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EN
People have been bound by ethical codes for centuries. Taking into consideration the importance and function of the journalistic profession, no one is surprised at the fact that codes adhering directly to journalists are being established nowadays and creating codes within a single editorial team becomes a common practice. Breaking those codes usually results in specific consequences, many of which are not known to the interested parties. In the new media era many journalists run their accounts on social networking websites and the fact that they publish content there can become a source of contention. No one is entirely sure how far the journalists’ bosses can go in serving their justice and how they should react to certain behaviours of their workers. There are some fully justified cases when journalists were fired from their positions for a single entry published on their blogs. There are also situations in which bosses felt insulted solely by opinions different from their own. The most important notion here in the ethical sense is to follow the widely accepted value systems and to care about someone else’s well-being more than your own.
EN
Monitoring of risky behaviors in children and adolescents allows, at least to some extent, to establish the reasons of these health-compromising behaviors and to explain their underlying mechanisms, which in turn is a prerequisite of preventive actions. This was the aim of a survey sponsored by the Municipal Department of Health, and carried out in December 2001 by the Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Łódź. Participants in the study were randomly selected 2053 secondary or primary school students aged 12–18. Motives of risky behaviors in the sample studied are differentiated and depending on the respondents’ age, gender, as well as their knowledge and beliefs about action of psychoactive substances. Young people with some personal experience in drinking, smoking and/or drug use more frequently attributed such behaviors to socio-cultural determinants. On the other hand, young people who in real life avoided the above-listed risky behaviors more frequently indicated that such behaviors were due to psychological problems. Age and gender were related to perceived health-related consequences of the risky behaviors studied. Personal experience, and especially current substance use, was associated with perceiving smoking, drinking or drug use among adolescents as less harmful.
EN
The paper deals with the selected aspects of vulnerability assessment of systems. Historically, the vulnerability is recognised as one of the important aspects of system properties – system quality. The wide utilization of vulnerability can be observed in the IT area. Some approaches to vulnerability assessment are based on experiences and empiricism. For some other works it is necessary to have a quantitative value used for expressing vulnerability. In this paper we have applied the methods of analytical research, information search and a synthesis. They serve to introduce selected approaches expressing system vulnerability. The attention is paid mainly to the environmental and critical infrastructure systems. The results are presented in the form of definitions, equations or graphs. All these alternatives are further usable for assessing critical infrastructure elements. The results are also suitable for deeper development of a safety research scientific discipline.
EN
Maksim Harecki introduced the subject of war to Belarusian literature. This story, analysed broadly, shows the consequences of the war for each party in the conflict. This is seen in the construction of the story, based on contrast and the diversified language of the narrative.
EN
The current sustainable development of the world is threatened by a lot of factors, e.g. armed conflicts, terrorism, migration waves and others. Nowadays, the most significant factor for the Slovak Republic, and the whole Middle Europe, is the conflict in the Ukraine. The European Union has been joined to solution of this conflict since its beginning. The contribution summarizes the sanctions development between the Russian Federation and the European Union. The sanctions have relevant impact on the development of various economic indicators, through which we can describe the economy development of the country. The main aim of the paper is to describe the development of strategic raw materials prices and their correlation with imposed sanctions.
EN
Divorce is a stressful event often combined with spouse conflict which significantly affects the way children experience the consequences of family reorganization. Various factors contribute to the impact of divorce on child development, one of the most decisive being the quality of parental relationship prior to, during and after divorce. The article addresses one main question how spouses’ conflict during the process of divorce is intertwined with a child’s experience.   Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 adult children (7 men and 13 women)  from divorced families. Adults ranged in age 21 to 42 years old.  Five to twenty years passed from their parents’ divorce. The results show that in the cases of violent parents’ relationships or family relationships with addiction prior to divorce, the participants experienced relief when the nuclear family dissolved; however, in most cases conflict between parents persisted after divorce, the child being torn between both parents. When the conflict between the parents is combined with various addictions, the consequences for the child are even more devastating. In most cases, children were left to themselves. The findings of this study can therefore contribute to creating various forms of educational, consulting, or therapeutic help.
