the so-called masikirovka, implemented by the Russian Federation. Maskirovka's various definitions were presented and its place in the information struggle was explained. The importance of maskirovka is related to the growing importance of the information struggle, whose role is growing rapidly due to the infiltration of information technologies into all areas of human activity, including the military circles. This process led to profound changes in the theory and practice of the art of war. It also changed views on the nature of the conflict, as well as the perception of war and the methods of its conduct. A special place in the article is occupied by the analysis of the evolution of the Russian maskirovka from the Second World War to the invasion of Ukraine, shown on historical examples.
6
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Maskowanie operacyjne (maskirowka) jako rosyjska zdolność zaskakiwania przeciwnika

51%
Dąbrowska I.
Przegląd Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego
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2021
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vol. 13
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issue 25
293-321
EN
The aim of the article was to present the characteristics of operational deception used by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and to broaden the understanding of the evolution of operations using Maskirovka. Particular attention was paid to examples of its use in contemporary wars and armed conflicts - primarily in the conflict in Ukraine and in the Five-Day War in Georgia. The analysis led to an identification of trends regarding the use of deception in contemporary and future conflicts and activities other than war. It shows that the maskirovka will be increasingly used to achieve strategic goals and shape international opinion. One of the most important areas of its application will be cyberspace, enabling more effective disinformation and propaganda activities, including information warfare. Considering the dynamic development of technology and capabilities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the field of operational masking, it is justified to conduct further research in the Maskirovka area.
PL
Celem artykułu było przedstawienie charakterystyki maskowania operacyjnego stosowanego przez Siły Zbrojne Federacji Rosyjskiej oraz poszerzenie wiedzy na temat ewoluowania działań, w których stosuje się maskirowkę. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono przykładom jej wykorzystania we współczesnych wojnach i konfliktach zbrojnych – przede wszystkim w konflikcie na Ukrainie oraz w wojnie pięciodniowej w Gruzji. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy wskazano tendencje dotyczące posługiwania się maskirowką we współczesnych i przyszłych konfliktach oraz działaniach innych niż wojenne. Wynika z niej, że maskirowka będzie coraz częściej wykorzystywana do osiągania celów strategicznych oraz kształtowania opinii międzynarodowej. Jednym z najważniejszych obszarów jej stosowania stanie się cyberprzestrzeń, umożliwiająca skuteczniejsze prowadzenie działań dezinformacyjnych i propagandowych, w tym wojny informacyjnej. Ze względu na dynamiczny rozwój technologii, jak również potencjał Sił Zbrojnych Federacji Rosyjskiej do działań z zakresu maskowania operacyjnego należy kontynuować badania dotyczące maskirowki.
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