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EN
Many regulations guarantee employee’ representatives Access to the information regarding operation of the employer. It is indispensable element of efficient realization of their functions. In the same time the employer has a right to protect information, disclosure of which could cause him a damage. This article aims to present what are the legal instruments of protection of confidential data of employer in the Polish labour law and what is the scope of employee’ representatives liability for unlawful disclosure of employers’ confidential information.
EN
The article serves as an introduction to one phenomenon occurring on world financial markets – the use of confidential information and its influence on financial tools, commonly referred to as insider trading. Using the GARCH model, the article presents an empirical verification of market abuse occurring in real time. Alerts concerning the possible existence of market abuse were selected on the basis of the estimated variability of returns of three companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. However, the results of this analysis do not prove the existence of insider trading on the Warsaw Stock Exvhange, but do hint at its existence, which would have to be investigated by the authorities.
EN
Author of this article, relying on the Classified Information Protection Act from 5th of July 2010, describes, that protected information are those, which disclosure may cause serious harm for the Republic of Poland (among other thing, threat to national security, disrupt of the functioning of the judiciary, adverse impact on the functioning of the national economy or interfere to current foreign politics of the Republic of Poland). Depending on the kind of harm, that disclosure of certain information may cause, specific data are accompanied by the relevant clauses – “secret”, “top secret”, “confident” or “restricted”. Disclosure or abuse (understood here as to use in unlawful manner) classified information implies sanction of law. They may vary depending on public function of the person. The Act provides penalties for offenses, which concern classified and other legally protected information, which are the result of unlawful obtaining of such information or obstructing to become acquainted with it. Author also draws attention to offenses associated with computerized data – their destruction or disruption of the entire system is liable to penalty. There is also illicit, to make computer programs, which are adjusted to commit offenses referred to Classified Information Protection Act. Other acts, which helps to protect safety of information, and which are mentioned by author, are: Banking Law, Personal Data Protection Act and Act on Counteraction Money Laundering and Terrorism Founding.
EN
The concept of procedural fairness plays an important role in the enforcement of competition law, which must not only be effective but also fair. Thus, legal institutions should guarantee a proper level of protection of the values of procedural fairness. This paper is dedicated to the possible conflict between the guarantees of procedural fairness that find their expression in the right to be heard and in the protection of confidential information. Both guarantees, the right to be heard on the one side, and the protection of confidential information on the other, should be properly balanced. Unlike EU law, Polish legislation and jurisprudence proves to be inefficient in this respect. Article 69 of the Competition Act fails to show clearly what the limits of the protection of confidential information are in situations when the right to be heard of other parties of antitrust proceedings is at stake. Business secrets are predominantly protected over the right to be heard also in the jurisprudence of Polish courts. By contrast, the Competition Act does not seem to properly protect confidential information other than business secrets. Such situation poses a risk for the adequate level of protection of procedural fairness in Polish antitrust enforcement. Moreover, neither Polish legislation nor jurisprudence explains to companies what shall prevail in the case of a concrete conflict between the protection of business secrets and the right to be heard. An answer to this questions is needed seeing as proof of a competition law infringement which should be accessible to the parties, can at the same time constitute a business secret.
FR
Le concept de l’équité procédurale joue un rôle important dans le renforcement de la loi de la concurrence, qui, outre d’être efficace, doit aussi aussi être équitable. Pour cela, les institutions légales devraient garantir le niveau de protection de l’équité procedurale nécessaire. L'objet de cet article est d'étudier les conflits possibles entre les garantis de l’équité procédurale qui trouvent leur expression dans le droit d'être entendu et dans la protection des données confidentielles.
UK
У статті на основі методології системного аналізу розглянуто правову природу та джерела правового регулювання правового режиму службової інформації в Україні в умовах адаптації українського законодавства до законодавства Європейського Союзу. Проведено порівняльно-правовий аналіз службової інформації у публічно-правовій та приватноправовій сферах у контексті правових режимів інформації з обмеженим доступом, конфіденційної інформації та інформації, яка віднесена до державної таємниці.
EN
In the article on the basis of the methodology of system analysis the legal nature and sources of legal regulation of the legal regime of official information in Ukraine in the conditions of adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to the legislation of the European Union are considered. A comparative legal analysis of official information in the public-law and private-law spheres in the context of legal regimes of restricted information, confidential information and information classified as state secrets has been conducted.