EN
There is no unique definition of migration nor is a simple classification of migration possible either, because of the existence of multi-dimensional migration criteria such as cause, length, distance, direction, volume, velocity, migratory status etc. The purpose of the paper is to develop significant data that will provide insightful conclusions for the factors that contribute to high migration of youth from Kosovo. The qualitative empirical research is meant to find out the extent to which youth were satisfied with the way of life in Kosovo, what the reasons were for that, and whether that would change their way of life.
PL
Pod koniec marca 2017 r., rząd brytyjski zainicjował procedurę prawną dotyczącą wystąpienia z Unii Europejskiej, rozpoczynając tym samym dwuletnie odliczanie do Brexitu. Jednakże, biorąc pod uwagę stan na sierpień 2019 r., ostateczny wynik negocjacji, jest nadal w toku. Niepewność wywołana przez Brexit w ciągu ostatnich lat wpływała negatywnie na gospodarkę Wielkiej Brytanii, np. wzrost gospodarczy. Niniejsza praca ukazuje wpływ Brexitu na Niemcy z uwzględnieniem perspektywy ekonomicznej i społecznej. W naszych analizach rozróżniamy między efektami po ogłoszeniu Brexitu, a jego możliwymi skutkami. Uwzględniając perspektywę ekonomiczną, nasze analizy koncentrują się na czterech swobodach rynku wewnętrznego Unii Europejskiej. W perspektywie społecznej, nasze analizy skupiają się na mobilności, studiach i praktykach w Wielkiej Brytanii, transakcjach finansowych oraz prawach konsumentów. Za pomocą statystyk opisowych, bazując głównie na danych z Destatis i Eurostatu, przewidujemy następujące konsekwencje. Biorąc pod uwagę perspektywę ekonomiczną, spodziewamy się negatywnych następstw, takich jak pogorszenie relacji handlowych między Wielką Brytanią a Niemcami, wpływających na zatrudnienie, w szczególności w sektorze motoryzacyjnym. Uwzględniając perspektywę społeczną, spodziewamy się także negatywnych konsekwencji, np. wynikających z podróżowania do Wielkiej Brytanii: rosnących kosztów podróży, opłat roamingowych, dodatkowego ubezpieczenia zdrowotnego. Wśród pozostałych obszarów, na które może wpływać Brexit wskazać należy studia i praktyki w Wielkiej Brytanii, transakcje finansowe oraz prawa konsumentów.
EN
At the end of March 2017, the British government initiated the legal procedure of withdrawal from the EU, beginning the two-year countdown towards Brexit. However, as of August 2019, the final outcome of the Brexit negotiations is still pending. The Brexit uncertainty over the years has had an impact on the UK economy negatively affecting, e.g., its growth. This paper addresses the impact of Brexit, however from the viewpoint of Germany, focusing on the economic and social perspective. For our analyses, we differentiate between the announcement of Brexit and the possible final outcomes of Brexit. From an economic perspective, our analyses focus on the four freedoms of the European Single Market. From a social perspective, our analyses focus on mobility, studying and training in the UK, financial transactions and consumer rights. Using descriptive statistics primarily based on data from Destatis and Eurostat, we expect the following implications. From an economic perspective, we expect negative implications like worsening trade relationship between the UK and Germany affecting jobs, especially in the automotive sector. From a social perspective, we also expect negative implications like increasing travel costs to the UK, increasing mobile phone roaming charges, additional healthcare insurance. Further areas impacted by Brexit may be studying and training in the UK, financial transactions and customers rights.
EN
The article is devoted to the migration crisis in modern Europe. Considered the reasons for migration crisis and contributing to the worsening situation of migrants, the actions of different countries to resolve the crisis, possible consequences for the European States. Defines the main directions of migration flows, the main problems of migration policy. Identified the necessary direction in the development of migration policies of European countries, prospects for resolving the immigration crisis.
PL
Статья посвящена миграционному кризису в современной Европе. Рассмотрены причины, побудившие миграционный кризис и обусловившие обострение ситуации с мигрантами, действия разных стран по разрешению кризисной ситуации, возможные последствия для европейских государств. Определены основные направления миграционных потоков, главные проблемы миграционной политики. Обозначены необходимые направления при разработке миграционной политики европейских стран, перспективы разрешения миграционного кризиса.
Nurt SVD
|
2019
|
issue 1
191-205
PL
W artykule przedstawione zostały myśl oraz działalność średniowiecznego reformatora czeskiego, mistrza Jana Husa, na tle historycznego i doktrynalnego kontekstu życia kościelnego. W szczególny sposób wyakcentowano idee, które Hus przedstawił w swoim sztandarowym dziele teologicznym De Ecclesia, jak również oskarżenia stawiane mu na Soborze w Konstancji. Dzisiaj możemy postawić tezę, że tragiczna historia mistrza Jana Husa oraz jego doktryna eklezjologiczna stoją pomiędzy Kościołami poreformacyjnymi i Kościołem rzymskokatolickim, tworząc wspólne dziedzictwo. Myśl eklezjologiczna Jana Husa, ukazana w kontekście ówczesnych postaw teologiczno-doktrynalnych oraz przez pryzmat krytyki nadużyć w życiu chrześcijańskim, uzasadnia potrzebę reformy Kościoła, szukania przyczyn rozłamów, a także konieczności naprawy życia moralnego kleru i wierzących. W artykule postawiono również pytanie: czy w ocenie myśli i działań mistrza Jana Husa chodzi o obronę jego przynależności konfesyjnej, czy też o poszukiwanie prawdy?
EN
The article presents the thinking and activity of the medieval Czech reformer, master Jan Hus, against the background of the historical and doctrinal context of ecclesiastical life. The ideas exposed by Hus in his theological work De Ecclesia, as well as the accusations against him at the Council of Constance, have been pointed up in a special way. Today, we can make an argument that the tragic history of master Jan Hus and his ecclesiological doctrine stand between the reformate Churches and the Roman Catholic Church, forming a common heritage. The ecclesiological thinking of Jan Hus, shown in the context of contemporary theological and doctrinal attitudes as well as in the perspective of criticizing abuse in Christian life, justifies the need to reform the Church, to search for the causes of divisions, and the need to renew the moral conduct of clergy and common believers. The article also poses a question: is the assessment of reasoning and activity of Jan Hus pointing to the defense of his confessional affiliation, or about seeking the truth?
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba przybliżenia przyczyn, konsekwencji i aspektów prawnych związanych z mobbingiem. Bez wątpienia bardzo ważną rolę pełni edukacja społeczeństwa na temat tego nieetycznego zjawiska. W szczególności wymagają jej następujące obszary: przeciwdziałanie, radzenie sobie i rozpoznawanie działań o charakterze mobbingu. Pracownicy nadal niechętnie ujawniają fakt, że doświadczyli mobbingu w środowisku pracy. Niewątpliwie jest to spowodowane brakiem wiedzy na jego temat, poczuciem wstydu oraz strachu.
EN
The purpose of this article is to attempt to approximate the causes, consequences and legal aspects of bullying. Without a doubt a very important role to educate society about this unethical phenomenon. In particular, the education required in the following areas: preventing, coping and appraisal activities as bullying. Workers still reluctant to disclose the fact that experienced harassment in the workplace. Undoubtedly, this is due to lack of knowledge about it, a sense of shame and fear.