PL
Znaczenie badania wynika z niejasności prawnej dotyczącej konkretnych aspektów nadzoru wizualnego wykorzystywanego przez organy ścigania, dziennikarzy, prywatnych detektywów i inne osoby, które tego potrzebują. Celem badania jest identyfikacja wskaźników pozwalających na rozróżnienie legalnej i nielegalnej ukrytej inwigilacji wizualnej osób w przestrzeni publicznej, ustalenie okoliczności, w których taka inwigilacja powinna zostać uznana za przestępstwo, zdefiniowanie konkretnych aspektów dokumentowania tego przestępstwa oraz zbadanie metody udowodnienia winy osób odpowiedzialnych. W opracowaniu stosowane są metody badań historyczno-prawnych, formalno-prawnych, logiczno-normatywnych, logiczno-semantycznych, socjologicznych i statystycznych. Kryteriami legalności tajnego monitoringu wzrokowego osoby w miejscach publicznie dostępnych są: jego prowadzenie przez uprawnione podmioty (śledczych lub pracowników jednostek operacyjnych), realizacja wyłącznie w ramach postępowania karnego (lub postępowania w sprawie gromadzenia danych wywiadowczych), istnienie postanowienia sędziego śledczego o wyrażeniu zgody na prowadzenie obserwacji wizualnej konkretnej osoby, ścisłe przestrzeganie wymogów Kodeksu postępowania karnego dotyczących trybu prowadzenia obserwacji wzrokowej oraz ograniczeń ustanowionych decyzją sędziego śledczego. Ustala się, że przedstawiciele zawodów cywilnych mogą prowadzić kontrolę wzrokową w miejscach publicznie dostępnych jedynie w sposób jawny. Ukryty monitoring wzrokowy osoby w celu zebrania informacji na jej temat stanowi przestępstwo polegające na naruszeniu prywatności. Aby pociągnąć nielegalnych obserwatorów do odpowiedzialności karnej, w trakcie dochodzenia przygotowawczego zbierane są dane faktyczne wskazujące cel nadzoru wzrokowego (zebranie poufnych informacji o osobie), motywy, czas, miejsce, sposób popełnienia przestępstwa i inne okoliczności. Praktyczną wartością artykułu jest możliwość wykorzystania uzyskanych danych do zapobiegania nielegalnym działaniom prywatnych detektywów, dziennikarzy i innych podmiotów, które w tajemnicy zbierają informacje o osobie poprzez monitoring wizyjny, i zapewnienia skutecznego prowadzenia dochodzeń w sprawie takich działań.
EN
The relevance of the study stems from the legal ambiguity surrounding specific aspects of visual surveillance utilised by law enforcement agencies, journalists, private detectives, and other individuals with a need for it. The purpose of the study is to identify indicators that can differentiate between legal and illegal covert visual surveillance of individuals in public spaces, to establish the circumstances under which such surveillance should be deemed a criminal offence, define the specific aspects of documenting this offence, and explore methods of proving the guilt of those responsible. Historical-legal, formal-legal, logical-normative, logical-semantic, sociological and statistical research methods are applied in the study. The criteria for the legality of covert visual surveillance of a person in publicly accessible places are: its conduct by authorised subjects (investigators or employees of operational units), implementation only within the framework of criminal proceedings (or proceedings in an intelligence gathering case), the existence of a decision of the investigating judge on permission to conduct visual surveillance of a specific person, strict compliance with the requirements of the Criminal Procedure Law regarding the procedure for conducting visual surveillance and restrictions established by the decision of the investigating judge. It is found that representatives of civilian professions can conduct visual surveillance in publicly accessible places only in an open way. Covert visual surveillance of a person to collect information about them constitutes a criminal offence consisting in violation of privacy. To bring illegal observers to criminal responsibility, factual data indicating the purpose of visual surveillance (collecting confidential information about a person), motives, time, place, means of committing the crime, and other circumstances are collected during the pre-trial investigation. The practical value of the paper is the possibility of using the obtained data to prevent illegal actions of private detectives, journalists, and other entities who secretly collect information about a person through visual surveillance, and to ensure effective investigation of such activities.
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