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EN
Hume’s view that the object of moral feeling is a natural passion, motivating action, causes problems for justice. There is apparently no appropriate natural motive, whilst, if there were, its “partiality” would unfit it to ground the requisite impartial approval. We offer a critique of such solutions as that the missing non-moral motive is enlightened self-interest (Baier), or that it is feigned (Haakonssen), or that it consists in a just disposition (Gauthier). We reject Cohon’s postulation of a moral motive for just acts, and also Harris’s attempt to dispense with motive as the source of their merit, by invoking extensive sympathy, and citing their beneficial societal consequences. These solutions assume that, if Hume remains a virtue ethicist, the natural virtues supply the paradigm. Taylor claims that a revolution in motivational psychology follows the inauguration of the artificial convention of justice, remoulding the natural virtues. This solution founders, we argue, upon unresolved contradictions besetting even these virtues
RU
Проанализированы научные источники по вопросам развития туристического бизнеса в условиях глобализации. Выявлено влияние интернационализации, транснационализации, экономической интеграции и глобализации рынков на развитие международного туристического бизнеса. Доказано, что информатизация туристического бизнеса приобрела глобальные признаки. Впервые теоретически обоснована сущность процесса глобальной информатизации туристического бизнеса, задания, объект и направления развития. Сделан вывод о тенденции к монополизации глобальной информационной среды туристического бизнеса
EN
The global economy is expanding spatial and time parameters of activity of the tourism business as a real sector of the economy by using information travel products, so the topic of the research is relevant. The aim of the research is theoretical substantiation of the essence of informatization of tourism business under the influence of aggregate processes that characterize the global development of the world economy.  The research methods are abstract–logical and the method of theoretical generalization. It is proved that global informatization, inherent in the last decade to all spheres of life, influenced the expansion of the segments of the tourist market and the growing influence of tourist business on the macroeconomic performance of national economies. It was clarified that scientists recognized informatization as the component of the process of globalization, and the problem of the development and the consequences of the introduction of information technology linked to techno–globalization and the theories of innovation development of the world economy. Therefore, the aim of our study was a theoretical substantiation of the essence of informatization of tourism business under the influence of aggregate processes that characterize the global development of the world economy by using the analysis of scientific sources on the problems of development of tourism business under conditions of globalization. In the course of the study we discovered the impact of internationalization, transnationalization, economic integration and the globalization of markets on the development of the international tourism business. It was proven that the informatization of tourism business acquired global characteristics. In the work we theoretically substantiated the essence of the process of global informatization of tourism business, tasks, object and directions of development. A conclusion was made about the tendency to monopolize global information environment of tourist business. The novelty of this work is in the fact that while determining the definition of the concept of "global informatization of tourism business, we took into account, first, the peculiarities of the globalization of the economy of tourism business and, second, the processes of convergence and liberalization of national tourist markets.  The results of the research are an important tool to substantiate the development of tourism and its informatization. Today we can observe the process of monopolization of information space by creating global distribution systems that concentrate cash flow and form financial policy of implementation of transactions in the sphere of tourist business. In addition, the development of international tourism business today depends not only on the application of information technologies, since it has features of diffusion and integration of different types of services and industries that directly or indirectly form global resources of tourist services. The identified tendencies in the informatization of tourism business were not sufficiently studied and they need further research.
UK
Глобальна економіка розширює просторові та часові параметри діяльності туристичного бізнесу як реального сектора економіки за рахунок інформаційних туристичних продуктів, тому тема дослідження є актуальна. Мета дослідження – теоретичне обґрунтування сутності інформатизації туристичного бізнесу під впливом сукупних процесів, що характеризують глобалізаційний розвиток світової економіки. Методи дослідження – абстрактно-логічний та метод теоретичного узагальнення. Доведено, що глобальна інформатизація, притаманна в останні десятиліття усім сферам життя, вплинула на розширення сегментів ринку туристичних послуг і посилення впливу туристичного бізнесу на макроекономічні показники національних економік. З’ясовано, що науковці визнали інформатизацію складником процесу глобалізації, а проблему розвитку і наслідків упровадження інформаційних технологій взаємопов’язали з техноглобалізмом і теоріями інноваційного розвитку світової економіки. Тому метою нашого дослідження стало теоретичне обґрунтування сутності інформатизації туристичного бізнесу під впливом сукупних процесів, що характеризують глобалізаційний розвиток світової економіки, із застосуванням аналізу наукових джерел із питань розвитку туристичного бізнесу в умовах глобалізації. У ході дослідження було виявлено вплив інтернаціоналізації, транснаціоналізації, економічної інтеграції та глобалізації ринків на розвиток міжнародного туристичного бізнесу. Доведено, що інформатизація туристичного бізнесу набула  глобальних ознак. У роботі теоретично обґрунтовано сутність процесу глобальної інформатизації туристичного бізнесу, завдання, об’єкт та напрями розвитку. Зроблено висновок про тенденцію до монополізації глобального інформаційного середовища туристичного бізнесу. Новизною роботи є те, що під час визначення поняття «глобальна інформатизація туристичного бізнесу», враховано, по-перше, ознаки глобалізації економіки туристичного бізнесу і, по-друге, процеси конвергенції та лібералізації національних туристичних ринків. Результати проведених досліджень – важливий засіб обґрунтування розвитку туризму та його інформатизації. Сьогодні можна спостерігати процес монополізації інформаційного простору шляхом створення глобальних розподільчих систем, які концентрують грошові потоки й формують фінансову політику здійснення трансакцій у сфері туристичного бізнесу. Крім того, розвиток міжнародного туристичного бізнесу сьогодні залежить не лише від застосування інформаційних технологій, оскільки має ознаки дифузії та інтеграції різних видів послуг і виробництв, які безпосередньо чи опосередковано формують глобальні ресурси туристичних послуг. Виявлені тенденції в інформатизації туристичного бізнесу вивчено недостатньо й вони потребують подальшого дослідження. Бібл. 19.  
EN
In local elections, many local government employees are involved in the election campaign. Unfortunately, they often violate the principles of ethics, human honesty, and even the applicable law. In this report, therefore the author, after a brief presentation of the various types of behavior of self-government employees that can be dealt with in the fight for local authority and indication of the provisions to which the behavior may conduct, analyzes the possible effects of such violation.
PL
W wyborach lokalnych wielu pracowników samorządowych angażuje się w kampanię wyborczą. Niestety niejednokrotnie naruszają oni przy tym zasady etyki, ludzkiej uczciwości, a nawet zdarza się, że i obowiązujące prawo. W związku z tym w niniejszym opracowaniu Autorka po krótkim przedstawieniu różnego rodzaju zachowań pracowników samorządowych z jakimi można mieć do czynienia w walce o władzę lokalną i wskazaniu przepisów do naruszenia których może prowadzić określone zachowanie, poddaje analizie ewentualne skutki takiego naruszenia.
Forum Pedagogiczne
|
2017
|
vol. 7
|
issue 1
149-162
EN
Among the various types of pathological phenomena gambling holds a special place because of its dramatic consequences. Gambling is not a pathology in itself. It becomes a pathological dependence when it turns into the most important thing in life, begins to dominate the person’s thoughts, feelings and behaviour and therefore damage is caused.  Ceasing to play results in unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Such gambling was denominated as pathological and is recognized as a disease. The article discusses the possible causes of gambling addiction, the compulsive mechanisms and phases of gambling, characterizes the pathological personality of the player, their way of thinking, the consequences of playing, the family of a gambler and the treatment of pathological gambling. Also, a short case study presenting the typical character of the process of the development of pathological addiction and its dramatic consequences has been included.
PL
Wśród różnego rodzaju zjawisk patologicznych szczególne miejsce z uwagi na swoje dramatyczne konsekwencje zajmuje hazard. Samo uprawianie hazardu nie jest jeszcze patologią. Patologicznym staje się uzależnienie od tej czynności, kiedy to uprawianie hazardu staje się najważniejsze w życiu człowieka, zaczyna dominować w jego myśleniu, w uczuciach oraz w zachowaniu, w związku z czym powstają szkody, a w chwili zaprzestania grania pojawiają się przykre objawy odstawienia. Taki hazard został nazwany patologicznym i jest uznany za chorobę. W artykule omawia się prawdopodobne przyczyny uzależnienia od hazardu, mechanizmy i fazy nałogowego grania, charakteryzuje się osobowość patologicznego gracza, myślenie hazardzisty, konsekwencje grania, rodzinę hazardzisty i terapię patologicznego hazardu. Podaje się krótkie studium przypadku, który ma typowy charakter dla procesu rozwoju patologicznego uzależnienia i jego dramatycznych skutków.
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